金属铝燃料电池的研究

铝是一种丰富廉价的有色金属,金属铝电池作为一种新型燃料电池,具有低成本、无毒害、高功率、高能量密度等优点.本文简述了金属铝电池的工作原理,并对铝阳极、空气阴极、催化剂、电解液和铝燃料电池的应用等方面的研究概况进行了叙述.     

室温铝二次电池及其关键材料

金属铝是一种很高的能量载体,是开发电池的理想电极材料。由于铝在二次电池中的应用体系主要集中在高温熔盐铝二次电池,其熔盐电解质需要高温,对环境要求苛刻,成本较高难于维护,限制了铝二次电池的发展。近年来,室温离子液体作为二次电池的电解液的研究,使得室温铝二次电池的开发与应用成为可能,人们开始研究基于离子液体电解液的室温有机熔盐二次电池,采用铝或者嵌铝化合物作为电极材料,离子液体作为电解液,与传统的二次电池相比具有很多优点。本文介绍了近年来室温铝二次电池相关的研究和应用新进展,包括金属铝负极的优化和铝枝晶的抑制,可嵌脱铝负极材料的设计,可用于铝二次电池的过渡金属氧化物和导电聚合物正极材料及其性能,以及电解液的要求和离子液体作电解液的优势,并指出了可能存在的问题以及相应的解决办法。     

直读光谱法测定钢中酸溶铝和酸不溶铝

钢中铝的存在形式主要有两种 ,一种是以金属固溶体状态存在 ,另一种是以化合态非金属夹杂物形式存在 ,如氧化铝、氮化铝、铝的硫化物等。在湿法化学分析中认为 ,用无机酸溶样时 ,金属铝和氮化铝及铝的硫化物均被溶解 ,习惯上称这一部分为“酸溶铝”。它在一定范围内有利于细化晶粒 ,提高钢的使用性能。而氧化铝难溶于酸 ,这一部分称为“酸不溶铝”,它降低了钢的纯洁度 ,因而降低了钢的物理性能和机械性能。三者的关系式为 :Alt(全铝 ) =Als(酸溶铝 ) 酸不溶铝。由于炼钢全连铸工艺的普及 ,对钢中不同状态的铝的分析非常重要。连铸在线分析…     

铝,铝的氧化及着色

金属铝的含量非常丰富，纯铝较软，但制成合金后强度与段质钢相同，重量却只有钢的１／３，它被广泛应用，正在逐渐代替铁和木材，是一种重要的金属材料。本文简述铝的化学氧化和电化学氧化，以及氧化后的着色，并介绍氧化膜封闭的最新研究成果。     

铝-空气电池电解液的研究现状

综述了铝-空气电池电解液及其添加剂的研究与发展现状,重点分析讨论了影响电解液性能的主要因素以及无机离子、有机物和复合物等添加剂在铝．空气电池中的作用、机理、应用。说明了Ga^3 ,In^3 ,配位剂,复合物是最有希望成为一种实际应用于铝．空气电池的添加剂。     

低成本铝离子电池电解液的设计及应用

可充电铝离子电池由于高体积/质量比容量、高安全性、环保等优点被认为是非常具有前景的下一代储能电池。然而广泛使用的AlCl₃/EMImCl离子液体电解液由于具有一定毒性和高昂的价格制约着铝离子电池的进一步应用。基于此，通过效率和稳定性测试筛选四种不同的低成本尿素基配体，选择了性能最好的AlCl₃/1,3-二甲基脲作为铝离子电池的电解液。最后以人造石墨作为正极组装了全电池。该电池在50 mA·g^-1的电流密度下实现了91.1 mAh·g^-1的高比容量，并能够稳定循环超过100圈，容量保持率高达95.8%。     

光电直读光谱法测定钢中不同形态铝

钢中铝存在形式主要有两种,一种以金属固溶体存在,另一种是化合态以非金属夹杂物形式存在。在湿法化学分析中,用无机酸溶样时,金属铝、铝的硫化物均被溶解,故称为酸溶铝,这些铝的存在形式在一定范围内有利于细化晶粒,提高钢的使用性     

铝的发展、应用和新机遇

从铝元素的发现开始，逐步介绍性质优异的铝元素在工业制造以及人们日常生活等方面不可取代的应用，同时探讨了铝及其化合物的生物毒性。随着纳米技术蓬勃发展，金属铝纳米结构作为极具潜力商业化的、可持续的局域表面等离子体材料受到人们广泛关注。总结近几年铝纳米粒子的合成方法，以及在局域表面等离子体打印、表面增强拉曼检测等方面的应用。     

