标准物质人发的定值分析

在微型反应堆上采用中子活化分析方法对标准物质人发进行定值分析。1)样品和标准的制备将样品在60℃的烘箱内干燥4h,称取每个样品约为200mg的20份,选用的标准为:GBW09101人发、GBW07604杨树叶、NBS-1577a牛肝、NBS-1572柑桔叶各两个,两个空白,然后将样品热封于洗净的高压聚乙烯     

颗粒物滤膜样品微量元素浓度的中子活化分析

用仪器中子活化分析技术分析了国际原子能机构（IAEA）组织的比对颗粒物滤膜盲样样品和标准参考物质NIST SRM－1633a样品。结果表明：比对的颗粒物滤膜样品的测定值与IAEA的参考标准值和所有参加比对的测定值的平均值相一致;质量检测标样的测定值与保证值符合良好;表明中子活化分析对测定样品中超微量、微量乃至常量元素的浓度是一种准确、可靠的方法。     

放化组分离中子活化分析法测定生物样品中多种微量元素

本文介绍了一种用于测定血样和生物样品中多元素的中子活化分析法。样品经冰干处理后密封在石英管中,在重水反应堆中心孔道照射约40小时,通量为5×10~(13)n/cm~2·s。照射过的样品进行放化分离:样品加入相应的载体元素后,用HNO_3和H_2O_2溶解,相继通过HAP,阴、阳离子交换树脂,把欲分析元素分为六个组。利用Ge(Li)探测器可以迅速地测定25个元素。为检验本方法的准确度,分析了标准参考物质:牛肝(NBS-SRM-1577)和大米(NBS-SRM-1568)。分析结果和NBS的鉴定值符合得很好。利用本方法还分析了五个正常人混合全血。     

人体肝脏微量元素的亚细胞分布

将超离心分离技术与中子活化分析法相结合,分析测定了正常人肝亚细胞组分中的微量元素。介绍了样品的采集制备、微量元素的实验测定,使用标准参考物质NBS-1577a,IAEA-H8校对了方法的可靠性。报道了人肝5种亚细胞组分(核、线粒体、溶酶体、微粒体、胞液)中8种微量元素的含量,并对其分布进行了初步研究。     

玻璃参考物质中重金属污染元素的INAA比对分析

为应对欧盟RoHs和94-62-EC标准,国家地质实验测试中心研制了三种玻璃标准参考物质.我们用仪器中子活化分析方法对玻璃标准物质样品进行多元素分析.利用中国原子能科学研究院微型反应堆对样品辐照,采用高纯锗谱仪测量,对样品进行多元素分析.用有证标准物质1633a对玻璃样品分析质控,最后得出玻璃样品包括有毒元素在内的多元素分析结果并进行相关讨论.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定硼同位素丰度

以硼同位素标准参考物质NIST SRM 951配制的标准溶液,在优化的操作条件下对电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定的硼同位素质量进行校正,求出校正因子,确定了样品的线性浓度范围.在同样的仪器条件下测定了硼同位素浓缩过程中样品三氟化硼甲醚络合物中的硼同位素丰度比,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.095%.此外考查了仪器的稳定性.实验结果表明,本文建立的测定硼同位素丰度的方法"记忆效应"小,结果可靠,测量精度高.     

仪器中子活化分析法测定牛黄中微量元素

我们用仪器中子活化分析法测定了天然牛黄和人工牛黄中20个微量元素的含量。 天然牛黄样品用的是京津地区的京牛黄及进口牛黄两种。人工牛黄样品用的是北京药店现在销售的商品。用牛肝SRM-1577检验了实验方法准确度。测得元素的放射性统计误差为10～30％。     

质子激发X射线荧光分析法测定头发、肾和肝中的微量元素

本文使用质子激发X射线荧光分析法(PIXE)测定正常人发、肝和肾组织中的微量元素。详细介绍了样品的采集制备、实验测定和定量方法,并且使用标准参考物质小牛肝(NBS)、马肾(IAEA)和比对粉末发样检查校正测量系统的准确性。报道了三种器官组织中近二十种微量元素的含量,初步探讨了人体自身器官组织中微量元素含量分布之间的相互关系。     

