磁场对氨水吸收烟气中CO2的促进作用

开发了一种新型磁场辅助氨法烟气脱碳技术。含碳烟气通入混有磁性颗粒的氨水溶液,在外加磁场的作用下发生脱碳反应。对该技术的运行特性开展了实验研究。结果表明,外加8 mT恒稳磁场,2 g·L^-1纳米级Fe₃O₄颗粒,氨水的CO₂脱除效率比不添加磁场和颗粒时最多可提高8.8%。外加磁场可以有效提高低浓度氨水的CO₂脱除效率。在模拟烟气流量增加时,外加磁场能有效减缓CO₂脱除效率下降的趋势。同时,外加磁场使得CO₂脱除效率曲线向低温方向移动5℃,有助于提高低温条件下的CO₂脱除效率。磁场可提高气液接触效率、降低相间传质阻力、增强氨水反应活性,从而提高氨水吸收CO₂性能。     

氨法碳捕集过程中氨逃逸控制

本研究致力于解决再生氨法碳捕集过程中氨的逃逸问题。根据实验室前期研究结果,分别选取抑制效果较好的丙三醇和Co（Ⅱ）进行实验研究。详细分析了其抑制氨逃逸机制,并通过IR、XRD等对物种进行分析。同时探究其对再生氨法碳捕集过程CO₂脱除效率和解吸效果的影响。实验结果表明,丙三醇和Co（Ⅱ）对氨逃逸均有较好的抑制效果,平均抑氨效率在40%以上。二者的引入对吸收过程均无显著影响,且Co（Ⅱ）能使CO₂解吸比例提高。     

氨法脱碳过程中氨逃逸规律及其抑制

近年来随着环境保护的不断深入,控制温室气体排放逐渐成为研究重点,而火力发电作为CO₂最大的集中排放源,对其实施碳捕集是必要的。氨法脱碳优点众多,但氨逃逸问题始终没有得到很好解决。通过实验研究明晰了CO₂浓度、氨水吸收剂浓度、吸收反应温度对氨逃逸的影响规律,基于金属离子的络合效果探讨了几种金属离子对氨逃逸的抑制效果,发现Ni²⁺对氨逃逸有较好的抑制效果,并通过紫外分光光谱推测了其抑氨机理。本研究成果可对氨逃逸问题的解决提供一定的参考。     

高浓度氨水捕集二氧化碳的能耗与氨逃逸分析

针对低浓度氨水捕集CO₂速率慢、再生能耗高的问题，利用AspenPlus软件模拟高浓度氨水(质量分数为16%～22%)为吸收剂的燃煤电厂CO₂捕集工艺系统，对比高浓度与低浓度氨水捕集CO₂工艺的能耗特性与氨逃逸速率，揭示高浓度氨水脱碳过程中氨逃逸和能耗与氨水浓度、碳负载、解吸塔富液入口温度之间的关联特性。研究表明：再生过程中存在氨逃逸浓度转变的临界再生温度和贫液碳负载的限制，当氨水质量分数为20%时，再生温度不宜高于107℃，贫液碳负载率不宜低于0.25；与低浓度氨水(质量分数为4%～8%)脱碳相比，高浓度氨水脱碳工艺的CO₂再生能耗可降低26.2%～32.2%，考虑氨回收能耗后的总体能耗仍可降低21.6%～25%，为低能耗氨法碳捕集工艺的开发提供了指导。     

电厂烟气氨法脱碳技术研究进展

随着“后京都时代”的到来,电厂烟气氨法脱碳技术成为近年来新兴的CO₂减排方法研究热点之一。本文对国内外有关氨法脱碳的机理、主要工艺和参数等的相关研究给予了详细的总结与分析,并对存在的问题和技术未来发展等方面进行了阐述。现有试验及系统模拟结果表明,氨法脱碳技术可实现90%以上的CO₂脱除效率,氨水溶液具有1.0 kg CO₂/kg NH₃以上的吸收能力;其中,CO₂脱除效率、吸收能力及速率等参数主要受氨水浓度、吸收反应温度、吸收剂再生条件等因素影响。经济性研究显示,氨法联合脱除技术有望将CO₂捕获带来的电价增长控制在20%以内。     

