深潜冷凝器受压部件疲劳性能试验研究

通过深潜冷凝器受压部件的结构应力分析及液压疲劳试验，对ＴＡ５钛合金的性能及结构制造工艺进行了全面考核和分析，表明深潜冷凝器受压部件采用单金属ＴＡ５钛合金的结构型式合理可行，具有优良的抗疲劳性能，在设计潜深条件下具有足够的安全寿命。     

核电汽轮机末级长叶片材料的疲劳性能研究

为了掌握核电汽轮机末级长叶片材料1Cr12Ni3Mo2VN的疲劳性能,开展了低周疲劳试验研究,测试了材料的疲劳循环响应特性、循环应力-应变曲线和应变-寿命曲线,比较了不同疲劳寿命预测模型的预测结果.结果 表明:叶片材料在循环寿命的绝大部分期间都保持非常稳定的应力应变状态,仅在循环寿命初期表现出一定的循环软化特征;作为一种屈强比极高的材料,在循环周次105次及以上的疲劳寿命区域,循环塑性应变占总变形的比重变得非常小;断口形貌显示疲劳裂纹基本均起源于试样表面;Ramberg-Osgood模型和Manson-Coffin模型可以较好地拟合叶片材料的循环应力-应变曲线和应变-寿命曲线;Manson-Coffin模型和Langer模型对低周疲劳寿命预测均保持了较好的准确性;三参数幂函数能量模型在104循环周次以下的预测结果很好,需要更多的数据来提高其在更高循环周次的寿命预测准确性.     

某涡轮叶片热-机械疲劳寿命预测与试验验证

为了得到某燃气轮机涡轮叶片关键截面的真实寿命,设计并开展了涡轮叶片热-机械疲劳试验,获得了真实寿命数据,并基于试验结果提出了一种涡轮叶片低周疲劳与蠕变疲劳交互的寿命预测方法。首先,采用一维线弹性关系、修正公式以及循环应力应变关系3种名义应力应变处理模型计算获得了名义应变;然后,利用SWT寿命关系式预测模型预测了叶片的热-机械疲劳寿命;再将预测寿命与试验获得的真实寿命进行对比分析。研究表明：对于某型燃气轮机涡轮叶片,基于SWT预测模型的循环应力应变关系方法相比于一维线弹性关系和修正公式法预测精度最高,与试验寿命相比,预测误差在4倍分散带之内。     

风电机组行星轮系柔性齿圈疲劳寿命研究

为探究风电机组行星轮系柔性内齿圈在动态啮合力作用下的疲劳损伤规律,建立考虑内齿圈结构柔性的行星轮系动力学模型,运用瞬态动力学进行仿真计算得到内齿圈结构应力时域历程,并通过试验验证该动态应力仿真结果的正确性。运用雨流循环计数法及Goodman平均应力修正法得到对称循环应力,随后结合Miner线性损伤理论计算内齿圈结构的弯曲疲劳寿命,分析内齿圈结构变形引起应力变化对疲劳寿命的影响,探讨不同轮缘厚度、支撑数量及不同负载下内齿圈结构疲劳寿命的变化规律。结果表明：内齿圈疲劳寿命受到齿圈结构变形和轮齿变形的共同作用,轮缘越薄内齿圈结构变形越剧烈,各轮齿间寿命差距越大,两支撑间各轮齿疲劳寿命波动趋势越复杂;当齿圈柔性较大时,其最大应力由齿圈结构变形引起且疲劳破坏点由齿根向齿槽偏移,齿圈柔性较小时其疲劳寿命主要取决于轮齿变形。     

考虑平均应力影响的风力机叶片寿命估算

考虑平均应力影响效应,建立一个适用于描述叶片材料疲劳寿命规律的应力寿命关系。分析风力发电机叶片的应力特征,指出叶片应力由工作载荷引发的低频应力和气动弹性振动引发的高频应力叠加而成,是具有平均应力的循环应力。通过对叶片材料疲劳特性分析发现,金属材料的疲劳极限线图不适合描述叶片材料。通过对叶片根部应变历程的测量获得相应的Von Mises应力历程,应用雨流计数法进行统计处理,获得应力幅和平均应力的累积分布。使用Palmgren-Miner线性损伤累积法则,给出叶片的疲劳损伤计算公式。以1.5 MW变速恒频风力发电机叶片为例,进行疲劳损伤分析和疲劳寿命估算。计算结果表明,该文提出的方法是合理可行的。     

