The superior orbital fissure: a microanatomical study

The superior orbital fissure (SOF) is a small (3 x 22 mm), but functionally very important, region. The microsurgical anatomy of the SOF was studied on five adult, formalin-fixed cadavers. The vascular structures of three of them were injected with latex. The SOF contains the third, fourth, and sixth nerves, the ophthalmic branch of the fifth nerve, and the superior orbital vein. It is divided by the two tendons of the lateral rectus muscle: the superior part contains the fourth nerve, the frontal and the lacrimal branches of the ophthalmic division of the fifth nerve, and the superior orbital vein; the inferior part contains the superior and inferior branches of the third, the nasociliary, and the sixth nerves. In regard to surgical access to lesions involving the SOF, the question is often raised as to whether the dissection should be started from the cranial or the orbital side. The following procedure is recommended: 1) frontotemporo-orbital craniotomy; 2) resection of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone, of the anterior clinoid, and of the superolateral part of the orbital roof and opening of the dura along the Sylvian fissure, with an extension to the frontal lobe and another extension to the temporal lobe; 3) incision of the periorbita in its superolateral part and identification of the frontal nerve; and 4) dissection of the frontal nerve in an anteroposterior direction. The fourth nerve will be found medially and inferiorly to the frontal nerve. The third nerve will be found inferomedially to the frontal nerve in the SOF, and the sixth nerve will be found inferiorly to the inferior branch of the third nerve.     

Infants' and adults' perception of scale structure.

Adults and 9-month-old infants were required to detect mistuned tones in multitone sequences. When 7-tone versions of a common nursery tune were generated from the Western major scale (unequal scale steps) or from an alternative scale (equal steps), infants detected the mistuned tones more accurately in the unequal-step context than in the equal-step context (Experiment 1). Infants and adults were subsequently tested with 1 of 3 ascending-descending scales (15 tones): (a) a potentially familiar scale (major) with unequal steps, (b) an unfamiliar scale with unequal steps, and (c) an unfamiliar scale with equal steps. Infants detected mistuned tones only in the scales with unequal steps (Experiment 2). Adults performed better on the familiar (major) unequal-step scale and equally poorly on both unfamiliar scales (Experiments 3 and 4). These findings are indicative of an inherent processing bias favoring unequal-step scales. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Attenuation and Damping of Multireflected Transient Elastic Waves in a Pile

Early time transient waves multireflected in a finite pile, governed by a damped wave equation, are analyzed by a reverberation-ray matrix. The pile is surrounded by compacted soil, and the composite is modeled by elastic springs and viscous dampers distributed along the length and at the tip of an elastic rod. Steady-state waves with complex frequencies and wave numbers that are generated by a source of harmonic time function at the top and reverberated between the top and bottom surface of the pile are sorted in matrix form into ray-groups, arriving at a receiver in successive orders of reflections from the bottom. The steady-state ray groups are synthesized into a series of nonsingular Fourier integrals that can be evaluated accurately with a fast Fourier-transform algorithm. The first integral (zeroth-order) has also been reduced by complex contour integration to the well-known closed-form solution in Bessel functions for a semi-infinite pile. Detailed time records of velocity response received at the top after three reflections are calculated to illustrate attenuation and damping; arrival times and amplitude-phase change on each reflection for various lateral and base supports. The calculated records resemble ultrasonic nondestructive testing data.     

Maternal language in infancy.

Observations of 36 preterm infants and their English-speaking mothers suggest that maternal language to the infant varies as a function of the age and ordinal position of the infant and maternal education. The relationship between maternal language at 1 mo of age and the mother's verbal style to her older infant allows for early identification of maternal language input styles and, therefore, has important implications for mother–infant intervention programs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Contextual effects in scaling.

