丙酸菌对奶牛产奶量与乳脂率的影响

选取20头处于泌乳期的中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用拉丁方设计分成4组,其中A组为对照组仅饲喂基础日粮,B组为基础日粮+丙酸菌300亿CFU,C组为基础日粮+丙酸菌500亿CFU,D组为基础日粮+丙酸菌700亿CFU,试验期60 d,研究不同丙酸菌添加水平对奶牛产奶量与乳脂率的影响。结果表明:D组产奶量较对照组提高10.97%(P0.05),B和C组分别提高4.08%和3.74%;B和D组乳脂率分别提高0.04和0.13百分点,C组乳脂率降低0.03百分点,差异均不显著(P0.05),D比C组提高乳脂率0.16百分点(P0.05)。     

添加酸马奶源乳酸杆菌对犊牛肠道菌群和短链脂肪酸含量的影响

选取刚出生的健康荷斯坦犊牛20头,随机分为酸马奶组、正常组、腹泻组和抗生素组,每组5头。除正常组外,其他3组在相同哺乳的基础上均口服100 mL致病性E.coli O1菌悬液(2.5×10¹¹ CFU/mL)建立腹泻模型,抗生素组添加环丙沙星0.5 mg/kg,试验期15 d。结果表明：酸马奶组犊牛肠道微生物丰富度与多样性显著高于其他3组(P<0.05)。酸马奶源乳酸杆菌干预后显著提高了肠道内厚壁菌门、普雷沃氏菌科、毛螺菌科未确定菌属和拟普雷沃菌属的相对丰度,降低了拟杆菌门、变形菌门、梭杆菌门、放线菌门的相对丰度;酸马奶组犊牛粪便中乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量显著高于其他3组(P<0.05)。由此可见,犊牛日粮中添加酸马奶源乳酸杆菌可显著提高肠道微生物多样性,增加肠道中有益菌的丰度,降低有害菌的丰度,并显著提高其粪便中乙酸、丙酸和丁酸的含量。     

丙酸和丙酸菌添加对高油玉米秸秆青贮发酵品质以及瘤胃发酵参数影响的研究

试验以完熟期的高油玉米秸秆为青贮原料,分别为对照组(无添加剂)、丙酸处理组(0.5%/kg鲜样)、丙酸菌处理组(105cfu/g鲜样)。在青贮的第1、3、6、9周开瓶取样检测丙酸和丙酸菌对青贮发酵质量的影响。结果表明:3种处理均得到优质青贮(低pH、高乳酸含量、未检测到丁酸)。活体外试验表明,丙酸处理青贮的72h累积产气量和总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产量均显著高于丙酸菌处理和自然发酵青贮(对照组)。但是3种处理青贮的活体外消化率没有显著(P>0.05)差异。     

腐植酸与乳酸杆菌联合使用对奶牛产奶量和乳品质的影响

试验旨在研究腐植酸(FA)与乳酸杆菌联合使用对奶牛体细胞数、产奶量和乳品质的影响。试验选用相同胎次、泌乳期和产奶量相近的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分成3组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组Ⅰ在基础日粮中添加用乳酸杆菌发酵的腐植酸(FA发酵组),试验组Ⅱ在基础日粮中添加FA+乳酸杆菌(FA+菌组)。预试期1周,正式期3周。结果表明:腐植酸乳酸杆菌联合使用可一定程度上降低奶牛的体细胞数;FA+菌组第3周的产奶量较对照组提高5.21%;FA+菌组第2周的乳脂含量较对照组提高46.94%,FA发酵组第1周的乳糖和蛋白较对照组分别提高4.10%、4.18%。可见,腐植酸乳酸杆菌联合使用能在一定程度上降低奶牛体细胞数,降低隐形乳房炎的发病率。FA+菌组提高奶牛产奶量和乳品质中乳脂的作用优于FA发酵组,FA发酵组提高乳品质中乳糖和蛋白的效果优于FA+菌组。     

代乳品能量和蛋白质水平对肉犊牛生产性能和瘤胃发酵的影响

本试验旨在筛选夏南牛与德国黄牛杂交肉犊牛适宜能量和蛋白质水平的代乳品。选取夏南牛与德国黄牛杂交新生犊牛40头,按日龄和体重相近的原则随机分为4组,每组10头犊牛,21日龄断母乳并饲喂4种不同能量和蛋白质水平的代乳品,分别为高能量高蛋白质组(HEHP组,消化能16 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质25%)、高能量低蛋白质组(HELP组,消化能16 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质22%)、低能量高蛋白质组(LEHP组,消化能14 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质25%)、低能量低蛋白质组(LELP组,消化能14 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质22%)。90日龄断代乳品,试验结束。结果发现:1)代乳品能量和蛋白质水平对犊牛(21~90日龄)的日增重有显著影响(P0.05),HEHP组(524.12 g)显著高于LELP组(432.48 g)(P0.05);2)代乳品能量和蛋白质水平对体尺的影响主要体现在胸围的发育,77和90日龄LELP组胸围显著小于HEHP组(P0.05);3)各组瘤胃液p H,乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸含量和乙酸/丙酸未出现显著性差异(P0.05),氨态氮浓度LEHP组显著高于LELP组和HELP组(P0.05),HELP组和LEHP组异丁酸含量显著高于LELP组(P0.05),LELP组异戊酸含量显著小于其他各组(P0.05)。综合得出,高能量水平(消化能16 MJ/kg)代乳品有助于肉用犊牛生长性能发挥和瘤胃发酵,高蛋白质水平(粗蛋白质25%)代乳品能为犊牛提供充足蛋白质供其吸收利用,低能量低蛋白质水平(粗蛋白质22%,消化能14 M J/kg)的代乳品不利于犊牛生长发育。     

