CT引导下肺内大血管旁小病灶穿刺活检技术的临床应用

目的：评价CT引导经皮穿刺肺内大血管旁直径≤2cm病灶的临床价值。方法：CT引导经皮穿刺肺内大血管旁直径≤2cm病灶72例，分析其敏感性、特异性、准确性及并发症。结果：恶性肿瘤的诊断敏感性833％（45／54），阳性预测值100％；良性病变诊断特异性100％，阴性预测值66．7％（18／27），总诊断准确率84．7％（61／72）气胸发生率6．9％（5／72），肺内出血发生率8.3％（6／72），均未作特殊处理自愈。病灶周围有肺气肿是气胸及肺内出血的危险因素（X^2=10．9、8．5，P〈0．05），而病灶部位、大小及深度均与上述并发症无关（P〉0．05）。结论：CT引导经皮穿刺肺内大血管旁直径≤2cm病灶准确性较高而并发症较低。     

18F-FDG SPECT显像在孤立肺结节中的诊断价值

目的：探讨^18F—FDG SPECT显像在孤立肺结节(SPN)中的诊断价值．方法：2003年7月至2004年12月其间．应用具有PET／CT功能的SPECT显像技术对32名孤立性肺结节病例进行^18F—FDG检查，同时行CT检查，两者的结果均与术后病理进行比较．从而评价^18F—FDG SPECT显像的诊断价值。结果：32例病例中病灶直径大下2cm的为17例，小于2cm的为15例。SPECT对于病灶大了2cm的敏感性100％．特异性60％，准确性88％，阳性预测值86％．阴性预测值100％．病灶小于2cm的敏感性88％，特异性86%．准确性87%．阳性预测值88％，阴性预测值86％．阳性似然比6．13．阴性似然比0.15。CT的敏感性60％，特异性41％，准确性53％，阳性预删值63％．阴性预测值38％．结论：^18F-FDG SPECT显像在孤立肺结节的诊断中有很好的应用价值．并且对于直径大于2cm的病灶有更高的敏感性和阴性预测值。     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检对肺肿瘤的诊断价值

  目的 探讨CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检对肺部肿瘤的诊断价值及影响其准确性的因素。方法 对153例肺部病变患者经CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检取材，所取组织经病理组织学和（或）细胞学检查，分析其准确性。结果 153例中经手术随访或临床检查证实恶性肿瘤128例，穿刺病理诊断118例，经皮肺穿刺恶性肿瘤确诊率92.2 ％（118／128），假阴性10例，假阴性率7.8 ％（10／128），无假阳性病例。诊断良性病例20例，良性病变确诊率为80.0 ％（20／25）术后发生气胸28例，发生率为18.3 ％（28／153），出血22例，发生率14.4 ％。结论 CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检是一种安全、有效、准确性高、并发症少的诊断方法，对肺部肿瘤的诊断具有较高的价值。     

多层螺旋CT引导下穿刺对孤立性肺结节的诊断价值

目的：探讨MSCT引导下穿刺孤立性肺结节应用价值.方法：经MSCT检查56例孤立性肺结节,穿刺经病理或随访证实,分析MSCT的敏感性、特异性、准确性及并发症.结果：56例中肺癌38例,假阴性4例,肺部良性结节14例无假阳性;对恶性结节敏感性90%、准确性92%、特异性100%,良性结节阴性预测值78%.一次穿刺成功率高,气胸发生率16%.结论：MSCT引导下穿刺孤立性肺结节准确性高而并发症较低,可作为鉴别结节良恶性的首选方法之一,对确定临床诊断及指导治疗具有重要的价值.     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检临床应用分析

目的 探讨CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检在肺内占位性病变临床诊断中的敏感性、特异性、准确率、并发症及其诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析140例行CT引导下经皮肺穿刺患者的临床病例资料,分析其敏感性、特异性、准确性,评价诊断价值,讨论其并发症.结果 140例肺部病变经手术病理或临床治疗、随访观察证实为恶性肿瘤90例,良性病变者50例;而CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检诊断为恶性肿瘤者89例(鳞癌14例,腺癌57例,小细胞癌5例,转移癌3例),良性病变者51例,其中1例良性病变病例后行气管镜检查病理示癌.对恶性病变诊断敏感性98.9％,对良性病变诊断特异性98.0％,总的诊断准确率99.3％.并发症:痰中带血13例,少量气胸1例,并发症的发生率10.0％.结论 CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术非常安全有效,准确性高、并发症少,具有较高临床诊断价值,值得临床广泛应用及推广.     