风波联合作用下的风力机塔架疲劳特性分析

研究了海上风力机圆筒型塔架在随机风载荷和波浪载荷作用下的动力响应数值分析方法;建立了基于Palmgren Miner线性累积损伤法则的混泥土塔架安全寿命估计方法.应用线性波理论仿真非规则的海浪,分析作用在圆筒型塔架上的波浪载荷.通过坐标变换,将二维线性波理论扩展为三维线性波理论,建立了波浪力的分析计算模型;用有限元数值分析方法,求解了塔架在风波联合作用下的位移、速度、加速度以及应力响应等;用雨流计数法统计循环参量,将工作循环应力水平等寿命转换成对称循环下疲劳载荷谱,分析了变幅载荷谱下塔架的疲劳损伤及疲劳寿命.算例表明:该文的工作为海上风力机系统气动弹性分析、风力机塔架振动分析和疲劳寿命分析等提供了实用的分析方法.     

涡轮盘的三种低周循环疲劳寿命预测方法对比研究

为了确定涡轮盘的低周循环疲劳寿命,在前人研究的基础上对基于局部应力应变法的低周循环疲劳寿命计算程序的计算结果进行了验证,并将其应用于某涡轮盘的寿命评估中。分别对比分析了Morrow平均应力方程、修正的Morrow以及SWT参数模型三种方法下,输入名义主应力谱、名义等效应力谱与真实主应力应变谱的寿命计算结果。研究表明:3种模型中SWT方程模型计算的寿命最短,Morrow次之,修正的Morrow计算寿命最长;相比修正Morrow,SWT和Morrow计算结果差别较小,误差在50%以内,真实主应力应变谱与名义主应力谱对寿命的预测趋势相同;选取基于名义主应力谱的SWT模型进行寿命预测,寿命安全系数为5时,该轮盘的冷却空气流动孔的寿命为1 941次循环,法兰孔的寿命为24 164次循环,盘心的寿命为16 235次循环。     

30Cr2MoV转子钢常温应变疲劳性能及损伤演变规律研究

能动对３０Ｃｒ２ＭｏＶ转子钢进行６组不同炉号的低周疲劳试验，给出了该材料循环稳定应力－应变曲线、应变－寿命关系、应力寿命关系以及应变疲劳损伤演变方程和寿命方程。由于试样取材有广泛的代表性，试验结果也基本上能代表该材料的疲劳性能。     

汽轮机结构元件的损伤和寿命评估

提出了汽轮机转子在高应力疲劳与高温蠕变变互作用下的损伤本构模型与寿命评估方法,以及用于汽轮机转子结构分析的基本方程与变分原理,利用“间置加载”型荷载谱的特点,提出两个基本假设,并根据初始循环应力应变场对损过程中的循环应力应变场进行了有效描述,可对汽轮机转子结构寿命进行评估。     

定向结晶涡轮叶片低循环寿命分析及结构优化

为保证涡轮叶片的安全性,需要对叶片进行强度分析及寿命预测。以某定向结晶涡轮冷却叶片为例,首先采用三维流热固耦合方法获得叶片温度场分布,然后基于Hill屈服准则,对叶片进行热弹塑性应力应变分析,最后采用带平均应力修正的Morrow公式得到叶片低循环疲劳寿命,并基于计算结果,对局部区域进行结构优化结果表明:叶身与平台转接圆角吸力面前段(区域1)和吸力面尾缘段(区域2)温度高且应力大,将其作为考核点,两处区域低循环寿命分别为15 669和2 349。根据工程设计经验,对区域2提出了两种优化方案,其中大圆角设计(R=10)使该点等效应力降低9.9%,低循环疲劳寿命增加157.5%。     