Na2CO3基吸附剂颗粒制备及其脱碳性能

采用挤压-滚圆法制备Na₂CO₃基CO₂吸附剂微球颗粒,在自行设计的CO₂吸收系统中对制备的样品进行脱碳性能测试。结合相关表征测试,探明不同载体、不同负载量的Na₂CO₃基吸附剂的微观结构、脱碳性能以及机械性能的变化规律和内在原因。研究表明：不同载体的Na₂CO₃基吸附剂颗粒脱碳性能存在明显差异,其中氧化铝负载的吸附剂（Na₂CO₃/Al₂O₃）的脱碳性能最好,可达1.14mmol/g。铝酸钙水泥负载的吸附剂（Na₂CO₃/CA）机械性能较好,但其脱碳性能最差。结合吸附剂脱碳和机械性能的综合考量,Na₂CO₃/Al₂O₃是最为合适的CO₂吸附剂,并进一步研究不同Na₂CO₃负载量的影响。研究发现随着Na₂CO₃负载量的变化,吸附剂的微观结构、脱碳性能以及机械性能都存在明显的差异。虽然60%负载量的Na₂CO₃/Al₂O₃吸附剂颗粒的机械性能和脱碳效果较好,但其成球度较差,影响其实际应用。质量分数40%负载量的Na₂CO₃/Al₂O₃吸附剂颗粒具有良好的脱碳性能、机械性能以及成球度,CO₂脱除量为1.36mmol/g。总体而言,利用挤压-滚圆法制备的Na₂CO₃基吸附剂颗粒具有良好的流动特性、脱碳性能和机械性能,适用于电厂烟气中的CO₂脱除。     

等速升温流态化下CaO/生物质焦的SO2/NO联合脱除特性

燃煤锅炉污染物超低排放标准对电厂脱硫和脱硝系统提出了更高的要求。CaO作为脱硫剂可以实现循环流化床锅炉烟气中SO₂的高效脱除,焦炭作为还原剂直接还原NO,同时CaO的存在对焦炭还原NO起催化作用,可以实现燃煤烟气中SO₂/NO的联合脱除。为了探究连续温度变化对CaO/生物质焦联合脱硫脱硝性能的影响,在钙循环捕集CO₂技术背景下,研究了等速升温流态化下CaO/生物质焦的SO₂/NO联合脱除特性。探究了烟气中O₂和CO₂对CaO/椰壳焦脱除SO₂/NO的影响。结果表明,O₂通过对椰壳焦表面碳原子的活化作用降低了异相还原NO温度,在300~950℃等速升温过程中CaO/椰壳焦的NO脱除效率逐渐增加,780℃以上能实现100%脱硝。O₂也提高了CaO/椰壳焦的脱硫效率。CO₂与CaO的碳酸化反应以及与椰壳焦的气化反应对同时脱除SO₂/NO有明显抑制作用。O₂和CO₂共同作用下,在500~800℃内CaO/椰壳焦的脱硝效率随温度升高而增加,脱硫效率先降低后升高。NO促进了CaO/椰壳焦脱除SO₂,而SO₂对脱硝有抑制作用。800℃时CaO/椰壳焦同时脱除SO₂和NO的效率分别为97.7%和93.9%。     

基于余热利用的活化MDEA法脱除CO2的天然气液化系统

沼气以及CO₂驱采油的伴生气中都含有大量的CO₂。为降低高含CO₂天然气液化的能耗,提出了活化甲基二乙醇胺（MDEA）法脱除CO₂的天然气液化系统,将液化厂中驱动压缩机的燃气轮机烟气余热用于吸收剂的再生过程,实现能耗的降低。采用HYSYS软件对系统进行了模拟研究并对脱碳过程的关键参数进行了分析。结果表明,CO₂含量不超过10%时,脱碳再生的热耗可全部由烟气余热提供,CO₂含量为30%时,烟气余热可提供接近50%的再生热耗;CO₂含量为1%～30%时,系统的比功耗为0.577～0.611 kW·h/kg。     

基于STEP7的加热炉燃烧系统CO2减排技术研究与应用

针对目前CO₂减排技术存在的减排效果较差的问题,提出了一种基于STEP7的加热炉燃烧系统CO₂减排技术。介绍了加热炉燃烧系统的结构,分析了常规CO₂减排流程在变量复杂度方面存在的不足,引入了化学吸收法优化减排效率,并建立了应用有机醇胺的CO₂吸收模型。实际测试结果表明：该方法具有较好的减排性能,CO₂吸收速率高、减排负荷低、CO₂能源再生效果好。     

二氧化碳置换开采天然气水合物控制因素研究

二氧化碳(CO₂)减排与能源短缺是当前全世界正面对的两大问题。利用水合物法CO₂置换开采天然气水合物(NGH)既可实现CO₂水合物地层封存,又能开采CH₄,是高效的CO₂利用与封存技术。本文开展CH₄-CO₂置换开采NGH实验,探究置换效率的影响因素。研究结果表明,置换效率受控于气体在水合物相的扩散,越靠近气相,置换效率越高,而越远离气相则置换效率越低。研究结果对于进一步提高CH₄-CO₂置换效率以及促进碳减排事业的发展具有重要的意义。     