CT扫描与痰液肿瘤标志物检测对周围型肺癌的早期诊断价值

目的：研究CT扫描与肺活检后痰液脱落细胞的端粒酶活性和p16甲基化检测对早期周围型肺癌的诊断意义。方法：用PCR－TRAP－ELISA半定量及PCR－TRAP银染定性法、甲基化相关的PCR法，前瞻性检测55例经CT扫描而发现的肺部孤立性结节（直径≤30mm)、并疑诊为早期周围型肺癌的患者（T1N0M0），行CT导向肺活检（纤维支气管镜肺活检33例，经皮肺针刺活检22例）后24h内痰液脱落细胞端粒酶活性及p16甲基化状态，并将检测结果与组织病理进行对照研究。结果：CT扫描对周围型肺癌诊断的敏感性为100％，但特异性只有61．8％（34／55）。端粒酶活性的敏感性为79．4％，特异性为90．5％，准确性为83．6％；p16甲基化的敏感性为32．4％，特异性为100％，准确性为58．2％，3者联合检测的敏感性为86．1％，特异性为90．5％，准确性为87．3％。对照组端粒酶阳性率9．5％（2／21），无1例检测到p16甲基化。结论：CT扫描与端粒酶活性、p16甲基化联合可弥补痰液的细胞学检查的不足，提高肺癌痰检的敏感性，有助于周围型肺癌早期诊断和肺部孤立性结节的鉴别诊断。     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检对肺小结节的诊断价值

  目的 探讨CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检对肺小结节的诊断价值。方法 自1996年10月到2005年11月，对384例肺小结节患者施行CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检，对其结果进行回顾性分析。结果 CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检诊断肺小结节的准确率为97.4 %（374／384），并发症发生率 16.1 %（62／384）；对恶性肿瘤诊断的敏感性为98.8 %（328／332），特异性为100 %。结论 CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检是诊断肺小结节有效的、可靠的方法，值得推广。     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检在肺部外周占位性病变中的诊断价值分析

目的 探讨CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检(CT-GPLB)在肺部外周占位性病变中的诊断价值.方法 55例肺部外周占位性病变患者均行CT-GPLB,观察诊断准确率、敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、误诊率、漏诊率及经皮肺活检并发症发生情况.结果 55例肺部外周占位性病变患者经CT-GPLB诊断准确率为94.55%(52/55),敏感性为97.67%(42/43),特异性为83.33%(10/12),阳性预测值为95.45%(42/44),阴性预测值为90.91%(10/11),误诊率为16.67%(2/12),漏诊率为2.33%(1/43),并发症发生率为10.91%(6/55).结论 CT-GPLB在肺部外周占位性病变中具有较高诊断及鉴别诊断价值,且并发症发生率低.     

CT引导下经皮肺穿活检的临床应用

目的 探讨CT引导下经皮肺穿活检的临床意义。方法 960例患者，病变直径1．9～14cm，左肺47l例，右肺489例；全部在CT引导下经皮穿刺活检。结果 穿刺成功率为92．9l％，933例得到了最后的诊断，其中肺癌653例，转移瘤24例，结核179例，肺内炎症77例；93例出现了气胸，占06％，17例出现了咯血。结论 CT引导下的肺穿刺活检术是一个安全、并发症少、准确性高的诊断方法。     

CT引导下经皮肺细针抽吸活检术的临床应用价值

目的评价CT引导经皮肺细针抽吸活检术的临床应用价值。方法对110例CT引导下经皮肺细针抽吸活检术，病理检查证实93例。结果93例患者中，与病理检查相吻合的肺癌85例，穿刺确诊77例，8例为肺部良性病变。诊断灵敏度90．6％，特异度100．0％，诊断准确率91．4％。并发气胸9．1％，肺内出血10．9％，均自行吸收。结论CT引导经皮肺细针抽吸活检术临床应用准确性较高，并发症较少，有助于肺部病变的诊断。     

Trends in zygomycosis in children

Zygomycosis, or mucormycosis, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in both children and adults. Studies in adults have shown an increase in the incidence of zygomycosis, particularly among haemtopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients and patients with haematologic malignancies. There is a paucity of data on the epidemiology of zygomycosis in children. We performed a retrospective analysis to describe trends in zygomycosis between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2010. We used the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database to identify paediatric patients who were diagnosed with zygomycosis during the study period. Administrative data on diagnoses, demographics, underlying conditions and clinical experiences were collected. Summary statistics were calculated and tests for trend were conducted. We identified 156 unique patients with zygomycosis. The prevalence of zygomycosis did not significantly increase over time (P=0.284). The most common underlying condition was malignancy (58%) and over half received intensive care. Voriconazole utilisation among all hospitalised children significantly increased during the period (P=0.010). Our study demonstrates that the incidence of zygomycosis is not significantly increasing. During the time period there was a significant increase in the use of voriconazole among children.     