不同形貌的ZnMn复合氧化物制备及电化学性能研究

通过简单共沉淀法和高温煅烧制备了不同形貌的ZnMn复合氧化物,并将其作为铝空气电池空气电极催化剂。采用XRD和SEM等手段表征其物相结构、形貌,同时采用阴极极化曲线、交流阻抗、塔菲尔曲线和恒电流放电等电化学测试手段,研究了三种不同形貌的ZnMn复合氧化物作为催化剂在铝空气电池中的性能。结果表明：球形ZnMnO3作为铝空气电池催化剂较不规则絮状和刺球形,表现出更好的催化性能、氧还原性能、导电性能和更高的放电电压平台。     

萃取—石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定高纯氧化镧和氧化钇中痕量铝

1 引言 测定稀土氧化物中微量铝,多采用分光光度法、X-射线荧光光谱法、发射光谱法等。石墨炉原子吸收光谱法具有灵敏度高、选择性好等优点,可应用于高纯稀土氧化物中痕量铝的测定。 2 实验部分 2.1 仪器及主要操作条件 美国P-E2380型原子吸收光谱仪;HGA-400型石墨炉;56型记录仪;热解石墨管;铝空心阴极灯。灯电流20mA,氘灯背景校正器,测定波长为309.3nm;狭缝宽度0.7nm;载气为氩气,原子化时采用最大功率加热和停止内部气体流量。石墨炉操作条件为灰化温度1500℃,原子化温度2600℃。 2.2 主要试剂 铝的标准溶液用0.1g金属铝(99.99％)溶于硝酸配制成1mg/ml铝;PH5.5的缓冲溶液:1     

原位负载Au纳米层在锂空气电池正极中的电催化特性

通过自发交换法使Au与非水性锂空气电池中的泡沫镍集流体发生反应,实现了金纳米层催化剂的原位负载.将其作为非水性锂空气电池正极,研究了不同气氛(纯氧、大气和模拟大气)下电池的电化学性能.结果表明,Au纳米层催化剂对氧还原反应/氧逸出反应起到了双功能催化作用,使得氧气电极在不同气氛下的首次放电容量与电压均显著提升,容量分别提升至9169,1604和1853 m A·h/gcarbon;同时氧气电极在模拟大气下的充电过电位降低,能量效率提高,循环性能得到一定提升.     

A Long‐Life Lithium–Air Battery in Ambient Air with a Polymer Electrolyte Containing a Redox Mediator

Lithium–air batteries when operated in ambient air generally exhibit poor reversibility and cyclability, because of the Li passivation and Li₂O₂/LiOH/Li₂CO₃ accumulation in the air electrode. Herein, we present a Li–air battery supported by a polymer electrolyte containing 0.05 m LiI, in which the polymer electrolyte efficiently alleviates the Li passivation induced by attacking air. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that I⁻/I₂ conversion in polymer electrolyte acts as a redox mediator that facilitates electrochemical decomposition of the discharge products during recharge process. As a result, the Li–air battery can be stably cycled 400 times in ambient air (relative humidity of 15 %), which is much better than previous reports. The achievement offers a hope to develop the Li–air battery that can be operated in ambient air.     

A Long-Life Lithium–Air Battery in Ambient Air with a Polymer Electrolyte Containing a Redox Mediator

Lithium–air batteries when operated in ambient air generally exhibit poor reversibility and cyclability, because of the Li passivation and Li₂O₂/LiOH/Li₂CO₃ accumulation in the air electrode. Herein, we present a Li–air battery supported by a polymer electrolyte containing 0.05 m LiI, in which the polymer electrolyte efficiently alleviates the Li passivation induced by attacking air. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that I⁻/I₂ conversion in polymer electrolyte acts as a redox mediator that facilitates electrochemical decomposition of the discharge products during recharge process. As a result, the Li–air battery can be stably cycled 400 times in ambient air (relative humidity of 15 %), which is much better than previous reports. The achievement offers a hope to develop the Li–air battery that can be operated in ambient air.     

From K‐O2 to K‐Air Batteries: Realizing Superoxide Batteries on the Basis of Dry Ambient Air

Although using an air cathode is the goal for superoxide‐based potassium‐oxygen (K‐O₂) batteries, prior studies were limited to pure oxygen. Now, the first K‐air (dry) battery based on reversible superoxide electrochemistry is presented. Spectroscopic and gas chromatography analyses are applied to evaluate the reactivity of KO₂ in ambient air. Although KO₂ reacts with water vapor and CO₂ to form KHCO₃, it is highly stable in dry air. With this knowledge, rechargeable K‐air (dry) batteries were successfully demonstrated by employing dry air cathode. The reduced partial pressure of oxygen plays a critical role in boosting battery lifespan. With a more stable environment for the K anode, a K‐air (dry) battery delivers over 100 cycles (>500 h) with low round‐trip overpotentials and high coulombic efficiencies as opposed to traditional K‐O₂ battery that fails early. This work sheds light on the benefits and restrictions of employing the air cathode in superoxide‐based batteries.     

