活性炭吸附-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定土壤样品中铊

土壤试样用经盐酸-硝酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸混合酸溶解后,以活性炭吸附分离样品溶液中痕量铊,用热的草酸铵溶液进行淋洗分离,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中痕量铊。以0.06μg·L~(-1)氯化钯溶液作为基体改进剂,选择灰化温度、原子化温度分别为700℃和1 700℃。铊质量浓度在0.006～200μg·L~(-1)范围内与吸光度呈线性关系,方法检出限(3s/k)为0.2 pg。方法用于分析土壤样品,回收率在93.3%～106.2%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.6%～1.8%之间。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定碘化铯晶体中铊

采用平台石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定了碘化铯晶体中铊。研究了碘化铯对钯－硝酸镁基本改进剂中铊吸光度影响,用预混合钯－硝酸镁和样品溶液,由于在碘化物溶液中易析出金属钯而使测定结果降低。用样品溶液和基体改进剂分别加入到石墨炉中的标准加入法可得到满意的结果。     

泡沫塑料富集–石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定贝类水产品中痕量铊

采取微波消解的前处理手段消解样品,经泡沫塑料分离富集后,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定贝类水产品中痕量铊。以1.5 mL Fe3+,2 mL H2O2和5%王水介质作为吸附体系将样品中铊分离富集,再以硝酸钯、抗坏血酸作为基体改进剂进行测定。铊的质量浓度在0～50μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数为0.999 7,方法的检出限可达0.07μg/g。测定结果的相对别准偏差为1.53%～4.01%(n=7),加标回收率为87.1%～98.3%。泡沫塑料富集–石墨炉子吸收光谱法测定贝类水产品中痕量铊是一种准确、安全、便捷的检测方法。     

离子交换分离石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定高纯铟中痕量铊

用硝酸溶解高纯铟样品,阳离子交换树脂分离痕量铊,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定高纯铟中痕量铊.样品中痕量砷、铝、铁、锡与大量的铟被分离,0.4μg的铜,0.5 μg的锌、镉、镁、银、镍,1.0 μg的铅、硅对0.2 ng铊测定无影响.方法检出限为6 Pg,加标回收率为94%～108%.     

活性炭吸附-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定环境样品中微量铊

研究了活性炭吸附 火焰原子吸收光谱法测定环境样品中微量铊。方法的加标回收率在95.2%～114.0%之间,检出限(3σ)为0.21μg·ml-1,相对标准偏差小于2.5%。运用此方法对环境样品(矿渣与污染土壤)中铊进行测定,RSD<4.2%,与ICP MS方法测定结果基本一致。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定镍基高温合金中痕量铊

取样品0.100g,加入2mL盐酸、0.4mL硝酸和4滴氢氟酸,加热溶解10min,待冷却后,于塑料容量瓶中用水定容至50.0mL。采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定所得溶液中铊的含量,选择灰化温度为700℃,原子化温度为1 600℃,基体改进剂为200g·L~(-1)酒石酸溶液。样品中铊的质量浓度在一定范围内与其吸光度呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为0.02μg·L~(-1)。按上述方法测得标准物质的测定值与其认定值一致,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在7.5%～9.9%之间。     

溶剂萃取-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定水样中的痕量铅

本文采用2-(5-溴-2-吡啶偶氮)-5-二乙氨基苯酚(5-Br-PADAP)为络合剂,辛醇为提取剂,提出了有机溶剂萃取-石墨炉原子吸收光谱测定水样中痕量铅的分析方法。对萃取和石墨炉升温条件进行了优化。在本实验条件下,方法的线性范围在0.5~5.0μg/L之间,检出限为0.067μg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.9%(n=7),回收率在89%~97%范围。本法与未经溶剂萃取的方法相比,线性斜率提高了约20倍。本法已用于环境水样中痕量Pb的测定,测定结果与ICP-MS的分析结果具有良好的一致性。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定氯化钯中痕量砷

研究了石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定氯化钯中痕量砷的分析方法。考察了基体氯化钯的影响,选择了适宜的石墨炉升温程序;提出了用抗坏血酸基体改进剂,消除了基体的干扰,检出限可达５μｇ／Ｌ,检测范围为２．５μｇ／ｇ,标准加料回收率为９６％￣１０２％。ＲＳＤ为７．４％（ｎ＝８）。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定锌基体物料中微量铊