The effect of specific contextual levels upon empirical meaning of adjectives in scales was determined by 4 identical content forms. All 145 females got forms A and B, "which were in the context of 'food,' one week apart." After 2 weeks ? got a "roast beef" context and ? got the "stewed kidneys" context. The hypothesis that scale values of adjectives rated in a "food" context would increase when rated in a specific context of a highly acceptable food was verified. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Internet-based personalized feedback to reduce 21st-birthday drinking: A randomized controlled trial of an event-specific prevention intervention.

This article presents an initial randomized controlled trial of an event-specific prevention intervention. Participants included 295 college students (41.69% male, 58.31% female) who intended to consume 2 or more drinks on their 21st birthday. Participants completed a screening/baseline assessment approximately 1 week before they turned 21 and were randomly assigned to receive Web-based personalized feedback or assessment only. Feedback included normative information, protective behaviors, and personalized blood alcohol concentration information. A follow-up assessment was completed approximately 1 week after a student's birthday. Results indicated a significant intervention effect in reducing estimated blood alcohol concentration (d = 0.33). The intervention effect was moderated by 21st-birthday drinking intentions, and the intervention was primarily effective among those who intended to reach higher levels of intoxication. Results provide some support for normative information as a mediator of intervention efficacy. Overall results provide support for Web-based personalized feedback as an intervention approach for specific events associated with extreme drinking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Maintenance of ions, proteins and water in lens fiber cells before and after treatment with non-ionic detergents

The proportional odds model is illustrated in the analysis of two efficacy scales used in a phase II clinical trial involving 81 schizophrenic patients. The proportional odds model preserves the discrete, ordinal nature of one of the scales. The analysis of this data suggested that the relationship between the two scales is not captured by a linear proportional odds model. A linear model and a piecewise linear model for the explanatory variable were therefore compared using likelihood-based analyses. Residuals from both models were compared. Predicted probabilities for the ordinal categories were constructed from the estimated model. Extensions and limitations of the model for interpretation of other trials and for the planning of future trials are discussed.     

Mesoaxial complete syndactyly and synostosis with hypoplastic thumbs: an unusual combination or homozygous expression of syndactyly type I?

Syndactyly type I is an autosomal dominant condition with complete or partial webbing between the third and fourth fingers or the second and third toes or both. We report here a previously undescribed phenotype of severe mesoaxial syndactyly and synostosis in patients born to affected parents. The characteristic features of these severe cases are (1) complete syndactyly and synostosis of the third and fourth fingers; (2) severe bone reduction in the proximal phalanges of the same fingers; (3) hypoplasia of the thumbs and halluces; (4) aplasia/hypoplasia of the middle phalanges of the second and fifth fingers; and (5) complete or partial soft tissue syndactyly of the toes. We report on three offspring with this phenotype from two different branches of a syndactyly type I family, suggesting that they may be homozygous for this condition. SSCP and linkage analysis indicated that neither HOXD13 nor other relevant genes in the chromosome 2q31 region was responsible for this phenotype.     

Description of an epidemic outbrake of smallpox in Pakistan 1974

The corrective action of Thyroxine on the deficit of the synaptic density of the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex was studed quantitatively, in the rat made hypothyroid by propylthiouracile (P.T.U.). In the normal as in the hypothyroid rat, the increase of the synaptic density does not extend over the fifth postnatal week. In the PTU treated animals, during the 2 first postnatal weeks, the administration of 0,25 mug/d during the third and 0.50 mug/d during the fourth postnatal week brings the synaptic density back to normal. In the PTU treated animals, during the 5 postnatal weeks, the administration during a week only of 0.50 mug/d of LT4 between 1 and 14 days or, of 1 mug/d between 15 and 28 days, increases, but does not return to normal the synaptic density. On the contrary, the administration of 1 mug/d of LT4 during 1 or even 2 consecutive weeks 28 days later, remains without effect on the synaptic density. After the end of the fourth postnatal week, the deficit of the synaptic density becomes irreversible.     