Dermatomycosis in Goats in India

Summary: In an extensive survey involving 2176 goats 1.56% of goats manifested clinical lesions of ringworm infection. Animals below the age of 6 months were affected most (4.20%). The incidence of infection was higher during the winter months. T. verrucosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum were isolated from the skin scrapings of 12, 4, and 2 goats respectively. It is suggested that the infected animals could be a source of disease to human population in which the zoophilic dermatophyte invasion is characterized by severe inflammatory lesions of the skin. The zoonotic importance of different dermatophytes is stressed.
Zusammenfassung: In einer ausgedehnten Untersuchung an 2176 Ziegen wurden bei 1,56% klinische Zeichen einer Hautmykose festgestellt. Tiere, die jühger als 6 Monate alt waren, zeigten mit 4,20% am häfigsten Krankheitssymptome. In den Wintermonaten war die Erkrankungshäufigkeit am gröBten. T. vermcosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum wurden jeweils von 12,4 bzw. 2 Ziegen isoliert. Die inflzierten Tiere köinnen eine Infektionsquelle für die menschliche Bevölkerung darstellen und dort Mykosen mit stark entzündlichen Veränderungen auslösen. Die Bedeutung verschiedener Dermatophyten als Erreger von Zoonosen wird hervorgehoben.     

Increased apoptosis in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by ceramides in transferrin-modified liposomes

Lysosomes are a promising therapeutic target for induction apoptosis in cancer cells due to lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) leading to leakage of hydrolytic enzymes, especially the cathepsins, into the cytoplasm. We hypothesized that with the modification of the ceramide-loaded liposomes with transferrin (Tf), we would achieve both tumor targeting and increased delivery of lysosome-destabilizing agents, such as ceramides to lysosomes, to initiate LMP-induced apoptosis. We prepared Tf-modified (TL) and plain (PL) liposomes and loaded with short (C6)- or long (C16) N-acyl chain ceramides. Uptake, intracellular localization of liposomes, stability of the lysosomal membrane and release of cathepsin D were investigated on Hela cells by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Apoptosis was evaluated by binding of fluorescently-labeled Annexin V. Antitumor and pro-apoptotic effects of C6Cer-loaded Tf-liposomes were demonstrated in vivo in an A2780-ovarian carcinoma xenograft mouse model. TL were internalized specifically via the TfR-dependent endocytic pathway and localized within the endosome-lysosomal compartment. Ceramide-loaded Tf-liposomes significantly increased apoptosis compared with ceramide-free and ceramide-loaded non-modified liposomes. The treatment of cancer cells with TL led to increased LMP and cytoplasmic relocation of the intralysosomal cathepsin D. A strong antitumor and pro-apoptotic effect of C6Cer-loaded TL was also demonstrated in vivo in an A2780-ovarian carcinoma xenograft mouse model. The lysosomal accumulation of ceramides delivered by Tf-liposomes initiates the permeabilization of the lysosomal membranes required for the release of lysosomal cathepsins into the cytoplasm and initiation of the cancer cell apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo.     

Ringworm in animals in a farm in Assiut

Bericht über das Auftreten von Hautmykosen bei Tieren auf der Farm der Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Assiut. Von 70 Kälbern waren 42 pilzkrank, davon 22 durch T. mentagrophytes, 20 durch T. verrucosum. Von 180 Kühen waren 8 pilzbefalien, sämtlich durch T. mentagrophytes. Von 2 kranken Bullen wurde T. verrucosum isoliert. Auch die 3 Pferde und 2 Maultiere der Farm waren pilzinfiziert; Erreger war in diesen Fällen T. equinum. Auch ein Kalb war von T. equinum befallen. Die gleiche Pilzart wurde ferner von 3 Tierpflegern isoliert, die Pilzherde am Hals und an den Armen aufwiesen.     

Survey of changes in dietary preferences in cancer patients in China

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in dietary preferences in cancer patients in China and to determine the need for encouraging the adherence to a sensible diet among such patients.Methods A total of 468 cancer patients were interviewed using a self-designed questionnaire focusing on changes in the intake of specific foods. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0. Results Most patients completely avoided roosters and carp(73.1%), condiments(51.9%), and meat of aquatic species(40.4%). All other types of the specific foods were completely avoided by different subpopulations of the patients.Conclusion In addition to focusing on disease treatment, medical professionals need to help cancer patients overcome barriers associated with the customs of avoiding specific foods encompassed by the term ”fawu” and provide them with dietary guidance in order to prevent negative nutritional effects.     

