重庆市非传统水资源的利用发展分析

非传统水资源主要包括污水回用、海水直接利用与海水淡化、雨水资源化、微水开发利用等.重庆市非传统水资源的利用主要是污水回用和雨水利用.对于缺的重庆岩溶地区来说,积极开发利用非传统水资源势在必行.     

绿色工业园区非传统水源利用设计

针对绿色工业园区非传统水源利用的特殊性,结合绿色工业园区水质、水量和空间利用等特点,以提高绿色工业园区非传统水源利用率为目标,介绍了重庆力帆摩托车生产基地绿色工业园区非传统水源利用设计的中水回用系统、雨水利用系统和非传统水源回用系统的总体思路和技术方案,并对该工程的水量平衡和经济技术指标做了详细分析,经核算,该工程的非传统水源利用率为36.0%,满足《绿色建筑评价标准》(GB/T 50378-2006)一般项的要求。     

国内外非传统水资源开发利用

非传统水资源主要包括雨水、污水和海水。雨水收集利用、污水资源化和“海水开源”已经成为城市开发新水源的主要措施。阐述了国内外非传统水资源的开发利用现状和发展，总结国外非传统水资源开发利用的经验．并针对我国与发达国家在此方面的差距提出了相应的建议。     

广西绿色建筑雨水利用技术探讨

《绿色建筑评价技术细则》明确提出,景观用水不采用市政供水和自备地下水井供水,绿化用水、洗车用水等非饮用水要求采用再生水或雨水等非传统水源,绿色建筑项目的雨水利用就成为必然。针对广西地区(大部分属富水地区)绿色建筑的雨水利用用途、雨水处理工艺、经济、技术等方面进行了分析探讨。     

桂山岛供水方案研究

在调查分析桂山及周边海岛现状供水情况的基础上,从实际出发,对桂山岛可用淡水资源进行分析,提出桂山岛以水库收集雨水和海水淡化水作为市政供水水源,地下水和污水再生水作为局部补充水源的供水思路,并对桂山岛的水库建设方案和海水淡化技术方案进行了技术经济比选。     

连云港市非传统水源利用现状与思考

阐述了连云港市开展非传统水源开发利用的必要性,介绍了本市目前在海水利用、再生水使用及雨水利用等方面的发展现状及典型案例,指出了发展中存在的问题,提出了加快发展的合理建议。     

绿色建筑非传统水源利用率计算探讨

总结了目前非传统水源利用率计算中易出现的问题,对生活用水量、生活杂用水量和雨水设计径流总量的计算进行了分析探讨。得出计算非传统水源利用率时,用水定额和计算公式应按照《民用建筑节水设计标准》选取;常年降雨厚度应参考当地气象部门提供的近10年以上降雨量数据;屋顶绿化部分径流系数宜参照《建筑与小区雨水利用工程技术规范》及当地相关规范。     

旅游小镇民宿的户内再生水模块与雨水利用系统优化方案设计

低影响开发的雨水利用、集成化中水处理系统技术有机的融合到特色小镇的建设中是当前刻不容缓的新课题。卫生间全部采用了户内中水循环利用的户内中水模块,并且整个院区的雨水采用了调蓄利用的方案,通过雨水计算和水平衡计算,采用了雨水分区利用的方案,屋顶和院区各设置雨水调蓄设备,室内雨水充分利用自然重力流,连接到卫生内模块中水处理系统,成为中水系统的有效水源补充,且不增加提升设备,减少了能源消耗和日常管理维护费用。     

海上雨水收集——一个解决全球水资源危机的新方法

提出一项海面雨水收集和水下雨水存储的新技术。它克服了在陆地上进行大规模雨水收集的困难。这种技术是环保且可持续的,可以帮助一些沿海国家和地区解决缺水问题。它所需的投资很少,电能消耗大大低于海水淡化方法。该项新技术可以帮助解决全球当前的水危机,特别是可给第三世界提供一个经济的饮用水源。     

加强海水淡化等非常规水资源利用政策和技术研究工作的有关建议

海水淡化是水资源的重要补充和战略储备.在实行最严格水资源管理制度、全面推进节水型社会建设的背景下,海水淡化等非常规水源利用越来越受到重视.结合近几年从事海水淡化等非常规水资源利用研究工作,深入分析目前工作中存在的不足和问题,并对水利系统加强海水淡化等非常规水资源利用政策和技术研究工作给出意见和建议.     