Immunoenzymatic demonstration of transferrin in the rat liver. Preliminary results

A case of the left vertebral artery direct arising from the Arcus aorta, falling under C-type in ADACHI (1928), was encountered among the corpses dissected for practice in Hokkaido University, school of medicine. The Arcus aorta has four branches; Truncus brachiocephalicus, A. carotis communis sinistra, A. vertebralis sinistra, and A. subclavia sinistra. The A.vertebralis sinistra has passed through at first into Foramen transvwrsarium of the vertebra cervicales quintus (C5). The length of this artery between the origin of the Arcus aorta and the fifth cervicales was 120 mm. The other measurements of arteries were shown in table 1.     

Optimal timing of retina examinations for premature infants

Developments in modern neonatal intensive care have resulted in increased survival of very premature infants. Along with this increase in survival, there has been a concomitant increase in the frequency of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). We investigated the relationship between the severity and the time course of ROP as well as the optimal time for retinal examinations of premature infants of various birth weights and gestational ages. A total of 80 premature infants were enrolled for analysis. The mean postnatal age of infants at the time of diagnosis was 7.3 +/- 3.4 weeks for stage 1 retinopathy, 9.2 +/- 5.8 for stage 2 retinopathy, 9.5 +/- 3.8 for stage 3 retinopathy, 10.7 +/- 3.7 for threshold disease, and 11.7 +/- 3.2 for stage 4 retinopathy. The mean postconceptional age of infants at the time of diagnosis was 35 +/- 3 for stage 1 retinopathy, 36.4 +/- 3 for stage 2 retinopathy, 37.6 +/- 3.5 for stage 3 retinopathy, 38.4 +/- 3.5 for threshold disease, and 40 +/- 3.7 for stage 4 retinopathy. The age at the time of the initial detection of ROP was from the ninth to 10th week among infants weighing less than 1,000 g at birth and from the fifth to seventh week among those weighing 1,000 g or more at birth. However, the postconceptional age at the time of initial detection of ROP for the whole group was 36 weeks and was not influenced by birth weight or gestational age. Therefore, we suggest that postconceptional age, rather than postnatal age, should be used to decide the timing of retinal examinations for premature infants.     

The second wave of violence scholarship: Integrating and broadening theories of violence.

Violence scholarship has focused primarily on accumulating new empirical findings. Theoretical advances, however, are also essential for synthesizing and organizing empirical knowledge in ways that can advance research, prevention, intervention and policy. The articles in this special issue of Psychology of Violence represent the beginnings of a second wave of violence scholarship. There have been many calls for multi-factorial approaches to understanding violence, but most of these are fairly general injunctions to include individual, family, and social factors, which seldom include specific analyses about how these factors intersect. In contrast, the articles included here present detailed, nuanced analyses of how specific mechanisms inter-relate with each other. These mechanisms include neurobiological processes such as arousal, social cognitive processes such as automatic cognitions, relational processes such as attachment, and macrosystem processes that affect entire communities and societies. These analyses have been applied to peer victimization, sexual victimization, criminal offending, intimate partner violence, suicide, global warming, and to the commonalities among all forms of interpersonal violence. One important outcome of these authors' work is new insights for actionable steps to improve prevention, intervention, and policy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Geometric complexity and object search in infancy.

In four experiments we investigated the role of geometric path type in infants' ability to make spatial inferences about the location of a hidden object after they themselves had been moved through space. Nine-month-old infants were moved along geometrically simple paths of rotation (Experiments 1 and 2) or translation (Experiment 3) or along geometrically complex paths of combined rotation and translation (Experiment 4). In all but the fourth experiment, infants were able to retrieve an object hidden before they were moved, as long as the object was not located behind them at test time. Direct comparisons among the conditions showed that moving infants along geometrically simple paths led to significantly better performance than moving them along geometrically complex paths. We found the length of a path, the time needed to traverse it, and the likelihood of fixation of the target to be unrelated to the infants' performance. These findings are discussed in the context of theories of the development of spatial knowledge. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Learning and discrimination of audiovisual events in human infants: The hierarchical relation between intersensory temporal synchrony and rhythmic pattern cues.