Socioeconomic factors in cancer in Sweden

It is well known that certain cancers have shown clustering in socioeconomic groups, but limited data are available on recent results and time trends in such clustering. We determined standardized incidence ratios (SIR) for cancer, adjusted for age, period, region, parity and age at first childbirth among men and women in 6 socioeconomic groups based on the Swedish Family-Cancer Database. Persons had to be identified with the same socioeconomic status in the census of years 1960 and 1970, or of years 1960, 1970 and 1980; the comparison group was all people according to the same censuses. Cancers were followed from years 1970 to 1998 or from 1980 to 1998. Both increased and decreased SIRs were found, and a consistent pattern emerged, although the overall SIRs for cancer did not differ much, the lowest being for farmers (0.85) and the highest for professional men (1.07) and women (1.11). At individual sites, manual workers were at risk of tobacco-, alcohol- and occupation- and human papilloma virus-related cancers and at a decreased risk at most other cancers. Manual workers and farmers showed an excess of stomach cancer; professionals had an excess of melanoma and squamous cell skin cancer. Male and female SIRs correlated highly for manual and blue-collar workers and for professionals. The overall population-attributable fraction for selected sites was 16.7% for men and 10.9% for women and it was highest, over 50%, for lung cancer in both genders.     

Advances in cancer epidemiology in Japan

Epidemiologists in Japan have been performing calculations to estimate nationwide cancer incidence rates as well as 5‐year survival rates using population‐based cancer registry data. There have been remarkable changes in cancer incidence and/or mortality in cancers of the lung, liver and stomach, which were thought to be attributed to the changing impact of exposure to cigarette smoking, chronic hepatitis C virus infection and Helicobacter pylori infection, respectively. In systematic reviews providing evidence in risk/protective factors for cancer sites using case–control and cohort studies of the Japanese population, there were associations between cancer sites (esophagus, stomach, colo‐rectum, liver, pancreas, lung and breast) and various lifestyle factors. In the past 10 years, a hospital‐based case–control study at Aichi Cancer Center provided valuable evidence of gene‐environment interaction on the development of cancer [i.e., the effects of aldehyde dehydrogenase‐2 (ALDH2) polymorphism and heavy alcohol drinking on esophageal cancer, ALDH2 polymorphism and smoking on lung cancer, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism and heavy alcohol drinking on pancreatic cancer]. The database with stored DNA was also used and identified seven loci containing significant but low‐penetrance polymorphisms associated with the development of breast cancer. These findings together with established risk factors are likely to be useful to predict personalized breast cancer risk in East Asian women. In 2005, the Japan Multi‐Institution Collaborative Cohort (J‐MICC) study was launched to elucidate gene‐environment interactions as well as to confirm preclinical diagnostic biomarkers of cancer. J‐MICC, which has recruited 92,000 healthy individuals by the end of 2012, will follow the individuals until 2025.     

整合素在急性白血病中的研究进展

急性白血病是一种早期造血干/祖细咆的恶性克隆性疾病.微小残留病和耐药被认为是其复发和难治的根源.近来,越来越多的证据显示白血病细胞通过与骨髓微环境中的基质细胞或细胞外基质相互作用促进其存活,并增强其对常规化疗药物的耐药.整合素是介导细胞与细胞外基质（细胞与非细胞成分）粘连的最主要黏附分子,在细胞增殖、存活等生物学过程中发挥关键作用,但作用机制尚不完全清楚.现就目前揭示的整合素及肿瘤微环境在急性白血病发生、发展中的作用进行综述.     

Foreign bodies in ENT in a teaching hospital in Eastern India

Objective

To evaluate the nature, common sites, modes of presentation of various foreign bodies (FB) in Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT).

Materials and methods

Observational retrospective study carried out at Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan. The study period was between Jan 2006 to Jan 2007. The information obtained from the hospital record books.

Results

Four hundred and eighty-two patients presented in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, in the study period with FB in their ENT. Out of 482 pts, the commonest location of FB was to be in throat with 302 pts (62%) followed by ear with 119 pts (25%) and nose 61 pts (13%). Amongst the FB in throat the commonest was fish bone and the commonest site being tonsils. Artificial denture accounted for a significant number of 13 (4.3%). External auditory canal was the commonest site of FB lodgment in ear found in 118 patients (99.16%). Nasal FB were found in 61 patients; more common in pediatric age group (98.36%).

Conclusion

From this study we have found that FB lodgement is a very common complaint with which patients come to otolaryngologist. The commonest site of FB lodgement is in the throat. Most of the FB could be removed in emergency room (ER) with or without Local Anesthesia.