舟山大中型海岛海水淡化技术研究

通过对海水淡化技术在舟山海岛地区的适用性分析,得出海水淡化是解决舟山大中型海岛缺水问题的有效途径的结论。然后以舟山本岛为范例,研究舟山市大中型海岛海水淡化的整个工艺流程,探讨了大规模取水工艺、大型海水前处理工艺、淡化处理装置、海水净化后处理和利用问题,为舟山市其他大中型海岛实施海水利用起到示范作用。     

Alternative Water Resources for Rural Residential Development in Western Australia

Rainwater collected from residential roofs and greywater generated from domestic uses except toilets are viewed as possible substitutes for high grade water sources which supply nonpotable indoor uses and irrigation in Australia. This paper searches for alternatives by adopting roofwater and greywater in residential envelope as per Australian water standards. A water balance model Aquacycle was applied to determine storage capacities and to evaluate the percentage reduction in water supplying, stormwater run-off and wastewater disposal, as well as volume of rainwater use and greywater reuse. This study provides the results of greywater recycling, which contributes to the greater saving of mains water supply than rainwater use, and which reduces more than half of the wastewater to receiving waters in the rural township of Cranbrook, Western Australia. The results of this study provide greywater usage (maximum reduction 32.5%) more significantly reduces scheme water supply than rainwater harvesting (maximum reduction 25.1%). Use of greywater on individual residential lots has the dramatic effect for drainage system by reduction approximately 54.1% or 88.1 m³/lot/year. The results of rainwater use analysis show explicitly that rainwater tanks are much more effective in intercepting roof runoff, with the maximum stormwater reduction 48.1% or 68.3 m³/lot/year. This research endeavours to offer a typical paradigm for an integrated water system in the rural residential sectors.     

绿色建筑雨水资源的利用

绿色建筑是可持续发展的产物,在节水方面,其倡导使用非传统水源和水资源的循环利用。发展绿色建筑有利于缓解水资源短缺和城市用水量不断增加的矛盾。绿色建筑的水系统及雨水资源利用技术,将绿色建筑及雨水利用结合起来,对生态和可持续发展有重要意义。     

海河流域水资源与水环境管理

针对我国北方地区城市化进程中所导致的水资源短缺和水污染严重的形势,以海河流域下游平原地区为例,探讨区域水资源管理和水污染综合整治的管理对策:①深化水资源管理体制改革和机制创新,在水资源优化配置和综合管理中实现水量和水质的统一;②在进行跨区域调水的同时,更加重视发展循环经济,发展"能耗低、水耗小、排污少"产业,建设节水防污型社会;③统筹区域水资源保护、水污染控制和水生态修复工作,实现"分质供水"和"梯级利用";④加强污水资源化、雨水利用和海水淡化等非常规水资源的综合利用。     

A Proposal and Application of the Integrated Benefit Assessment Model for Urban Water Resources Exploitation and Utilization

With increasing diversity in the measures for the exploitation and utilization of urban water resources, an integrated assessment of these methods, social, economic and environmental, has become a pressing necessity so as to maintain a sustainable development. An integrated benefit assessment model (IBAM) for the urban-water-resource-related policies is therefore established on the basis of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). A system of integrated benefit assessment indices (SIBAI), with comprehensive reflections on social, economic and environmental interests, is proposed, guided by the sustainable concept and the cyclic economic philosophy. The IBAM and SIBAI are then applied to such cases as water recycling, seawater desalination, and the South-to-North diversion project, in Tianjin city. The results of the comprehensive assessment of these instances can be a theoretical basis for the planning of the exploitation and utilization of water resources in Tianjin, and the proposed IBAM may be conducive to the sustainable decision-making on water policies for urban areas in general.     

Microbiological water quality in a large in-building, water recycling facility.

