血压正常的胰岛素依赖型糖尿病患者动态血压的改变

为观察胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＩＤＤＭ）患者动态血压的改变及其与尿白蛋白排泄率（ＵＡＥ）和自主神经病变的关系，我们对血压正常的ＩＤＤＭ患者２４例进行了２４小时动态血压监测（ＤＢＰＭ），并与糖耐量正常（ＮＧＴ）者进行了比较。结果发现，ＩＤＤＭ患者无白天血压和２４小时血压的明显改变，但夜间血压升高，昼夜血压差值明显降低，该改变与自主神经功能计分、ＵＡＥ、偶测ＳＢＰ、夜间ＳＢＰ和夜间ＤＢＰ呈显著负相关。     

高血压伴颈动脉粥样硬化患者动态血压监测的意义

对１０８例原发性高血压患者应用彩色超声心动图检查颈动脉形态，并结合２４小时动态血压监测（ＡＢＰＭ），观察颈动脉粥样硬化（ＣＡＳ）与动态血压的关系。结果显示：ＣＡＳ组夜间收缩压和舒张压负荷值明显高于颈动脉正常组（Ｐ值均＜０．０１）；日间收缩压和舒张压负荷值及２４小时平均收缩压和舒张压两组比较亦有显著性差异（Ｐ值均＜０．０５）；ＣＡＳ组的血压昼夜节律紊乱检出率（６２．５％）显著高于颈动脉正常组（３７．５％）（Ｐ＜０．０１）；两组偶测血压相近（Ｐ值均＞０．０５）。表明ＣＡＳ与动态血压均值、血压负荷值及血压昼夜节律紊乱密切相关，其中以夜间血压负荷的持续时间及昼夜节律消失的关系为明显，提示在高血压患者预测高血压性脑血管损害方面，动态血压优于偶测血压。     

NIDDM患者24小时血压,尿白蛋白排泄率的早期改变

观察１７例血压和尿白蛋白排泄经（ＵＡＥＲ）皆正常的ＮＩＤＤＭ患者及１０例年龄、性别匹配的对照组的２４小时动态血压和ＵＡＥＲ变化。发现ＮＩＤＤＭ者夜间血压、２４小时血压和最小心率明显增加。６５％的患者血压昼夜节律消失，而对照组仅为３０％。８２％的ＮＩＤＤＭ伴有自主神经功能异常而对照组无一例。同时发现ＮＩＣＤＤＭ的ＵＡＥＲ高于对照组，但ＵＡＥＲ与动态血压间无明显相关。本研究认为血压和ＵＡＥＲ皆正常的Ｎ     

NIDDM患者自主神经病变,动态血压与尿白蛋白排泄率的关系

目的 探讨ＮＩＤＤＭ患者自主神经病变与糖尿病肾病的关系。方法 测定了６８例ＮＩＤＤＭ患者的ＨｂＡｌｃ,血脂,２４小时动态血压,尿白蛋白排泄率及自主神经功能。以健康对照心率功能谱变量９５％可信区间作为ＡＮＦ正常参考值,将ＮＩＤＤＭ患者分成伴ＡＮ和无ＡＮ组。结果 伴ＡＮ患者血压,心率,ＵＡＥＲ２４小时均值显著高于无ＡＮ组,其昼夜变异率显著低于ＡＮ组,且伴ＡＮ患者血压和相应ＵＡＥＲ相关性更好。     

动态血压评价福辛普利治疗老年收缩期高血压的临床疗效

目的评价福辛普利治疗老年收缩期高血压（ＩＳＨ）的临床疗效及其安全性。方法５６例轻、中度高血压患者服用福辛普利５～２０ｍｇ，１／ｄ，疗程６周，采用随测血压（ＣＢＰ）和２４ｈ动态血压监测（ＡＢＰＭ）。结果总有效率为９１．１％。谷峰比率：收缩压（ＳＢＰ）为７３．５％，舒张压（ＤＢＰ）为５２．８％。治疗后，２４ｈ平均ＳＢＰ（２４ｈＳ）、最低ＳＢＰ（ＭｉｎＳ）、最高ＳＢＰ（ＭａｘＳ）、白昼平均ＳＢＰ（ｄＳ）、夜间平均ＳＢＰ（ｎＳ）和血压负荷值（Ｓ＞１４０）均呈显著性下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）；２４ｈ平均ＤＢＰ（２４ｈＤ）、最高ＤＢＰ（ＭａｘＤ）和夜间平均ＤＢＰ（ｎＤ）亦有明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）。不良反应的发生率为２３．３％。结论福辛普利是治疗ＩＳＨ的安全、有效、耐受良好的药物     