Research on mechanism of ammonia escaping and control in the process of CO2 capture using ammonia solution

As CO₂ is the major greenhouse gas, reducing its emission has become an attentive problem in the whole world. It is very important to develop CO₂ capture technology for coal-fired power plants. Using ammonia solution to absorb CO₂ from the flue gas, which is expected to have advantages of low cost, high efficiency and high absorption load, has become an emerging, hot research area in recent years. However, this technology faces a troublesome problem of ammonia escape. This paper analyzes the mechanism of escaping ammonia; it is also shown the main existing methods to control the escape of ammonia. By comparison, it is concluded that controlling the source of ammonia is feasible. It is also shown that adding some organic additives can inhibit the escape of ammonia and enhance the CO₂ removal to some extent at the same time.     

Experimental study on additives inhibiting ammonia escape in carbon capture process using ammonia method

Carbon capture using ammonia solution is facing a big problem due to the ammonia escape. Ammonia escape mechanism in carbon capture process using ammonia solution was discussed and experimental researches aimed for controlling ammonia escape in ammonia decarburization process were carried out. The impacts of ammonia concentration and temperature on ammonia slip in CO₂ absorption process using a bubbling reactor were studied; the influences of three additives including ethylene glycol, glycerin and isoamyl alcohol on the inhibitions of ammonia escape were investigated too. The study showed that three additives have good inhibitory effects on ammonia escape, the maximum reduction proportions for ammonia escape are 44.44%, 65.90% and 54.84% within half an hour when additives of 1% were added, respectively; and the cumulative amount of volatile has been reduced by 35.86%, 46.38% and 42.87%, respectively. Three additives have little influence on decarburizing efficiency. Considering the inhibitory effect and economic factors, glycerin as the inhibiting additive for ammonia escape is the optimum choice.     

Experimental study on capturing CO2 greenhouse gas by mixture of ammonia and soil

This paper presents our study on removal of carbon dioxide (CO₂) greenhouse gas emissions by using the mixture of ammonia and soil. CO₂ capture capacity using this method is 15% higher than the sum of ammonia chemical absorption capacity and soil physical adsorption capacity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are utilized to study this synergism. The removal effect is not only reflected in ammonia chemical reaction with CO₂. CO₂ can also be absorbed by ammonium bicarbonate (NH₄HCO₃) crystal, which is the main component of the product, or wrapped in the pore of the crystal or packed in the gap between the crystal and the soil. CO₂ can be permanently deposited as carbonated minerals in the subsoil earth layers.     

氨法捕碳技术再生过程无机添加剂效应研究进展

近年来,二氧化碳等温室气体的过量排放已成为全球气候变化的主要原因,为达到“碳达峰、碳中和”的目标,中国积极参与国际社会碳减排行动,主动顺应全球绿色低碳发展潮流。由于中国正处于新旧能源结构交替的过渡期,二氧化碳重要来源是以化石燃料燃烧为主的火电厂排放的烟气,因此减少烟气排放并进行二氧化碳捕集仍是碳减排的关键。碳捕集与封存（Carbon Capture and Storage,CCS）技术中的氨法碳捕集技术具有众多优点,成为目前研究热点之一。通过类比氨法脱碳过程中添加剂对氨逃逸与二氧化碳脱除效果的影响,重点分析了无机添加剂对富液解吸的影响,对国内外的研究进展进行了综述,对该技术未来发展方向进行了展望,包括再生机理、再生能耗、氨逸出、添加剂与吸收剂的循环利用与过渡金属氧化物的尝试等。     

Adsorptive cyclic purification process for CO2 mixtures captured from coal power plants

CO₂ capture technology combined with bulk separation and purification processes has become an attractive alternative to reduce capture costs. Furthermore, the required purity in the application for CO₂ conversion and utilization is more stringent than that required from a captured CO₂ mixture for geological storage. In this study, an adsorptive cyclic purification process was developed to upgrade a CO₂/N₂ mixture captured from greenhouse gas emission plants as a feasibility study for a second capture unit or captured CO₂ purifier. To purify 90% CO₂ with balance N₂ as a captured gas mixture, two‐bed pressure swing adsorption and pressure vacuum swing adsorption (PVSA) processes using activated carbon were experimentally and theoretically studied at adsorption pressures of 250–650 kPa and a fixed vacuum pressure of 50 kPa. CO₂ with higher than 95% purity was produced with more than 89% recovery. However, a four‐bed PVSA process could successfully produce CO₂ with greater than 98% purity and 90% recovery. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1051–1063, 2017     

