超厚复杂蒙皮的拉形工艺及回弹补偿自动实现

针对某铝合金复杂蒙皮零件的特点,在已知不同热处理状态下材料性能的基础上,对零件的拉形工艺过程进行了模拟和优化,并确定了最终拉形工艺方案,后续回弹补偿即在此基础上进行。研究了此蒙皮零件成形后的卸载回弹现象,并在PAM-STAMP软件中实现了模具型面的自动回弹补偿,通过三次模具型面补偿满足了零件的贴模度要求,并输出了经补偿后的模具CAD模型。     

考虑弯曲回弹的拉弯模外形设计方法

拉弯是型材弯曲成形的重要方法,可以有效减少回弹、提高成形精度,在飞机、汽车弯曲件成形中得到广泛应用。采用弯曲回弹理论分析,结合拉弯零件数字化模型,修正拉弯模模具轮廓;采用圆弧样条表示模具轮廓,给出了拉弯模合理外形的计算方法。在理论分析基础上,通过有限元分析方法计算拉弯型材的回弹量,评估拉弯模型面的回弹修正量及拉弯件校形余量的减少情况。为提高汽车和飞机拉弯件的质量和促进工装的数字化设计提供了合理有效的方法。     

蒙皮拉形机快速换模系统力学安全性分析

拉伸成形是飞机钣金的基本成形方法。由于飞机蒙皮种类繁琐、生产批量小,在拉形的过程中需要频繁的更换模具,而现有国内蒙皮拉形机换模仍为传统换模方式,换模时间长,换模过程繁琐。针对这一情况,研发出了一套蒙皮拉形机快速换模系统,能从根本上提高蒙皮拉形机的换模效率,进而提高蒙皮拉形机的生产效率。采用有限元方法,对所提出的蒙皮拉形机快速换模系统进行力学安全性分析,研究了该系统内部重要零部件在极限工况下的应力分布,对整个换模系统的完善与再优化具有重要的意义。分析结果显示:该蒙皮拉形机快速换系统是结构安全的。     

飞机蒙皮数字化制造技术应用研究

随着科学技术的迅猛发展,以数字化为核心的制造技术给航空工业带来了史无前例的变革和飞跃。在飞机蒙皮制造领域,逐步形成了以数字量传递为核心,基于可重构柔性多点模具的蒙皮数控拉形技术、基于离线测量闭环形状控制的柔性模具数控拉形工艺优化技术以及可重构柔性夹持数控切边技术的飞机蒙皮数字化制造技术体系,成功实现了从蒙皮零件三维数模设计、工艺仿真和优化、数控成形、数字化检测到最终零件的柔性化、数字化和精确化制造。     

双曲度飞机蒙皮拉伸成形轨迹优化与验证

加载轨迹是决定飞机蒙皮拉伸成形质量的关键因素。对某双曲度蒙皮最大截面采用应变控制的方法，解析分析并推导出拉伸成形加载轨迹范围，并作为初始加载轨迹进行优化；采用最优化理论与算法和有限元数值模拟相结合的优化方法，以减小卸载回弹、提高贴模度为研究目标，以单元最大，主应变和厚度减薄率为约束条件，建立最优化数学模型，得到合理的拉伸成形加载轨迹；在自行研制的拉伸成形试验平台上进行优化结果验证，试验结果表明，成形零件贴模度、应变分布与厚度的均匀程度均有明显提高。     

可重构柔性多点模具蒙皮拉形工艺设计系统

针对可重构柔性多点模具蒙皮数字化拉形中的钉柱高度计算和工艺设计问题,开发了可重构柔性多点模具蒙皮拉形工艺设计系统.给出了系统的功能模块和体系结构,研究了曲面空间定位、模面补充、钉柱调形高度计算、毛料尺寸及拉形轨迹计算等关键技术和相关算法.在CATIA环境下,采用组件应用架构二次开发技术,实现了系统的开发.通过对实际蒙皮零件的分析和计算,验证了系统的实用性和有效性.     

基于约束层次化策略的钣金件贴模度计算

为准确计算贴模度,考虑回弹变形对模型对齐的影响,提出一种基于约束层次化策略的贴模度计算方法。利用数字化模型统计分析回弹量,得到回弹阈值,剔除回弹变形点。通过约束优化实现了钣金件和模具模型的对齐,并基于该对齐结果进行了贴模度计算和回弹分析。贴模度不满足要求时,施加一定的载荷仿真装配应力,计算钣金件局部发生弹性变形后的贴模度。通过对U型仿真模型和飞机翼肋钣金件实测模型的实验,验证了所提贴模度计算方法的有效性和实用性。     