NIDDM患者24小时血压监测的临床意义

用无创性动态血压监测（ＡＢＰＭ）对３０例血压正常的ＮＩＤＤＭ患者进行２４小时动态血压监测，并探讨其与自主神经病变和肾病的关系。结果：ＮＩＤＤＭ患者２４小时平均收缩压（１６．５±２．６ｋＰａ）、夜间收缩压（１６．３±３．１ｋＰａ）均较对照组（分别为１４．６±１．１ｋＰａ和１４．０±１．６ｋＰａ）明显增高；夜间收缩压负荷值增高（有１７例，占５７％）；夜间收缩压下降百分率降低（５．７％±５．０％对１０．４％±５．７％）；有神经病变的ＮＩＤＤＭ患者夜间收缩压下降百分率（３．６％±３．３％）及昼－夜尿白蛋白排泄差值（８．８％±８．５％）均低于无神经病变患者（分别为９．９％±５．１％和２０．６％±１１．１％）。提示糖尿病患者血压昼夜节律减弱或消失以及夜间血压增高可能参与糖尿病肾病的发生。     

高血压患者自我血压监测的应用

高血压诊断治疗传统上均根据医生办公室所测血压（ＯＢＰ）。但高血压患者２４小时血压常有较大变异；办公室偶测血压并不能够代表患者２４小时血压情况，而且有相当数量（２０％～３０％）的“白大衣高血压”。动态血压监测（ＡＢＰＭ）和家庭血压监测（ＨＢＰＭ）则弥补...     

依那普利对NIDDM24小时动态血压和尿白蛋白的急性作用

３２例ＮＩＤＤＭ和１３例在发性高血压患者那依那普利共３天，服药前后测定２４小时动态血压和尿白蛋白（ＵＡＥＲ）、转铁蛋白（ＵＴＥＲ）、视黄醇结合蛋白（ＵＲＥＲ）排泄率。服药３天后，ＮＩＤＤＭ的２４小时动态血压和尿蛋白排泄率明显下降；在原发性高血压患者，夜间ＳＢＰ除外，依那普利并未能使２４小时动态血压明显减低，但全天及白天、夜间的ＵＡＥＲ明显降低，本研究认为依那普利对肾脏有特殊的保护作用，而这一作用依     

动态血压和偶测血压与高血压性眼底改变的关系

本研究采用眼底照相技术结合２４小时动态血压监测，以２１例正常血压者作对照，观察了６３例高血压病人眼底变化。与偶测血压比较，观察动态血压与眼底改变的关系。结果显示：２４小时平均动脉压、日间压力负荷与眼底改变呈明显正相关（Ｐ〈０．０１），以日间平均动脉压与眼底病变相关性最好（Ｐ〈０．００１），偶测收缩压、夜间平均动脉压及夜间压力负荷与眼底改变相关性次之（Ｐ〈０．０５），偶测舒张压与眼底病变无相关性（Ｐ     

非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病患者的激素代谢变化（附60例报告）

对６０例肥胖型非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者和３０例单纯性肥胖者（对照组）进行了空腹及糖负荷后血糖、胰岛素、胰高糖素、生长激素水平比较。根据空腹血糖水平（ＦＢＧ）将ＮＩＤＤＭ患者分为ＤＭＡ组和ＤＭＢ组，结果显示：①ＤＭＡ组胰岛素分泌相对不足，胰高糖素分泌基本正常。②ＤＭＢ组胰岛素分泌明显不足，胰高糖素水平明显升高。③ＤＭＡ和ＤＭＢ组空腹及餐后１、２小时生长激素水平明显高于对照组。提示胰高糖     