The physical solubilities and diffusivities of N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> in aqueous ammonia solutions on the additions of AMP,glycerol and ethylene glycol

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a major greenhouse gas, the emissions of which should be reduced. There are various technologies for the effective separation of CO₂. Of these, chemical absorption methods are generally accepted as the most effective. The monoethanolamine (MEA) process is an effective way to remove CO₂, but is an expensive option for the separation of CO₂ from massive gas-discharging plants. Therefore, ammonia solution, which is less expensive and more effective than MEA, was used for the removal of CO₂. In this study, the physical solubility of N₂O in (ammonia+water), (ammonia+2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol+water), (ammonia+glycerol+water) and (ammonia+ ethylene glycol+water) was measured at 293, 303, 313, 323 K. Additive concentrations of 1, 3, and 5 wt% AMP, glycerol and ethylene glycol were added for each 9 wt% ammonia solution. A solubility apparatus was used to investigate the solubility of N₂O in ammonia solutions. The diffusivity was measured with a wetted wall column absorber. The “N₂O analogy” is used to estimate the solubility and diffusivity of CO₂ in the aqueous ammonia solutions. OriginPro 7.5 was used to correlate the solubility and diffusivity of N₂O in ammonia solutions. The parameters of the correlation were determined from the measured solubility and diffusivity.     

Characteristics of absorption/regeneration of CO2–SO2 binary systems into aqueous AMP + ammonia solutions

To examine the characteristics of absorption and regeneration, the simultaneous removal efficiency of carbon dioxide/sulfur dioxide (CO₂/SO₂), the CO₂ absorption amount, and the CO₂ loading value of an ammonia (NH₃) solution added to 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) were investigated using the continuous absorption and regeneration process. The performances of this system, such as the removal efficiency of CO₂ and SO₂, absorption amount, and CO₂ loading, were evaluated under various operating conditions. Based on the experimental study, the optimum conditions were a liquid circulation rate of 90 mL/min and gas flow rate of 7.5 L/min. The addition of NH₃ into aqueous AMP solution increased the absorption rate and loading ratio of CO₂ and raised the removal efficiencies of CO₂ and SO₂ to over 90% and over 98%, respectively.     

Recent developments on carbon capture and storage: An overview

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assumes the warming of the climate system, associating the increase of global average temperature to the observed increase of the anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is considered the most important GHG, due to the dependence of world economies on fossil fuels, since their combustion processes are the most important sources of this gas. CO₂ concentrations are increasing in the last decades mainly due to the increase of anthropogenic emissions. The processes involving CO₂ capture and storage is gaining attention on the scientific community as an alternative for decreasing CO₂ emission, reducing its concentration in ambient air. However, several technological, economical and environmental issues as well as safety problems remain to be solved, such as the following needs: increase of CO₂ capture efficiency, reduction of process costs, and verification of environmental sustainability of CO₂ storage. This paper aims to review the recent developments (from 2006 until now) on the carbon capture and storage (CCS) methodologies. Special attention was focused on the basic findings achieved in CCS operational projects.     

CO2 Capture Using Activated Amino Acid Salt Solutions in a Membrane Contactor

An activated solution based on amino acid salt was proposed as a CO₂ absorbent. Piperazine (PZ) was selected as an activating agent and added into the aqueous glycine salt to form the activated solution. A coupling process, which associated the activated solution with a PP hollow fiber membrane contactor, was set up. An experimental and theoretical analysis for CO₂ capture was performed. The performances of CO₂ capture by the coupling process were evaluated using the PZ activated solution and the non-activated glycine salt solution. A numerical model for the simulation of the hollow fiber membrane gas–liquid mass transfer was developed. Typical parameters such as outlet gas phase CO₂ concentration, capture efficiency, and mass transfer coefficient for the activated solution were determined experimentally. The effects of operation temperature and liquid CO₂-loading on mass transfer coefficient and capture efficiency were discussed in this work. Axial and radial concentration profiles of CO₂ in the fiber lumen and mass transfer flux were simulated by the model. Results show that the performances of the PZ activated glycine salt solution are evidently better than that of the non-activated glycine salt solution in the membrane contactor for CO₂ capture. Elevation of the operation temperatures can enhance the overall mass transfer coefficient. The activated solution can maintain higher capture efficiency especially in the case of high CO₂-loadings. The gas phase CO₂ concentration with the activated solution is lower than that with the non-activated solution whether along axial or radial distances in the fiber lumen. The model simulation is validated with experimental data.