基于逆向工程技术的反求因子回弹补偿法

为减少冲压回弹导致的模具型面补偿的次数,在一步法模面几何修正的基础上,提出了反求因子补偿法:通过逆向工程技术获得试模冲压件的数字模型,将该模型当作假想的理论模型进行成形、回弹模拟,计算出仿真回弹量;由试模模面和试模件取差值获得真实补偿量,进而计算出补偿因子。假定在冲压件小变形、仿真参数、冲压工艺不变的情况下补偿因子基本保持不变,对实际设计零件做回弹仿真,再引入该补偿因子,计算出模具补偿型面。实验结果表明,该方法通过一次模面补偿,可有效控制回弹,提高补偿效率。     

T8状态铝锂合金型材冷拉弯成形技术研究

研究了铝锂合金T8状态冷拉弯成形回弹预测及模具补偿修正技术,并进行T和Z截面的2196-T8511和2099-T83铝锂合金型材拉弯成形试验。将模具回弹补偿修正算法应用于拉弯模具修正,回弹补偿后的零件与样板最大间隙为2 mm,证实了T8状态铝锂合金型材拉弯成形的可行性和理论回弹计算及模具回弹补偿修正算法的有效性,这种方法可以用于拉弯成形及模具设计。     

飞机蒙皮拉形模拓扑优化设计

将拓扑优化技术应用于大型飞机蒙皮拉形模的轻量化问题,可以解决传统拉形模设计中刚度与重量之间的矛盾。应用ABAQUS软件进行蒙皮拉形的非线性数值模拟,可以获取拉形模工作面的载荷数据。根据载荷数据选取的典型工况及给定的材料属性、约束条件等进行拓扑优化,将得到的拓扑优化结果进行模型重构,再对重构后的模型进行蒙皮拉形仿真,以验证模具的各项设计指标是否符合要求。以某型拉形模为例进行拓扑优化,并与传统设计的模具相比较,结果证明在同体分比的情况下,拓扑优化设计显著减小了模具的最大变形值和应力值。     

板料成形中的回弹计算和模具修正

利用动力显式有限元计算程序MSC／DYTRAN,采用动力松弛法模拟了板料成形及回弹过程,计算出板料成形后的回弹量：提出“位移描述－结点修正”法,以回弹量为依据通过反向位移补偿和插值算法,编制程序自动对模具网格结点进行修正,通过反复迭代计算,最终可获得生成理想形状制件所必需的凸,凹模尺寸。     

A rapid and intelligent approach to design forming shape model for precise manufacturing of flanged part

Adjusting the part shape with complex flanges to compensate springback deformation is key to forming shape design for manufacturing rapidly and precisely. Classical forming shape design by displacement adjustment (DA) method using finite element (FE) simulation is usually time-consuming and not accurate enough for complex surface part in industrial application. In this paper, the forming shape is modeled by changing the relations of geometric features of part model with the new flange control surfaces directly. Control surface processing (CSP) method is presented including control surface trimming, cross section division, springback compensation, and extending to design forming shape model of doubly curved flange part with joggles rapidly. The algorithms of cross section curves division of control surfaces and subsequent subdivision of each curve with circular arc and line segments are proposed. A case-based reasoning (CBR) technique and gray relation analysis (GRA) are used to support the intelligent springback prediction of each bending segment of the cross section curve. The geometric data of control surface is expressed in XML format to realize the integration of the CAD-based tools of control surface division and compensation with the Web-based springback prediction system. The approach is demonstrated on an industrial aircraft wing rib part. The forming shape model could be designed rapidly by comparison with DA method. The part shape deviations of flange angle (?0.465° ~ 0.528°) and surface position (?0.3 mm ~ 0.3 mm) were detected by comparing the desired geometry with the actual digital formed part shape, and the results indicate that the approach can achieve the industrial part manufacturing rapidly and precisely.     

Geometric compensation for automotive stamping die design integrating structure deflection and blank thinning

Targeting to improve dimensional accuracy of automotive body panels, elastic deformation of stamping die structure and blank thinning are considered for compensation on the die surfaces. The thinning distribution on the deformed blank is extracted from stamping process simulation results and converted into first quantitative compensation. The boundary load required for die structural FEM analysis can be automatically mapped from process simulation results by using an updated load mapping algorithm, and the die deflection is then calculated and the deflection of die surfaces is transferred into second quantitative compensation. These two quantitative contributions are referred together for the compensation on the die surface model. The proposed methodologies have been programmed and can be integrated with LS-Dyna and HyperWorks or with Autoform and CATIA. Additionally, a software toolkit used to calculate the contacting ratio between the formed blank and die face has also been developed to automatically evaluate the effectiveness of die face compensation rather than virtually check the contacting ratio. The proposed methodologies and developed software have been verified by a case study of process and die design for an automotive panel part, showing the benefit in improving the contacting ratio.     