2型糖尿病合并原发性高血压患者的动态血压及脉压和左心室结构功能的关系

目的 :探讨 2型糖尿病 (DM)、原发性高血压 (EH)及DM +EH时 2 4小时动态血压和脉压的变化特点及与左心室结构和功能的关系。　　方法 :将 2 45例患者分为DM组 (n =72 )、EH组 (n =96)及DM +EH组 (n =77) ,进行动态血压及超声心动图检查。　　结果 :DM +EH组全天收缩压、全天脉压、左心室重量显著大于DM组及EH组 (P <0 0 5 )。左心室射血分数、短轴缩短率、舒张早期血流峰值速度 /舒张晚期血流峰值速度 (E/A)值、等容舒张时间 3组间无显著差异。相关分析表明 ,DM组左心室重量和全天脉压相关 (P <0 0 1) ;EH组左心室重量和全天收缩压相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ;DM +EH组左心室重量和全天收缩压及全天脉压相关 (P <0 0 5 )。 3组左心室舒张功能异常患者的全天收缩压、全天脉压均显著高于左心室舒张功能正常患者 (P均 <0 0 5～ 0 0 1) ,左心室的收缩功能正常患者和异常患者比较 ,2 4小时动态血压和脉压值均无显著差异 (P均 >0 0 5 )。　　结论 :DM组、EH组和DM +EH组 3组患者全天收缩压、全天脉压及左心室重量有显著差异 ,左心室重量和血压及脉压的相关性在 3组患者中不完全一致 ,可能与 3组患者体液及压力因素在左心室肥厚中的作用各不相同有关。     

动态血压监测体检人群体重指数对血压水平影响的研究

目的探讨动态血压监测体检人群体重指数对血压水平的影响。方法选择行动态血压监测的体检者1198例,根据体重指数分为正常体重组316例、超重组524例和肥胖组358例,分析体重指数与动态血压各指标之间的关系。结果超重组和肥胖组24 h血压水平、24 h舒张压负荷、夜间收缩压负荷明显高于正常体重组(P<0.01)。肥胖组24 h舒张压变化标准差、夜间收缩压变化标准差明显高于正常体重组(P<0.01)。Pearson相关分析显示,体重指数与24 h血压水平、24 h血压负荷、24 h舒张压变化标准差、夜间收缩压变化标准差呈正相关。多元线性回归分析显示,体重指数与24 h血压水平、夜间血压负荷、24 h舒张压变化标准差显著相关。结论随着体重指数升高,24 h动态血压水平、血压负荷、血压变化标准差均明显增加。     

老老年原发性高血压患者脑白质病变与夜间血压下降率的相关性

目的探讨在老老年（≥80岁）原发性高血压患者中,动态血压状况与脑白质病变（WML）的相关性。方法我们回顾性地选取了高血压患者共130例,均行头颅磁共振检查和动态血压监测,并同时收集患者的临床和实验室数据,并应用年龄相关的脑白质视觉评定法评分将患者分为三组：轻度WML,中度WML,重度WML。结果在三组患者之间,夜间平均收缩压、夜间平均舒张压及夜间血压下降率的差异有统计学意义;并且与轻度WML组相比,中度WML和重度WML组患者非杓型血压的发生率显著升高。进一步的多因素logistic回归分析示,夜间舒张压升高和夜间血压下降率减小是WML的独立的危险因素。结论在老老年原发性高血压患者中,夜间血压异常升高以及昼夜节律的异常在WML的进展中起重要作用。     

Noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in patients with recently detected systemic hypertension

Noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and Doppler echocardiography were used in a recent study evaluating persons aged 18 to 50 years who were initially found to have mild hypertension by casual blood pressure determination. Ambulatory blood pressure recordings were performed on a day of usual activity in 54 subjects; a subgroup of 24 patients had evaluation of left ventricular dimensions and diastolic filling patterns by Doppler echocardiography. Average ambulatory systolic pressures of 42% of subjects were greater than or equal to 130 mm Hg. Only 35% had average diastolic pressures greater than or equal to 85 mm Hg, and 57% had either systolic or diastolic pressures greater than or equal to 130/85 mm Hg. Correlation between casual and ambulatory pressures was not significant. No subject had left ventricular hypertrophy determined by echocardiography. Abnormal left ventricular diastolic filling was noted in 38% of those patients with average ambulatory pressures greater than or equal to 130/85 mm Hg, but in no patients with average pressures less than 130/85 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). These results suggest that ambulatory blood pressure monitoring may be a specific method for detecting those patients with mild hypertension who may have early and potentially reversible cardiac abnormalities.     