发电机组轴系扭振疲劳损伤评估方法研究

凹槽、套装联轴器等结构往往是汽轮发电机组轴系疲劳损伤的薄弱环节,对其进行应力分析至关重要,经验公式无法满足要求。以某600 MW汽轮发电机组轴系为例通过有限元建模方法对汽轮发电机组轴系进行扭应力分析,进一步得到薄弱环节的应力寿命曲线,优化疲劳极限取值,实现低幅值次同步振荡工况下的疲劳评估。采用多段集中质量模型分析扭振固有特性,结合轴系扭振固有特性和应力寿命曲线,评估机组轴系在次同步振荡工况下的疲劳损伤。此方法可用于评估汽轮发电机组轴系疲劳损伤情况。     

Strain controlled LCF behaviour of SA-333 Gr 6 piping material in the range 298–673 K

The low cycle fatigue (LCF) behaviour of carbon steel SA-333 Gr 6 alloy has been investigated between 300 and 673 K employing a triangular waveform at a strain rate of 5×10⁻³ s⁻¹. The cyclic stress response varied as a complex function of temperature. Dynamic strain ageing (DSA) was found to occur over a temperature range between 473 and 623 K. In this DSA domain, the alloy exhibited marked cyclic hardening with a pronounced maximum at 623 K. Additionally the alloy displayed negative strain rate sensitivity of cyclic stress in the DSA regime. The temperature dependence of LCF life showed a maximum at 523 K. The drastic reduction in life between 523 and 673 K has been ascribed primarily to the deleterious effects of DSA on crack initiation and propagation, while the lower life at temperatures less than 523 K has been attributed to the larger cyclic response stress. The influences of DSA on strain–life relationships, cyclic stress–strain curves and fracture behaviour are discussed.     

Effects of hydrogen addition on the high temperature deformation behavior of TC21 titanium alloy

The true stress-strain curves of TC21 titanium alloy charged with up to 0.7 wt.% hydrogen were obtained by the isothermal hot compression tests which were carried out on an Instron 5500 machine at 1023 to 1223 K and 0.001 to 0.1 s⁻¹. The dependence of the steady state flow stress on hydrogen content was determined. The results showed that with the increase of hydrogen content flow stress decreased at lower hydrogen content and then increased at higher hydrogen content. Suitable hydrogen addition can significantly decrease the flow stress and improve the hot workability of TC21 titanium alloy. The flow stress behaviors and the dependence of hydrogen content on flow stress were clarified by microstructural observation. The optimum hydrogen content at different deformation temperature was determined.     

发动机连杆的瞬态响应计算

本分析了发动机连杆在工作过程中的受力状况，应用ＭＳＣ／ＮＡＳＴＲＡＮ软件计算了发动机连杆在一个运动周期内受随时间变化的气缸爆发压力，往复惯性力和固定不变的螺栓预紧力时的响应应力，给出了连杆上５个代表性应力区的应力－时间变化曲线和连杆在工作过程中可能受破坏的危险区域，并根据疲劳寿命与应力载荷之间的关系，对危险区域计算出连杆在９５％存活率下的使用寿命大于１０＾１０次，该连杆满足使用寿命要求，通过对连     

Effect of hydrogen on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high temperature deformation of Ti6Al4V additive manufactured

The additive manufactured Ti6Al4V-xH titanium alloy was compressed at 600°C–750 °C on a Gleeble 3800 testing machine, and the compression rates were 1s⁻¹ and 0.01s⁻¹, respectively. The experimental results show that with the increase of hydrogen content, the flow stress of the alloy decreases firstly and then increases gradually. When the hydrogen content is 0.27 wt%, the flow stress of titanium alloy is the smallest. EBSD and TEM analysis were carried out and show that the α lamellar microstructure became larger at 0.27H, the corresponding flow stress also decreased, and slip bands appeared in the alloy. Dislocation slip was an important deformation mechanism of the alloy. When the hydrogen content continued to increase, the α phase in the alloy gradually decreased, and α″ appeared at 0.81H. Therefore, adding appropriate hydrogen can reduce the alloy flow stress and improve the performance of titanium alloy during hot deformation.     