板材多点成形使用弹性垫后回弹的数值模拟

利用有限元软件LS-DYNA对板材冲压成形的回弹进行数值模拟。使用3mm厚的弹性垫抑制板材成形产生的压痕,但弹性垫的使用加上板材的回弹会导致成形误差的增大。基于数值模拟的结果,提出了修正基本体群成形面补偿回弹。经过两次补偿,精度得到了很好的提高,证明该方法可以很好地补偿多点成形中的回弹。     

基于等弧长的U形件回弹补偿技术研究

底面圆弧回弹补偿是解决U形件回弹补偿过程中所产生冲压负角的有效方法,故提出等弧长补偿原则来快速获得底面圆弧半径、两侧底角圆弧半径及圆弧中心参数,实现了U形件回弹补偿模型尺寸精度的精确控制;应用试验设计方法、响应面模型构建了U形件回弹角计算的近似模型,通过理论分析实现了补偿角和最大补偿角的计算,从而可快速构建底面圆弧补偿的U形件回弹补偿模型。算例验证了该方法的有效性。     

Rapid springback compensation for age forming based on quasi Newton method

Iterative methods based on finite element simulation are effective approaches to design mold shape to compensate springback in sheet metal forming. However, convergence rate of iterative methods is difficult to improve greatly. To increase the springback compensate speed of designing age forming mold, process of calculating springback for a certain mold with finite element method is analyzed. Springback compensation is abstracted as finding a solution for a set of nonlinear functions and a springback compensation algorithm is presented on the basis of quasi Newton method. The accuracy of algorithm is verified by developing an ABAQUS secondary development program with MATLAB. Three rectangular integrated panels of dimensions 710 mmx750 mm integrated panels with intersected ribs of 10 mm are selected to perform case studies. The algorithm is used to compute mold contours for the panels with cylinder, sphere and saddle contours respectively and it takes 57%, 22% and 33% iterations as compared to that of displacement adjustment （DA） method. At the end of iterations, maximum deviations on the three panels are 0.618 4 mm, 0.624 1 mm and 0.342 0 mm that are smaller than the deviations determined by DA method （0.740 8 mm, 0.740 8 mm and 0.713 7 mm respectively）. In following experimental verification, mold contour for another integrated panel with 400 ram~380 mm size is designed by the algorithm. Then the panel is age formed in an autoclave and measured by a three dimensional digital measurement devise. Deviation between measuring results and the panel＇s design contour is less than 1 mm. Finally, the iterations with different mesh sizes （40 mm, 35 mm, 30 mm, 25 mm, 20 mm） in finite element models are compared and found no considerable difference. Another possible compensation method, Broyden-Fletcher-Shanmo method, is also presented based on the solving nonlinear fimctions idea. The Broyden-Fletcher-Shanmo method is employed to compute mold contour for the second panel. It only takes 50% iterations compared to that of DA. The proposed method can serve a faster mold contour compensation method for sheet metal forming.     

球头铣刀刀具磨损建模与误差补偿

针对刀具磨损度量方式和模型建立的问题,以球头刀具为研究对象,提出球头铣刀刀具磨损的度量方式,建立球头刀具磨损模型.以复映磨损在硬度较软加工材料上的方式测量球头刀具磨损,确定刀具磨损模型系数,给出刀具磨损模型系数确定的具体实现方法.加工试验验证球头刀具磨损度量方式的合理性和所建立刀具磨损模型的正确性,同时针对数控铣削加工中球头铣刀刀具磨损引起的误差提出离线仿真误差补偿算法,给出离线仿真误差补偿算法的具体实现步骤,通过建立的刀具磨损引起的加工误差模型仿真获得加工走刀步的误差.对于误差超差的走刀步,预先修改数控加工(Numerical control,NC)程序,保证实际加工零件满足精度要求.误差补偿验证试验表明所提出的离线仿真误差补偿算法的正确性和有效性.     

Numerical simulation on the local stress and local deformation in multi-point stretch forming process

Multi-point stretch forming (MPSF) is a new flexible forming technique to form aircraft outer skin parts. The multi-point stretching die (MPSD) replaces the traditional fixed shape stretching die, and the sheet metal is formed over a MPSD composed by the punch element. The MPSD is a discontinuous surface of discrete stretching die, and the stress concentration and local strain occur on formed parts. These lead to generate dimples on the surface of formed part. In this paper, a series of numerical simulations on MPSF processes for stretching parabolic cylindrical, spherical, and saddle-shaped parts were carried out. The local stress and local strain in thickness distribution of MPSF part were analyzed by dispersed the blank into solid elements. The forming results of MPSF were compared with those that use traditional stretch forming, and the influences of thickness of elastic cushion and the size of punch element on the stress concentration and local strain were surveyed. The simulation results show the distribution of local stress and local deformation in different layers, and the elastic cushion and the small size of punch element can reduce the stress concentration and local deformation. The results may understand the stress distribution on the sheet and prevent the defect of dimple.