基于分布式水文模型SWAT的临沂流域水量时空分布特征研究

为了分析上下游区域水量分布特征,以临沂流域为研究区,结合流域水量平衡分析理论,构建了临沂流域分布式水文模型SWAT,进行了临沂流域产水模拟.在此基础上,给出临沂流域上下游区域水量时空分布图,并结合临沂上下游流域经济发展及用水情况,分析了临沂流域上下游区域的水资源分布及供需状况.研究结果表明:对于半干旱区中尺度流域采用多站点多时段多要素的率定方法,能够提高SWAT模型的模拟效率;临沂流域上下游水资源均较丰富,能够满足工农业生产和人们生活需要;临沂流域水量在时空分布上极不均匀,容易发生旱涝灾害,应加强水利设施建设.     

SWAT模型在流域LUCC水文效应研究中的应用

土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）的水文效应是GLP研究的热点。分布式水文模型SWAT是目前被广泛应用于LUCC水文效应研究的水文模型之一。论文首先概述了SWAT模型的发展历程和最新版本SWAT 2005的功能,其次就模型在不同土地覆被条件下水文效应应用中的几个方面进行了总结和分析：流域径流模拟,区域水量平衡分析和非点源污染的模拟及其对BMP评价研究的贡献。最后,归纳探讨模型应用中存在的一些问题,通过合理的情境设计以及关键参数的实测等方法,可以实现模型在流域LUCC水文效应研究中的高效应用。     

郑州市贾鲁河流域水循环模拟

以郑州市贾鲁河流域为研究区,在地理信息系统技术支持下,使用DEM、土地利用、土壤、气象、人工取用水数据、农业管理措施等资料构建了基于分布式水文模型SWAT的流域水循环模拟模型,应用改进的SWAT模型进行了流域水循环模拟,并利用实测数据对模型进行了参数率定和模型验证,采用相对误差、NASH效率系数、相关系数作为模型适应性评价指标,结果表明模型在研究区有较好的适应性。可以为流域水循环演变规律的系统揭示和区域水资源的综合调控提供了技术支撑。     

棘洪滩水库水文情势与水质变化趋势分析

棘洪滩水库是胶东调水工程青岛端的大型调蓄水库,也是一座典型的平原水库,研究其水文情势与水质的时空变化规律对保证供水水源安全具有十分重要的实际应用价值。根据2001—2009年棘洪滩水库的水文和水质监测资料,从年际、年内和时段进行了调水、供水和水质变化趋势的综合分析。结果表明,棘洪滩水库年调水量为0.39～1.39亿m3,平均值为0.96亿m3;年供水量为0.55～1.19亿m3,平均值为0.95亿m3;通过水量平衡计算得到棘洪滩水库的年损失水量为146.1～648.8万m3,平均值为373.6万m3。棘洪滩水库水质总体上要好于Ⅱ类水质标准,但是总氮指标最大值达到3 mg/L,严重超标。水库水体自净作用下降,内源污染程度加剧。     

SWAT模型在三川河流域的应用

利用黄河中游干旱半干旱区三川河流域20世纪80年代的降雨径流资料.构建了三川河流域的分布式水文模型SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment T001),并对三川河流域的月平均流量过程进行了模拟,分析了月径流量的变化特征.模拟结果表明,月平均流量较实测的结果偏大,模型率定期和验证期的Nash-Sutticliffe效率系数分别为0.711和0.725.虽然Nash-Sutticliffe效率系数基本符合精度要求,但是模型中一些参数已经达到模型设置的临界值,进一步分析得出,由于流域上雨量站的数据不够,以及中国与美国土壤、土地利用数据库编码的差异.使得模型模拟结果受到影响,并且三川河流域自70年代以来水土保持措施蓄水效益较为显著,在一定程度上使得径流量减少.使得模拟结果偏大.     

Analysis of Water Management Scenarios Using Coupled Hydrological and System Dynamics Modeling

Water Resources Management - The North China Plain (NCP) has been affected by severe water scarcity over the past several decades. To address this issue, several water management plans have already...     

跨流域调水的大尺度分布式水文模型研究与应用

变化环境下区域分布式水循环模拟研究,是地球系统科学中的重大科学问题,也是区域水安全和水资源风险管理需求的重要应用基础。本文开展了以南水北调中线工程联系的跨汉江、黄河和海河多个流域的区域水循环模拟、环境变化影响与水安全研究。重点论述了跨流域调水的大尺度分布式水文模型(LDTVGM)的研究与展望。目的是探讨变化环境下跨流域调水的分布式水循环模型的建立,发展区域水循环动力学-非线性系统-多源不确定性分析与综合的理论与影响评估方法,为分析应对气候变化和高强度人类活动影响的区域水资源安全及应对措施的风险管理,提供科学依据。     

基于SWAT模型的流域水环境管理及预报系统

基于SWAT模型的流域水环境管理及预报系统是一个以地理信息系统(GIS)和数据库管理系统为开发平台,通过与SWAT分布式水文模型的集成,面向管理和决策层的可视化动态信息系统。本系统利用SWAT分布式水文模型对水资源水环境进行综合评价和预报,并结合GIS技术实现了流域管理的可视化和辅助决策功能,实现流域水环境的信息管理与查询,来为管理部门提供有效、直观的决策信息。     