This study examined 4- to 10-month-old infants' perception of audio-visual (A-V) temporal synchrony cues in the presence or absence of rhythmic pattern cues. Experiment 1 established that infants of all ages could successfully discriminate between two different audiovisual rhythmic events. Experiment 2 showed that only 10-month-old infants detected a desynchronization of the auditory and visual components of a rhythmical event. Experiment 3 showed that 4- to 8-month-old infants could detect A-V desynchronization but only when the audiovisual event was nonrhythmic. These results show that initially in development infants attend to the overall temporal structure of rhythmic audiovisual events but that later in development they become capable of perceiving the embedded intersensory temporal synchrony relations as well. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

缓倾斜露天矿顺倾向采矿法的改进

张钢油田石灰石矿根据矿山实际情况对缓倾斜露天矿顺倾向采矿法进行改进，采用由上而下顺倾向与水平分段相结合，横向爆破，沿走向运输，多台阶伺步推进的采矿方法，使矿石回采率达到95％以上，贫化率低于1％，年创经济效益近10万元。     

Changing fruit and vegetable consumption among children: the 5-a-Day Power Plus program in St. Paul, Minnesota

OBJECTIVES: A randomized school based trial sought to increase fruit and vegetable consumption among children using a multicomponent approach. METHODS: The intervention, conducted in 20 elementary schools in St. Paul, targeted a multiethnic group of children who were in the fourth grade in spring 1995 and the fifth grade in fall 1995. The intervention consisted of behavioral curricula in classrooms, parental involvement, school food service changes, and industry support and involvement. Lunchroom observations and 24-hour food recalls measured food consumption. Parent telephone surveys and a health behavior questionnaire measured psychosocial factors. RESULTS: The intervention increased lunchtime fruit consumption and combined fruit and vegetable consumption, lunchtime vegetable consumption among girls, and daily fruit consumption as well as the proportion of total daily calories attributable to fruits and vegetables. CONCLUSIONS: Multicomponent school-based programs can increase fruit and vegetable consumption among children. Greater involvement of parents and more attention to increasing vegetable consumption, especially among boys, remain challenges in future intervention research.     

Statistical analysis of ordinal categorical status after therapies.

Appropriate statistical analysis of clinical data based on ordinal categorical outcome scales is discussed. Chi-square analysis is inappropriate for testing the superiority of one therapy over another when outcome is ordinal categorical. Emphasized is estimation of clinically informative effect sizes after statistical significance has been attained with the Mann-Whitney U test. Little-used informative measures of effect size are related to estimation of the probability that a client given one therapy will have an outcome superior to that of a client given another therapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

When can information from ordinal scale variables be integrated?

Many theoretical constructs of interest to psychologists are multidimensional and derive from the integration of several input variables. We show that input variables that are measured on ordinal scales cannot be combined to produce a stable weakly ordered output variable that allows trading off the input variables. Instead a partial order is obtained in which the amount of ordering depends on the number and nature of the input variables and the relationship between them. However, if trade-offs are excluded, it is still possible to obtain a weak order using lexicographic ordering of the input variables. An implication is that psychological processes that integrate information from different input variables and that produce consistent output require that the input variables be measured on more than ordinal scales. A further implication is that the level of measurement of the input variables affects the kind of psychological model that can be applied to the process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interrater reliability and agreement of subjective judgments.

Indexes of interrater reliability and agreement are reviewed, and suggestions are made regarding their use in counseling psychology research. The distinction between agreement and reliability is clarified, and the relationships between these indexes and the level of measurement and type of replication are discussed. Indexes of interrater reliability appropriate for use with ordinal and interval scales are considered. The intraclass correlation as a measure of interrater reliability is discussed in terms of the treatment of between-raters variance and the appropriateness of reliability estimates based on composite or individual ratings. The advisability of optimal weighting schemes for calculating composite ratings is also considered. Measures of interrater agreement for ordinal and interval scales are described, as are measures of interrater agreement for data at the nominal level of measurement. (54 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)