采用B-HNO3-A溶解样品,硝酸钯作基体改进剂,通过优化仪器分析条件,灰化温度为500℃,原子化温度为1 800℃,成功实现了石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定湿法冶炼锌基体物料锌精矿、锌焙砂、氧化锌、锌粉等物料中微量铊。方法对照实验结果与电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定值基本一致。方法的相对标准偏差(RSD,n≤8)为1.7%⁷.8%,加标回收率为99%7.8%,加标回收率为99%¹03%。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定锌基体物料中微量铊

采用B-HNO3-A溶解样品,硝酸钯作基体改进剂,通过优化仪器分析条件,灰化温度为500℃,原子化温度为1 800℃,成功实现了石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定湿法冶炼锌基体物料锌精矿、锌焙砂、氧化锌、锌粉等物料中微量铊。方法对照实验结果与电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定值基本一致。方法的相对标准偏差(RSD,n≤8)为1.7%~7.8%,加标回收率为99%~103%。     

Chromium adsorption in olive stone activated carbon

In this work, Cr(III) adsorption on activated carbon obtained from olive stones in an upflow fixed-bed column at 30^∘C was studied. The flow rate influence on the breakthrough curves at a feed concentration of 0.87 meq/L was investigated in an attempt to minimize the diffusional resistances. Breakthrough curves for a flow range of 2–8 mL/min were obtained at 10.5 cm bed height and inlet diameter of 0.9 cm. The mass transfer parameters indicated that the bed minimal resistance was attained at 2 mL/min. Therefore, the data equilibrium was carried out until the bed was saturated at 2 mL/min. The dynamic system generated a favorable isotherm with a maximum chromium uptake of 0.45 meq/g. A column sorption mathematical model was created considering the axial dispersion in the column and the intraparticle diffusion rate-controlling steps. The isotherm was successfully modeled by the Langmuir equation and the mathematical model described the experimental dynamic data adequately for feed concentrations from 0.26 to 3.29 meq/L.     

Chemical production of activated carbon from green coffee with adsorption isotherm support by Taguchi model

In this study, the aim was to produce the activated carbon from green coffee for use in liquid phase applications with adding zinc borate which was a boron chemical. Phosporic acid was chosen as the chemical activation material and different reaction parameters (percent of phosporic acid, amount of zinc borate) were tested during the process of chemical activation. The experimental sets were determined by using Taguchi optimization method and optimal conditions were obtained. Taguchi optimization method was preferred to reach optimum process parameters by using time and material in the most beneficial way. The effects of the process parameters (microwave drying time, temperature of carbonization and duration of carbonization) were investigated to determine the optimal sample. The characteristic properties of the obtained activated carbons were determined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis (BET), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The samples of activated carbon produced were used for determination of the iodine number and the adsorption of heavy metal Cr (VI) ions from solution. Analysis and studies of adsorption showed that activated carbon was produced successfully. The activated carbon was evaluated in liquids phase applications and Langmuir isotherm was found more applicable and experimental data was proper with the second-order kinetic model.     

Molecular dynamics study of selective adsorption of PCB on activated carbon

The selectivity of PCB adsorption from fish oil onto activated carbon (AC) was investigated by means of molecular dynamics to determine the importance of molecular planarity. PCB congeners 77 and 118 were selected for comparison purposes due to pronounced differences in mean adsorption efficiency and molecular geometry; triolein, a triacylglycerol of oleic acid (C18:1), was used as the representative fish oil component. Graphitic carbon structure was set up to serve as activated carbon model. Molecular force fields employed in the simulations combined short-range parameters from the OPLS with partial atomic charges obtained via quantum chemical calculations using DFT/B3LYP/6-31**G+ and Solvation Model 6. We modified the dihedral angle potential between the PCB aromatic rings and applied Schrödinger's Jaguar package to evaluate the required force field constants. Our complete system comprised a number of PCB molecules dissolved in triacylglycerol that overlaid and filled the pores of an AC structure. The production run of 4 ns provided strong indications that smaller pores will be conductive to better selectivity though also resulted in certain doubts concerning the estimation and assignment of partial atomic charges on the activated carbon. The majority of PCB molecules trapped in pores were attached via cl-AC “bonding”, leaving the main part of the PCB molecule free to interact with triolein. The cl-AC adsorption energy was found to surpass the energy criteria conventionally used for hydrogen bonds. Planar orientation assumed by a PCB molecule in a very energetically favored position on top of the graphite sheet clearly supported the π-cloud overlap hypothesis.     