基于汽包寿命的1 021 t/h锅炉启动过程的优化研究

1引言300 MW机组已经成为我国火力发电的主要机组。随着用电结构的变化,电网负荷的峰谷差日益增大,许多大容量机组已参予调峰运行。机组在调峰过程中,锅炉启停、变负荷运行使汽包受到交变应力作用,产生低周疲劳损伤。随着机组启停次数的增加,汽包疲劳损伤加剧,给电力生产留下安     

Effect of 0.3 wt% hydrogen addition on the friction stir welding characteristics of Ti–6Al–4V alloy and mechanism of hydrogen-induced effect

The α + β titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V, was thermohydrogen processed with 0.3 wt% hydrogen. The friction stir welding characteristics of Ti–6Al–4V alloy and the hydrogenated alloy with 0.3 wt% hydrogen were investigated in contrast. The results showed that welding parameters range for the unhydrogenated alloy was narrow and flash was prone to occur in the welding process. Hydrogenation could help to widen welding parameters range, improve weld appearance, and increase service life of pin tool. The reason was attributed to the hydrogen-enhanced thermoplasticity of titanium alloys, while the fundamental cause was the hydrogen-induced microstructural evolution in titanium alloys. Hydrogen almost did not escape from the hydrogenated alloy during the friction stir welding and could be successfully removed through post-weld vacuum annealing. The mechanism of hydrogen-induced effect during the friction stir welding and post-weld dehydrogenation was discussed in detail.     

Stress concentration factors for pressurized elliptic crossbores in blocks

Intersecting bore geometries are used in a number of industrial applications including heavy-walled pressure vessels containing oil holes for lubrication, ports for valves and fluid ends of reciprocating pumps. The bore intersection location is a stress concentration point where the maximum hoop stress can be many times the fluid pressure in the bores. Intersecting circular holes in heavy-walled cylinders and rectangular blocks have been extensively investigated. Specifically, stress/pressure concentration curves for intersecting circular bores in rectangular blocks were presented by Sorem et al. [Sorem JR, Shadley JR, Tipton SM. Design curves for maximum stresses in blocks containing pressurized bore intersections. ASME J Mech Des 1990; 113: 427–31.]. However, stress/pressure concentrations due to intersecting elliptic bores have not been broadly investigated. With the availability of computer numerical control (CNC) machinery, bores with elliptic crosssection can be produced with relative ease. In this paper, hoop stress concentration ratios are developed for elliptic crossbores in rectangular blocks. Results indicate that introducing elliptic crossbores, rather than circular ones, significantly reduces the hoop stress concentration factor at the crossbore intersection. Also, the presence of intersecting crossbores has a major effect on the fatigue life of pressure vessels [Badr EA, Sorem JR, Jr Tipton SM. Evaluation of the autofrettage effect on fatigue lives of steel blocks with crossbores using a statistical and a strain-based method. ASTM J Test Eval 2000; 28: 181–8.] and the reduction of hoop stress concentration is expected to enhance the fatigue life of pressure vessels containing crossbores.     

基于模糊推理的锅炉启动过程优化方法

结合锅炉启动特性计算和汽包寿命分析(根据美国ASME规范),提出了一种基于模糊推理的锅炉启动过程优化方法.通过分析启动过程燃烧率对汽包寿命的影响,建立了汽包应力与燃烧率曲线的模糊关系,并用模糊推理方法对启动燃烧率曲线和升压曲线进行优化.经某600 MW锅炉启动从点火至汽轮机冲转这一过程的实践表明,采用优化启动曲线可以在不降低汽包寿命的前提下,大大缩短锅炉启动时间,而提供的燃烧率曲线和升压曲线可以更直观地指导运行人员优化锅炉启动过程.     

海上风机支撑结构疲劳性能试验研究

  目的  针对海上风机支撑结构的疲劳问题,进行了外加强环过渡段结构疲劳性能的试验研究。  方法  采用简化的支撑结构1/5缩尺模型进行了静力与疲劳试验,获得了模型的热点应力和疲劳寿命;并根据DNV的海上风机规范,采用不同类型单元对试验模型进行了有限元分析和疲劳寿命估算,将规范方法的计算结果与试验进行了比较。  结果  结果表明:试验结果和规范方法之间的差异主要源于S-N曲线的选取。  结论  最后根据试验数据,在DNV规范的基础上给出两种改进的疲劳校核方案,可为实际应用提供指导。