中子活化法研究硒在人体组织中的亚细胞分布

用细胞器的差速离心分离技术和中子活化分析法研究了微量元素硒在人体重要组织中的亚细胞分布 ,并用国际标准参考物质小牛肝 (NIST 15 77a)、马肾 (IAEA H8)等检验分析结果的准确性。结果表明 :不同个体的硒水平差异较大 ;在所研究的组织中 ,肾脏中硒含量最高。不同组织中硒的亚细胞分布模式明显不同 ,硒的浓度从高到低依次为 :肝脏 ,线粒体 >细胞核 >胞液 >溶酶体、微粒体 ;肾脏 ,细胞核 >线粒体 >胞液 >溶酶体、微粒体 ;心脏 ,细胞核、线粒体 >胞液、溶酶体、微粒体     

嫦娥五号月壤元素含量中子活化分析测定的质量保证和质量控制

精准测定嫦娥五号月壤样品的元素含量,对于探讨月壤的成因及其形成的物理化学条件、研究月球演化历史具有重要意义。为了确保利用中子活化分析测定嫦娥五号月壤样品元素含量结果的准确性和可靠性,需要做好分析过程的质量保证和分析结果的质量控制。基于中子活化分析原理和误差来源,讨论了月壤样品中子活化分析中的质量保证措施,并采用标准物质监控、重复测试、自我验证、方法比对等内部质量控制方法对月壤样品中子活化分析结果进行评价和验证。内部质控样品的分析结果满足实验室的接收标准,重复测试等内部质量控制方法显示元素定值结果具有一致性。通过分析测量数据,验证了检测结果的可靠性,证明质量保证过程和质量控制方法有效。     

氚化水放射性活度的绝对测量

液体闪烁计数器具有无自吸收、制源简单、操作简便等特点,测量氚化水具有一定优势。利用液闪CIEMAT/NIST方法和三双符合比(TDCR)方法校准氚化水的比活度,旨在为氚化水标准物质的研制提供定值手段。以54 Mn作为示踪核素应用CIEMAT/NIST方法标准化氚化水比活度,合成标准不确定度为0.80%。液闪TDCR方法应用装配有3个光电倍增管的计数器,根据测量的符合信息直接计算得到探测效率,绝对测量氚化水比活度,合成标准不确定度为0.66%。应用这两种方法测量了同一组氚化水淬灭系列源,测量结果 En数检验满意。     

生物样品的同步辐射定量分析

叙述了用同步辐射微探针对生物薄样中向量元素进行定量分析的方法，利用自制的微束标樯测定每个测量点的向量元素面密度并同时根据其在１７－２０ｋｅＶ能区中的Ｃｏｍｐｔｏｎ散射强度确定该测量点的样品质量厚度，成功地实现了元素浓度测量。     

Comparison of Geant4 Electromagnetic Physics Models Against the NIST Reference Data

The Geant4 Simulation Toolkit provides an ample set of physics models describing electromagnetic interactions of particles with matter. This paper presents the results of a series of comparisons for the evaluation of Geant4 electromagnetic processes with respect to United States National Institute of Standards and Technologies (NIST) reference data. A statistical analysis was performed to estimate quantitatively the compatibility of Geant4 electromagnetic models with NIST data; the statistical analysis also highlighted the respective strengths of the different Geant4 models.     