小肽与酵母培养物对舍饲牦牛瘤胃微生物多样性和发酵参数的影响

为研究添加小肽与酵母培养物对舍饲育肥牦牛瘤胃微生物多样性和发酵参数的影响,试验选取36头年龄为4周岁左右、体重水平相当、健康状况良好的麦洼牦牛,随机分为4个处理组,对照组饲喂全混合日粮(TMR),试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在TMR基础上分别添加1%酵母培养物、0.75%小肽、1%酵母培养物+0.75%小肽。试验结果表明:(1)四个处理组的优势菌门均为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、互养菌门(Synergistests)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)。小肽和酵母培养物的添加显著降低了变形菌门的相对丰度(P<0.05),提高了拟杆菌门和互养菌门的相对丰度,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。从属水平分析,拟杆菌科的BS11菌属(Bacteroidetes BS11 gut group)、理研菌科RC9菌属(Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group)、普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella 1)、克里斯滕森菌科的R7菌属(Christensenellaceae R 7 group)为四个处理组共有优势菌属。添加小肽和酵母培养物,显著提高了理研菌科RC9菌属、普雷沃氏菌属、疣微菌科UCG-010菌属(Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010)、帕匹杆菌属(Papillibacter)、柔膜菌纲RF9菌属(Mollicutes_RF9)的相对丰度(P<0.05)。(2)小肽与酵母培养物单独添加或同时添加对瘤胃中pH和氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度无显著影响(P>0.05);降低了瘤胃中乙酸浓度,但差异不显著(P>0.05);1%酵母培养物组和1%酵母培养物+0.75%小肽组显著提高了瘤胃中丙酸浓度(P<0.05),0.75%小肽组虽提高了瘤胃中丙酸浓度,但差异不显著(P>0.05);小肽与酵母培养物单独添加或同时添加都显著降低了乙/丙(P<0.05),表明瘤胃发酵从乙酸型向丙酸型转变,有利于能量利用效率的提高。综上所述,小肽与酵母培养物单独或同时添加都促进了瘤胃有益菌群生长,使瘤胃发酵从乙酸型向丙酸型转变,提高了能量利用效率,小肽与酵母培养物合用具有叠加效应。     

丙酸镁对西门塔尔牛尿嘌呤衍生物和微生物蛋白的影响

选用4头年龄3.5岁,体况良好,体重500kg的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛。采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮添加丙酸镁(100g/d)、丙酸(87g/d)和氧化镁(24g/d)对尿嘌呤衍生物(PD)和微生物蛋白(MCP)的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加丙酸镁、丙酸和氧化镁后,丙酸镁组和丙酸组尿囊素、PD、微生物氮(MN)、MCP较对照组和氧化镁组显著提高(P<0.05),但丙酸镁组和丙酸组差异不显著(P>0.05)。日粮添加丙酸镁、丙酸和氧化镁对尿酸(uric acid)含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。日粮中添加丙酸镁和丙酸提高了尿囊素含量和PD、MN和MCP产量,但处理对尿酸没有影响。     

气相色谱法测定发酵液中丙酸和乙酸的含量

丙酸菌发酵法生产丙酸时,发酵液中同时积累丙酸和乙酸,用气相色谱仪可将发酵液样品中丙酸、乙酸两组分良好分离,并快捷测定发酵液中丙酸和乙酸的含量。气相色谱操作条件为:色谱仪进样器和检测器温度均为200℃;柱室温度150℃;氮气(高纯氮)流速为2.96ml/min;进样量2μl,外标法定量。丙酸保留时间8.4min,乙酸保留时间3.6min。丙酸浓度在500～4000mg/100ml范围内与峰面积呈线性相关,R=0.99875;乙酸浓度在200～2000mg/100ml范围内与峰面积呈线性相关,R=0.99956;该方法是一种简便、快速、准确的测定发酵液中丙酸和乙酸的方法。     

亚麻籽油及丙酸前体物质对延边黄牛瘤胃发酵特性及细菌区系多样性的影响

本试验通过调控日粮结构,研究其对延边黄牛瘤胃发酵特性及微生物区系的影响。选择8头年龄、体重(510±5.8)kg的安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的延边黄牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计。试验分为CON组(基础日粮)、LO组(基础日粮+4%亚麻籽油)、LOM组(LO组+2%苹果酸)、LOF组(LO组+2%延胡索酸)。使用焦磷酸测序法对瘤胃内微生物基因组进行分析。结果表明:日粮中添加苹果酸和延胡索酸,可以增加瘤胃内的p H值、总挥发性脂肪酸的浓度及丙酸的摩尔比例;LOM组和LOF组,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)与普氏菌属(Prevotella)在瘤胃细菌菌群中占主导地位;CON组和LO组,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)为主要的优势菌。由此可知,日粮中添加适当水平的亚麻籽油和丙酸前体物质,可以改善延边黄牛瘤胃发酵模式,并对瘤胃内微生物群落结构有较大的影响。     

分子标记技术用于鉴定丙酸杆菌的研究进展

本文主要介绍了分子生物学方法用于乳品丙酸杆菌鉴定的研究进展。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.