Carbon dioxide-methane mixture adsorption on activated carbon

In this work, we report new experimental data of pure and binary adsorption equilibria of carbon dioxide and methane on the activated carbon RB2 at 273 and 298 K. The pressure range studied were 0–3.5 MPa for pure gases and 0–0.1 MPa for mixtures. The combination of the generalized Dubinin model to describe the pure CO₂ and CH₄ isotherms with the IAST (Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory) for the mixtures provide a method for the calculation of the binary adsorption equilibria. This formulation predicts with acceptable accuracy the binary adsorption data and can easily be integrated in general dynamic simulation of PSA (pressure swing adsorption process) adsorption columns. It involves only three parameters, independent of the temperature, and directly determined with only one adsorption isotherm of CO₂.     

Kinetics of adsorption and desorption of Pb(II) in aqueous solution on activated carbon by two-site adsorption model

The adsorption and desorption equilibrium and kinetics of lead ions from aqueous solutions on a granular activated carbon (GAC) were examined. Rapid increase followed by slow increase in Pb(II) amount on the GAC was observed as a function of time for the adsorption, while rapid decrease and consecutive very slow decrease was observed in desorption. Based on the experimental results, a two-site adsorption model was proposed for the adsorption and the desorption of Pb(II) under the study conditions. The Pb(II) adsorption on the GAC was estimated to have simultaneously occurred on the strong and the weak adsorption sites. Conventional Langmuir-type kinetic equations were introduced to quantitatively predict the adsorption and desorption with the two-site model by optimizing the parameters to fit the equilibrium and the kinetic experimental results. The equilibrium and kinetic experimental results could be represented by the equations by using one set of the common Langmuir parameters. Resultant kinetic parameters revealed that the adsorption equilibrium constant was two orders of magnitude greater for strong adsorption site than for weak adsorption site, though the maximum number of weak adsorption site was 1.5 times as great as that of strong adsorption site. The strong adsorption equilibrium constant resulted from a small desorption rate constant for the site. The equations were demonstrated to be applicable for predicting other desorption performances as well.     

Removal of copper from aqueous solutions by adsorption on activated carbons

The adsorption isotherms of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions in the concentration range 40–1000 mg l⁻¹ on two samples of granulated and two samples of activated carbon fibres containing varying amounts of associated oxygen have been reported. The adsorption isotherms are type I of BET classification showing initially a rapid adsorption tending to be asymptotic at higher concentrations. The amounts of oxygen associated with the carbon surface has been enhanced by oxidation with nitric acid and ammonium persulphate in the solution phase and with oxygen gas at 350°C and decreased by degassing of the oxidized carbon samples at 400, 650 and 950°C. The adsorption of Cu(II) ions increases on oxidation and decreases on degassing. The increase in adsorption on oxidation depends on the nature of the oxidative treatment while the decrease in adsorption on degassing depends on the temperature of degassing. This has been attributed to the increase in the carbon–oxygen acidic surface groups on oxidation and their decrease on degassing. Suitable mechanisms consistent with the results have been proposed.     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定高纯硒中痕量铁

研究了石墨炉原子吸收直接进样法和石墨炉内富集法测定高纯硒中痕量铁的条件,建立了石墨炉原子吸收法直接测定高纯硒中痕量铁的分析方法.直接进样法的检出限为0.008 μg/g,石墨炉内富集法的检出限为0.004 μg/g,相对标准偏差分别为:5.2%和4.6%,两种方法检测样品结果基本一致.测定含铁0.3 μg/g的高纯硒,测定值的RSD为4.6～5.2%.     

Use of x-ray microtomography to visualise dynamic adsorption of organic vapour and water vapour on activated carbon

X-ray microtomography coupled with image analysis was used to quantify the adsorption of vapours on activated carbon beds. This technique was tested using three different challenges: CCl₄, water vapour and a mixture of water- and organic vapour. It is shown that the used technique allows determining the adsorption front progress in the case of organic vapour and mixture of water and organic vapour whereas the existence of this front was not so obvious in the case of water vapour. Experimental results obtained for organic vapours were interpreted on the basis of the Wheeler-Jonas equation: a good agreement was found between experimental and theoretical breakthrough times.     

浊点萃取电热原子吸收光谱法测定水中痕量铊

采用吡咯烷基二硫代氨基甲酸铵(APDC)为螯合剂,Triton X-114作为表面活性剂,建立了浊点萃取预富集电热原子吸收光谱法测定水中痕量铊的方法。在优化的实验条件下,方法的检出限可达0.07μg/L,相对标准偏差为3.6%(4μg/L,n=7),加标回收率为93%~106%,富集倍率为31。该方法成功应用于自来水和河水中痕量铊的测定。