The Thames Water recycling plant at the Millennium Dome, London, reclaimed three sources of water: greywater from the washbasins, rainwater from the Dome roof and groundwater from a borehole on site. These were pre-treated separately, and the mixed stream filtered using ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membranes. Monitoring for indicator microorganisms was undertaken throughout the plant and in the reclaimed water distribution system, as well as ad-hoc monitoring for the presence of pathogens in the raw waters. Treatment to the level of ultrafiltration was more than adequate to produce a water quality meeting existing worldwide reclaimed water guidelines for toilet flushing. Owing to the excellent quality of the water leaving the plant, no significant microbiological growth was observed in the reclaimed water distribution system during the year. The raw greywater exhibited a higher faecal bacterial load than the rainwater and groundwater, as predicted from more human contact (i.e. hand washing). Environmental strains of Legionella were observed in the three raw greywater samples analysed for pathogens, as was Cryptosporidium, Giardia and faecal enterococci. The rainwater had relatively high levels of faecal bacteria, probably of avian origin. Giardia was detected in one rainwater sample confirming the potential for this water source to contain pathogens.     

厦门大学嘉庚学院的雨水资源化潜力分析

以厦门大学嘉庚学院为集雨实验区进行雨水资源化潜力分析。利用谷歌地球卫星软件及实地测量的方式获得相应的集雨区面积,并依据可利用雨水资源量的公式,计算得到嘉庚学院每年可收集的雨水总量可达74万m^3,同时每年用于校区的道路喷洒、冲厕、绿地浇灌和楼层清洁的水量为73.9万m^3,回收的雨水量基本可以满足以上所需。投入约占节约自来水费用的10％左右,经济效益显著;同时可减缓暴雨对校园的冲击。指出实现雨水回收,我国目前尚存在相关政策、法律法规较缺乏和人们的认识不足等问题,对此进行了分析并提出建议。     

Conjunctive use of Inter-Basin Transferred and Desalinated Water in a Multi-Source Water Supply System Based on Cost-Benefit Analysis

Water shortage has forced coastal cities to seek multi-source water supply with a focus on inter-basin water and desalinated seawater. The differences of water supply costs pose a challenge in the optimal use of multiple water resources. This paper aims to understand the impact of desalinated seawater’s variable costs on multi-source water supply through a cost-benefit analysis method based on a multi-objective optimization model, considering different combination scenarios of desalination yield, streamflow condition, seawater desalting plant (SDP) scheme, water shortage index and utilization ratio of the SDP. The application in the coastal city Tianjin, China shows that the desalination yield has an impact on the tradeoff between the water shortage index and the total water supply cost and an optimal desalination yield can be determined at a turning point. And where the turning point appears is influenced by the utilization ratio of the SDP and streamflow conditions of inter-basin water. Moreover, a single centralized SDP is found to have an overall lower water supply cost than several decentralized small-sized SDPs. Lower water shortage index leads to higher cost, and the unit decrease of shortage index will need more added cost when the shortage index is very low. This method is proven to be effective in identifying the best conjunctive use of inter-basin water and desalinated seawater, which can contribute to relieve urban water shortage.     

我国海水利用现状、问题及发展对策研究

为解决淡水资源短缺、应对水资源危机,世界许多沿海国家及地区积极开展海水淡化和综合利用,为解决区域水资源短缺问题找到了一条有效途径。近年,我国沿海地区水资源短缺形势日益严峻,如何利用海水资源有效缓解水危机是我国长期以来十分关注的问题。从我国的基本国情水情出发,分析海水资源化利用的发展现状,分析海水利用发展过程中存在的问题及原因,在借鉴国外海水利用经验的基础上,分析我国海水淡化和综合利用的发展潜力、重点区域与领域布局,并提出促进海水利用发展的对策建议,为相关部门加强海水淡化和综合利用管理提供决策参考。     

青岛市城市水资源优化配置与工程规模研究

针对青岛市城市水资源总量不足、时空分布不均和同时存在资源型、工程型和污染型缺水的现实,根据青岛市水资源条件、水源地位置和供用水规模、结构及效率,综合考虑节水、污水处理及回用、海水淡化、产业结构调整,水库间互联互通、挖潜和洪水资源化,以及修建一些当地水源工程、南水北调东线工程和非常规水源利用等综合措施,构建了面向多水源、多工程、多用户、多水平年以及基于河道内生态环境需水的水资源优化配置模型,并通过长系列逐月调算和对比分析,给出了不同时空尺度(以年或月为时间尺度,以所辖区、计算单元为空间尺度)的水资源配置方案和配置工程规模,为青岛市构建较完备的安全供水保障体系提供重要依据。