Assessment of the daily blood pressure load as a determinant of cardiac function in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension

The distribution of blood pressure (BP) values over the day and night was assessed in a group of 30 never previously treated patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension via 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring. Elevated BP values during the awake hours (greater than 140/90 mm Hg) and sleeping hours (greater than 120/80 mm Hg) were used to calculate the total percentage of abnormal BP values (load) in each patient. The relationship between BP load and several indexes of hypertensive cardiac target organ involvement was compared to the relationships among office (casual), 24-hour average BP values, and cardiac indexes. Casual systolic and diastolic BP values did not correlate with left ventricular mass index, left atrial index, or peak left ventricular filling rate. Both 24-hour average BP and systolic and diastolic BP loads correlated with all indexes of cardiac target organ involvement. The BP loads were related to left ventricular mass index and left atrial index more strongly than were the mean 24-hour BP values; however, they were equally correlated for peak left ventricular filling rate. If greater than 40% of the ambulatory BP values were elevated, the likelihood of increased mass or decreased filling was greater than 61%, whereas if less than 40% of the BP values were elevated, the incidence of an abnormal cardiac test result decreased to less than 17%. These data show that the percentage of elevated BP values that includes both the awake and asleep periods is predictive of cardiac target organ involvement in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Patients with mild hypertension who have more than 40% abnormal BP values should strongly be considered for antihypertensive therapy.     

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring during antihypertensive treatment: the case of non-responder patients

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the discrepancies between casual and ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive patients during treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were gathered intio two groups according to casual diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and antihypertensive treatment: group A (responders) with casual DBP < 90 mmHg administered one or more antihypertensive drugs and group B (non-responders) with DBP >/= 95 mmHg taking two or more antihypertensive drugs, maintained during three consecutive visits at 2-week intervals. For all of them casual blood pressure measurements, 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and assessment of end-organ damage were performed. RESULTS: The difference between casual blood pressure and average 24 h ambulatory blood pressure were significantly higher for group B than those observed for group A (26 versus 7 mmHg systolic, 16 versus 5 mmHg diastolic). Thirty per cent of the patients in group B and 16% in group A had casual blood pressure more than 20 mmHg higher than awake ambulatory blood pressure, whereas 8% in group B and 20% in group A had higher values for ambulatory than for casual blood pressure. In group A 8% of patients had awake DBP higher than 95 mmHg and 8% had awake DBP 85-95 mmHg. Patients of group A with awake DBP >/= 85 mmHg were younger than those with awake DBP < 85 mmHg (41.4+/-8.8 and 52.1+/-13.4 years, respectively). In patients of group B, there was less end-organ damage in the patients with awake DBP < 85 mmHg than there was in patients with awake DBP >/= 95 mmHg (World Health Organization grade I/II-III, 6/10 and 3/20, respectively). CONCLUSION: The differences between casual and ambulatory blood pressures were higher in the 'non-responder' patients. In group A the small percentage of patients who had persistently higher ambulatory blood pressure were younger. In group B one-quarter of the patients had 'normal' ambulatory blood pressure and less end-organ damage. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring will be useful for better assessment of hypertension control in a subset of hypertensive patients.     