Application of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool for six watersheds of Lake Erie: Model parameterization and calibration

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a physically-based watershed-scale model, holds promise as a means to predict tributary sediment and nutrient loads to the Laurentian Great Lakes. In the present study, model performance is compared across six watersheds draining into Lake Erie to determine the applicability of SWAT to watersheds of differing characteristics. After initial model parameterization, the Huron, Raisin, Maumee, Sandusky, Cuyahoga, and Grand SWAT models were calibrated (1998-2001) and confirmed, or validated (2002-2005), individually for stream water discharge, sediment loads, and nutrient loads (total P, soluble reactive P, total N, and nitrate) based on available datasets. SWAT effectively predicted hydrology and sediments across a range of watershed characteristics. SWAT estimation of nutrient loads was weaker although still satisfactory at least two-thirds of the time across all nutrient parameters and watersheds. SWAT model performance was most satisfactory in agricultural and forested watersheds, and was less so in urbanized settings. Model performance was influenced by the availability of observational data with high sampling frequency and long duration for calibration and confirmation evaluation. In some instances, it appeared that parameter adjustments that improved calibration of hydrology negatively affected subsequent sediment and nutrient calibration, suggesting trade-offs in calibrating for hydrologic vs. water quality model performance. Despite these considerations, SWAT accurately predicted average stream discharge, sediment loads, and nutrient loads for the Raisin, Maumee, Sandusky, and Grand watersheds such that future use of these SWAT models for various scenario testing is reasonable and warranted.     

古北口水文站水质水量自动监测系统的应用分析

介绍了古北口水质水量监测站水量水质自动测报系统的水量监测情况，水质监测的工作流程、监测参数、监测范围及维护方法，通过实测数据分析了自动与实验室监测的差别及原因，对比水量水质自动监测中的优缺点，提出了自动监测站应注意的几个问题。古北口水质自动监测站的建成在提高站点水质信息采集的时效性，及时发现监测河段水污染事故等方面发挥了作用，为水环境管理、水资源利用等提供了决策依据。     

妫水河流域水文模拟及参数不确定性分析

以北京市延庆区妫水河为例,使用SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型对妫水河流域进行月尺度水文模拟,使用SUFI-2(Sequential Uncertainty Fitting)算法分析参数的敏感性,依据SWAT-CUP自动率定得到P因子和R因子分析模型的不确定性,从而完成本流域分布式水文模型的构建。率定结果显示,率定期确定系数R 2为0.65,效率系数NSE为0.61;验证期确定系数R 2为0.89,效率系数NSE为0.88;不确定性分析结果中P-factor均大于0.5,R-factor均小于0.3。通过以上分析可得该模型对妫水河流域的水文模拟有良好的效果。     

The Utility of Land-Surface Model Simulations to Provide Drought Information in a Water Management Context Using Global and Local Forcing Datasets

Drought diagnosis and forecasting are fundamental issues regarding hydrological management in Spain, where recurrent water scarcity periods are normal. Land-surface models (LSMs) could provide relevant information for water managers on how drought conditions evolve. Here, we explore the usefulness of LSMs driven by atmospheric analyses with different resolutions and accuracies in simulating drought and its propagation to precipitation, soil moisture and streamflow through the system. We perform simulations for the 1980-2014 period with SASER (5 km resolution) and LEAFHYDRO (2.5 km resolution), which are forced by the Spanish SAFRAN dataset (at 5km and 30km resolutions), and the global eartH2Observe datasets at 0.25 degrees (including the MSWEP precipitation dataset). We produce standardized indices for precipitation (SPI), soil moisture (SSMI) and streamflow (SSI). The results show that the model structure uncertainty remains an important issue in current generation large-scale hydrological simulations based on LSMs. This is true for both the SSMI and SSI. The differences between the simulated SSMI and SSI are large, and the propagation scales for drought regarding both soil moisture and streamflow are overly dependent on the model structure. Forcing datasets have an impact on the uncertainty of the results but, in general, this impact is not as large as the uncertainty due to model formulation. Concerning the global products, the precipitation product that includes satellite observations (MSWEP) represents a large improvement compared with the product that does not.