High‐Performance Lithium–Air Battery with a Coaxial‐Fiber Architecture

The lithium–air battery has been proposed as the next‐generation energy‐storage device with a much higher energy density compared with the conventional lithium‐ion battery. However, lithium–air batteries currently suffer enormous problems including parasitic reactions, low recyclability in air, degradation, and leakage of liquid electrolyte. Besides, they are designed into a rigid bulk structure that cannot meet the flexible requirement in the modern electronics. Herein, for the first time, a new family of fiber‐shaped lithium–air batteries with high electrochemical performances and flexibility has been developed. The battery exhibited a discharge capacity of 12 470 mAh g^?1 and could stably work for 100 cycles in air; its electrochemical performances were well maintained under bending and after bending. It was also wearable and formed flexible power textiles for various electronic devices.     

From K-O2 to K-Air Batteries: Realizing Superoxide Batteries on the Basis of Dry Ambient Air

Although using an air cathode is the goal for superoxide-based potassium-oxygen (K-O₂) batteries, prior studies were limited to pure oxygen. Now, the first K-air (dry) battery based on reversible superoxide electrochemistry is presented. Spectroscopic and gas chromatography analyses are applied to evaluate the reactivity of KO₂ in ambient air. Although KO₂ reacts with water vapor and CO₂ to form KHCO₃, it is highly stable in dry air. With this knowledge, rechargeable K-air (dry) batteries were successfully demonstrated by employing dry air cathode. The reduced partial pressure of oxygen plays a critical role in boosting battery lifespan. With a more stable environment for the K anode, a K-air (dry) battery delivers over 100 cycles (>500 h) with low round-trip overpotentials and high coulombic efficiencies as opposed to traditional K-O₂ battery that fails early. This work sheds light on the benefits and restrictions of employing the air cathode in superoxide-based batteries.     

Silicon–air batteries

A new “metal”–air battery based on silicon–oxygen couple is described. Silicon–air battery employing EMI·2.3HF·F room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) as an electrolyte and highly-doped silicon wafers as anodes (fuels) has an undetectable self-discharge rate and high tolerance to the environment (extreme moisture/dry conditions). Such a battery yields an effectively infinite shelf life with an average working voltage of 1–1.2 V. Silicon–air battery can support relatively high current densities (up to 0.3 mA/cm²) drawn from flat polished silicon wafers anodes. Such batteries may find immediate applications, as they can provide an internal, built-in autonomous and self sustained energy source.     

Rechargeable aqueous Na–air batteries: Highly improved voltage efficiency by use of catalysts

The first rechargeable aqueous Na–air battery has been fabricated, and its electrochemical properties and reversibility are reported herein. The charge–discharge properties of the battery were tested using both Vulcan XC72R- and Pt/C-coated carbon paper as the air electrode. Pt/C-coated carbon paper exhibited a voltage efficiency of 84.3%, whereas, for Vulcan XC72R-coated carbon paper and uncoated carbon paper, the observed efficiencies were 78.0% and 72.4%, respectively. Use of Pt/C-coated carbon paper led to a high and stable discharging voltage of 2.85 V. The reported rechargeable aqueous Na–air battery is a potential candidate for high energy density batteries in the future.     

Superior Rechargeability and Efficiency of Lithium–Oxygen Batteries: Hierarchical Air Electrode Architecture Combined with a Soluble Catalyst

The lithium–oxygen battery has the potential to deliver extremely high energy densities; however, the practical use of Li‐O₂ batteries has been restricted because of their poor cyclability and low energy efficiency. In this work, we report a novel Li‐O₂ battery with high reversibility and good energy efficiency using a soluble catalyst combined with a hierarchical nanoporous air electrode. Through the porous three‐dimensional network of the air electrode, not only lithium ions and oxygen but also soluble catalysts can be rapidly transported, enabling ultra‐efficient electrode reactions and significantly enhanced catalytic activity. The novel Li‐O₂ battery, combining an ideal air electrode and a soluble catalyst, can deliver a high reversible capacity (1000 mAh g^?1) up to 900 cycles with reduced polarization (about 0.25 V).     

Photoinduced Oxygen Reduction Reaction Boosts the Output Voltage of a Zinc–Air Battery

Utilization of solar energy is of great interest for a sustainable society, and its conversion into electricity in a compact battery is challenging. Herein, a zinc–air battery with the polymer semiconductor polytrithiophene (pTTh) as the cathode is reported for direct conversion of photoenergy into electric energy. Upon irradiation, photoelectrons are generated in the conduction band (CB) of pTTh and then injected into the π_2p* orbitals of O₂ for its reduction to HO₂^?, which is disproportionated to OH^? and drives the oxidation of Zn to ZnO at the anode. The discharge voltage was significantly increased to 1.78 V without decay during discharge–charge cycles over 64 h, which corresponds to an energy density increase of 29.0 % as compared to 1.38 V for a zinc–air battery with state‐of‐the‐art Pt/C. The zinc–air battery with an intrinsically different reaction scheme for simultaneous conversion of chemical and photoenergy into electric energy opens a new pathway for utilization of solar energy.