尼群地平对老年人单纯收缩期高血压的疗效

目的观察尼群地平治疗老年人单纯收缩期高血压的疗效。方法４６名老年单纯收缩期高血压患者，随机分成尼群地平治疗组和安慰剂组。疗程１年。两组均在治疗前及治疗终结后，分别进行偶测血压、２４ｈ动态血压及超声心动图检查。结果与安慰剂相比尼群地平能明显降低平均２４ｈ收缩压、白天收缩压、夜间收缩压、偶测收缩压。但对舒张压的影响无统计学意义。服尼群地平１年后室间隔厚度、左室后壁厚度、左室心肌质量及左室重构指标均显著改善。结论尼群地平能有效降低老年单纯收缩期高血压患者的收缩压，逆转靶器官损害。     

Effect of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring on the diagnosis and cost of treatment for mild hypertension

Detection of mild hypertension by a small number of casual blood pressures may be inaccurate for the determination of average blood pressure. Nonetheless, casual pressures remain the basis for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertensive patients. We compared casual and noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in a consecutive series of 60 subjects evaluated for possible mild hypertension on the basis of casual pressures. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed on days of usual activity. Correlations between casual systolic and average ambulatory systolic pressures or casual diastolic and average ambulatory diastolic pressures were not significant. Nearly half of the subjects had average ambulatory systolic pressures less than 130 mm Hg. Sixty percent had average ambulatory diastolic pressures less than 85 mm Hg. Nearly 40% had both systolic and diastolic pressures less than those limits. A preliminary analysis of the effects of these results on the short-term cost of antihypertensive treatment was made, assuming that treatment could be withheld from those with average ambulatory pressures less than 130/85 mm Hg. This approach suggests that ambulatory blood pressure monitoring need not increase overall cost, if the results of this evaluation are used in the decision to treat.     

The Use of Short-Term Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Differing Forms of Hypertension

Single blood pressure readings represent the conventional approach for determining the presence and severity of hypertension. However, the relationship between single (casual) readings and the whole-day blood pressure average is weak, especially in patients with borderline hypertension and in the elderly. In this study we have compared casual blood pressures with the averages of blood pressures obtained during short-term (two-hour) and long-term (24-hour) ambulatory monitoring in patients with mild (n=19), moderate (n=11), or predominant systolic (n=11) essential hypertension. The blood pressure averages obtained during long-term monitoring were significantly lower than the casual blood pressure in all three subgroups. The averages of short-term monitoring in the morning were in between the other two blood pressure levels. The correlation coefficients between two-hour morning averages of pressure and whole-day averages were highly significant (p<0.01 or better), and stronger than those between casual and whole-day average pressures, in the group of patients as a whole and in all three subgroups. The slopes of the regression equations were close to unity. Therefore, ambulatory short-term monitoring of blood pressure in the morning is superior to casual blood pressure and probably is an adequate substitute for whole-day observations in quantifying whole-day blood pressure levels in hypertensive patients, especially in patients with mild hypertension and in those with predominant systolic hypertension.     

Predictors of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without diabetic nephropathy: a follow-up study

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic significance of cardiovascular risk factors including 24-h ambulatory blood pressure level and rhythm for all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: In a prospective observational study, 104 patients with type 2 diabetes were followed: 51 patients with diabetic nephropathy and 53 patients with persistent normoalbuminuria. At baseline, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, glomerular filtration rate and cardiac autonomic neuropathy were measured. Blood samples were taken and patients answered a World Health Organization questionnaire. Dipping was calculated as the average nocturnal reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 9.2 years (range 0.5-12.9). During follow-up, 54 of 104 patients died. Sixteen patients (15%) had higher blood pressure at night than during the day (reversed pattern); 14 of these patients died (88%), compared to 40 of 88 patients (45%) with reduced dipping or normal dipping; log rank P = 0.001. In a Cox regression analysis, predictors of all-cause mortality were: age, male sex, presence of left ventricular hypertrophy, glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), daytime systolic blood pressure, cardiac autonomic neuropathy, glomerular filtration rate and dipping (1% increase; hazard ratio 0.97, 95% confidence interval 0.94-0.998, P = 0.033). CONCLUSION: Type 2 diabetes patients with non-dipping of night blood pressure were at higher risk of death as compared to dippers, independent of known cardiovascular risk factors. Since non-dipping has a high prevalence in patients with diabetic nephropathy, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure should be used to assess a full risk profile and blood pressure-lowering therapy in these patients.