煤炭中铅同位素分析方法研究

同位素比值是污染源解析的基础,为了探索燃煤污染源解析的可行性,本研究建立煤炭中铅同位素的分析方法。采用灰化-微波消解相结合的方式,将煤样转换为溶液状态,用PB树脂(冠醚类)萃取色层法,将铅和大量基体元素有效分离,用多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定铅同位素比值。利用NIST 981标定天然铅溶液的铅同位素比值,应用建立的分析方法,测定~(208)Pb/~(207)Pb、~(206)Pb/~(207)Pb的同位素比值,相对误差小于0.03%。钠、镁、铝、铁、钛、锰等元素的去污系数均大于400。结果表明,该方法有效、可靠,测定标准煤样(NIST 1635a、NIST 1632d)、山西大同煤样和攀枝花煤样的~(208)Pb/~(207)Pb、~(206)Pb/~(207)Pb同位素比值,精密度均大于0.2%,两地煤样同位素比值变异为6%~10%,初步验证了建立全国煤炭中铅同位素比值背景数据库的可行性。     

液闪计数器效率的理论计算

采用CIEMAT/NIST程序及自编程序两种方法对液闪测量效率进行理论计算。用这两种方法拟合了³H效率与¹⁴C效率曲线,并与实验测量结果进行比较。在效率较低时,得到了较为一致的结果。     

A comprehensive study for mass attenuation coefficients of different parts of the human body through Monte Carlo methods

The gamma-ray mass attenuation coefficients of blood,bone,lung,eye lens,adipose,tissue,muscle,brain and skin were calculated at different energies(60,80,150,400,500,600,1000,1250,1500,and 2000 keV) by various theoretical methods such as FLUKA,GEANT4 Monte Carlo(MC) methods and XCOM program in this work.Calculated coefficients were also compared with the National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST) values.Obtained results were highly in accordance with each other and NIST values.Our results showed that FLUKA was quite convenient in comparison to GEANT4 in the calculation of the mass attenuation coefficients of the used human body samples for low-energy photons(60,80,and 150 keV) when compared with the NIST values.     

Radiobioassay performance evaluation of urine and faeces samples for radiation emergency preparedness

In the event of a radiation emergency, it is necessary to assess intake and radiation dose for the internally contaminated casualties. This paper provides relatively rapid and simple procedures of bioassay. Faeces samples were ashed to improve sample homogeneity. Gamma spectrometry was used for radioactivity measurement. The measured results, including activity of the biosamples and associated uncertainty, were evaluated for traceability based on ANSI N42.22 and bias and precision based on ANIS/HPS N13.30. For all urine customary exercise samples, measurement results of ⁶⁰Co and ¹³⁷Cs were in good agreement with NIST values within 5% and satisfied ANSI N42.22 and ANIS/HPS N13.30 acceptance criteria. In contrast, the uncertainty of ⁵⁷Co was quite large and the activity differed from the NIST value by 18%. For the urine emergency preparedness exercise, all measured results agreed well with NIST values, with less than 10% difference. Synthetic faeces samples included ⁵⁴Mn, ⁶⁰Co, and ¹³⁴Cs. The activity of ⁶⁰Co was different from the NIST value by 9%, whereas the results for ⁵⁴Mn and ¹³⁴Cs were within 3.2%. The measurement procedures given in this study can be applied to assess intake of radionuclides and resulting radiation dose to casualties.     

PIXE as a complement to trace metal analysis of sediments by ICP-OES

The adverse effects of metal contamination in sediments require methods that can quickly and accurately assess the extent of environmental pollution. Particle induced X-ray emission spectrometry (PIXE) is demonstrated to be a viable alternative to an established method, which consists of acid digestion and Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to measure trace metals in sediment. The analysis of trace metal composition by both techniques on a NIST Standard Reference Material mud gives results that are consistent with the certified values for fourteen measured metals, seven of which are common to both methods. A comparison study conducted on a sediment core from a freshwater lake with a known chromium contamination in Muskegon County, MI also shows a good correlation between the methods for transition metals of environmental interest over a wide range of metal concentrations. Total sample preparation and analysis time for the PIXE measurements is roughly one third that of acid digestion and ICP-OES. Also, the acid digestion step does not elute all the metal, while the nondestructive PIXE approach is a total metals analysis method. However the PIXE method generally has higher limits of detection for many environmental metal contaminants. By combining the two techniques, the acid digestion elution factor can be quantified by running PIXE on an original sample and on the residue resulting from acid digestion.