     

分布式水文模拟模型在流域水资源管理中的应用

旨在通过对国外比较流行的分布式流域水文模拟模型的介绍，对比分析各类模型的总体结构、特点及适应领域，结合在流域水资源管理中的应用，为流域水资源管理部门及相关研究工作人员在进行流域水文模拟模型选用时提供参考。     

分解模型与贝叶斯方法在枯水分析中的应用

本文把随机分解模型应用到枯水径流分析与设计,用贝叶斯统计推断其中的偏态参数C_s。运用结果表明:分解模型能很好地模拟枯水过程,贝叶斯估计能利用区域信息推求模型参数,提高参数估计的稳健性和降低抽样误差。     

Hydrological behaviour and water balance analysis for Xitiaoxi catchment of Taihu Basin

With the rapid social and economic development of the Taihu region, Taihu Lake now faces an increasingly severe eutrophication problem. Pollution from surrounding catchments contributes greatly to the eutrophication of water bodies in the region. Investigation of surface flow and associated mass transport for the Xitiaoxi catchment is of a significant degree of importance as the Xitiaoxi catchment is one of the major catchments within the Taihu region. A SWAT-based distributed hydrological model was established for the Xitiaoxi catchment. The model was calibrated and verified using hydrometeorological data from 1988 to 2001. The results indicate that the modeled daily and annual stream flow match the observed data both in the calibration period and the verification period, with a linear regression coefficient R2 and a coefficient e for modeled daily stream flow greater than 0.8 at Hengtangcun and Fanjiacun gauge stations. The results show that the runoff process in the Xitiaoxi catchment is affected both by rainfall and human activities （e.g., reservoirs and polder areas）. Moreover, the human activities weaken flood peaks more noticeably during rainstorms. The Water balance analysis reveals the percentages of precipitation made up by surface flow, evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge＇ and the change of soil storage, all of which are considered useful to the further understanding of the hydrological processes in the Xitiaoxi catchment. This study provides a good base for further studies in mass transport modeling and comparison of modeling results from similar hydrological models.     

三门峡水库水质模型与水环境容量分析

应用Preissmann四点隐式差分格式和空间交错网格隐式差分迎风格式建立了龙门至三门峡断面的一维水动力及水质模型。应用P-Ⅲ型曲线对1960年以来龙门与河津站的历年最枯月平均流量及史家滩站平均水位进行了统计分析,得出了三门峡水库水环境容量的设计条件。应用建立的一维水动力及水质模型,计算了周边水功能区水质达标情况下三门峡水库的水环境容量。计算结果表明,如果支流水功能区水质达标,库区排污口CODMn、氨氮不需要削减排放,水质也可达标。     

应对突发性水污染事件的水动力与水质模型

突发性水污染事故不仅造成巨大的经济损失,而且造成社会的不安定和生态环境的严重破坏。以松花江水污染事件为例,通过对出库流量的控制,结合水质模型调算,得出污染物消减的耗时及相应的河道水位情况。采用数学公式计算出河道内的通航水位,与模型调算后的水位相比较,检验通过调度水库出库流量来稀释污染物时,其相应河道水位是否影响到河道的通航情况,从而确立水库应急调度总原则。     

立面二维水质模型预测小浪底出库水质研究

针对小浪底水库下半段库区出现水质水温分层现象,建立基于标准k-ε紊流双方程的立面二维水质模型对小浪底出库水质进行了预测。通过示踪试验确定水质模型的参数,并将氨氮含量作为预测水质参数,采用实测数据对模型进行了验证,结果表明:小浪底坝下段氨氮含量预测值与实测值相比较平均相对误差为12%,坝前断面垂向氨氮含量预测值与实测值相比平均相对误差为17%,表明该水质模型可以较准确预测小浪底出库水质。应用该模型预测2013—2014年度黄河调水期小浪底出库水质表明:2014年3月10日小浪底出库水氨氮含量将达到1.20 mg/L(超标),应从3月1日开始加大陆浑水库、故县水库闸门开启度,进行稀释调度,以确保调水水质不超标。     

考虑人类活动影响下的密云水库来水量和水质摸拟

以流域土地利用变化、非点源污染、水利水保措施、旅游业发展以及矿山开发等人类活动作为影响因素,运用SWAT模型对密云水库1990-2005年的入库径流量及水质变化过程进行模拟。选用月径流模拟的效率系数、相对误差、相关系数作为模型适用性的评价指标。模拟结果表明,在考虑人类活动的影响下,对密云水库来水量及水质进行模拟更加符合当今复杂下垫面情况下的实际径流过程。研究结果对人类活动影响下的密云水库入库径流量及水质变化过程提供新的思路。     

Assessing the Accuracy of Soil and Water Quality Characterization Using Remote Sensing

Assessing the risks of agricultural management practices on agro-ecosystem sustainability has special relevance in Ohio, USA due to the states prominence in agricultural production. However, identifying detrimental management practices remains controversial, a situation that may explain the inability to halt the recurring harmful algal blooms in inland waters, or the build-up of nutrients in the agricultural soils. Thus, detailed and accurate information is required to identify soils and water susceptible to degradation, and to support counteractive remedial measures. In this study soil and water spectral reflectance data were acquired with an Analytical Spectral Device, and modeled with laboratory measured physical and chemical properties using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and decision trees. Results reveal no site differences in pH for the water, but the differences in electrical conductivity (EC) were significant. Similarly, the pH for soils did not vary significantly with depth increments. However, the no till (NT) managed soils had significantly higher pH. EC varied with depth of the water, whereas the soil carbon: nitrogen (C/N) ratio varied with management in 4 out of 5 sites. Finally, this study shows that remotely sensed data can be utilized to effectively characterize agricultural management practices based on inherent soil and water properties, thus providing information critical for assessing the efficacy of Water Quality Trading initiatives.