B-ZSM-5沸石分子筛膜的制备及正/异丁烷分离性能

采用两次变温热浸渍法在大孔α-Al2O3多孔管状载体外表面涂覆B-ZSM-5大小晶种,以制备平整、连续且致密的B-ZSM-5晶种层,随后在晶化成膜液的稀溶液体系下,利用二次生长法在α-Al2O3管外表层成功制备B-ZSM-5沸石分子筛膜.实验采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对B-ZSM-5沸石分子筛...     

以正硅酸乙酯和1,2-二(三乙氧基硅基)乙烷为前驱体制备微孔SiO2复合膜及其气体分离性能

This paper reports on ¬¬¬a new microporous composite silica membrane prepared via acid-catalyzed polymeric route of sol-gel method with tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and a bridged silsesquioxane [1, 2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane, BTESE] as precursors. A stable nano-sized composite silica sol with a mean volume size of ~5 nm was synthesized. A 150 nm-thick defect-free composite silica membrane was deposited on disk support consisting of macroporous α-Al2O3 and mesoporous γ-Al2O3 intermediate layer by using dip-coating ap-proach, followed by calcination under pure nitrogen atmosphere. The composite silica membranes exhibit molecular sieve properties for small gases like H2, CO2, O2, N2, CH4 and SF6 with hydrogen permeances in the range of (1-4)107 mol•m2•s1•Pa1 (measured at 200 C, 3.0×105 Pa). With respect to the membrane calcined at 500 C, it is found that the permselectivities of H2 (0.289 nm) with respect to N2 (0.365 nm), CH4 (0.384 nm) and SF6 (0.55 nm) are 22.9, 42 and >1000, respectively, which are all much higher than the corresponding Knudsen values (H2/N2 3.7, H2/CH4 2.8, and H2/SF6 8.5).     

异丙醇钛控制水解的小角X射线散射研究

由金属醇盐水解制备溶胶的方法已广泛应用于溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米孔无机膜,但对金属醇盐水解机理的认识十分有限。通过控制异丙醇钛[Ti（i-OC₃H₇）₄]在异丙醇（i-C₃H₇OH）中水解制备TiO₂溶胶,利用小角X射线散射（SAXS）方法研究了由不同H₂O/Ti（i-OC₃H₇）₄的反应混合物[Ti（i-OC₃H₇）₄：H₂O：i-C₃H₇OH=1：m：30（摩尔比）]形成TiO₂溶胶的过程,探讨了控制Ti（i-OC₃H₇）₄水解的过程中胶粒形成与长大的规律。研究结果表明,所合成的TiO₂溶胶的胶粒粒径小于10 nm,胶粒的形成和长大与H₂O/Ti（i-OC₃H₇）₄摩尔比密切相关。H₂O/Ti（i-OC₃H₇）₄（摩尔比） ≥ 2.0时,随着H₂O/Ti（i-OC₃H₇）₄增加,溶胶的稳定性下降。     

原料中杂质对异丁烷脱氢Pt-Sn-K/Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

采用固定床法考察了原料异丁烷中乙硫醇、甲醇、正丁烷和1-丁烯等杂质对Pt-Sn-K/Al₂O₃催化剂上异丁烷脱氢制异丁烯反应性能影响,反应产物使用气相色谱进行分析.实验结果表明,在异丁烷脱氢制异丁烯正常反应条件下,即温度580℃、压力0.1MPa、进料组成H₂/i-C₄H₁₀(体积比)= 2、总空速GHSV = 2000h^-1、GHSV(i-C4H10)= 667h^-1,乙硫醇、甲醇、正丁烷和1-丁烯对Pt-Sn-K/Al₂O₃催化剂的异丁烷转化率和异丁烯选择性均有较大的影响,且杂质含量越高,对催化剂的转化率和选择性影响越大.并对杂质造成催化剂失活的原因进行了分析.     

PREPARATION AND TESTING OF CARBON/SILICALITE-1 COMPOSITE MEMBRANES

Methods for preparation of carbon/silicalite-1 composite membranes have been developed. First, silicalite-1 membranes were prepared by in-situ hydrothermal synthesis on both porous alumina and metal disks. Preparation of the carbon/silicalite-1 composite membranes was accomplished by polymerizing furfuryl alcohol on the surface of the silicalite-1 membrane, followed by carbonizing the polymer layer in an inert atmosphere at 773 K. The pure silicalite-1 membrane showed no selectivity for single gases, indicating the presence of intercrystalline diffusion and viscous flow as the dominant transport mechanism. The carbon/zeolite composite membrane exhibited ideal selectivities for He/N₂, CO₂/N₂, and N₂/CH₄ of 11.99, 17.12, and 3.58 at room temperature. No permeation of n-butane and i-butane for the composite membrane was detected up to temperatures of 453 K, indicating that the pore size for the composite membrane was approximately 0.4 nm. By carefully oxidizing the carbon layer in air at 623 K, the pore size of the composite membrane was adjusted such that n-butane permeation could be detected. No permeation of i-butane was apparent, suggesting that the pore size of the composite membrane had been enlarged to approximately 0.5 nm. Further oxidation of the carbon layer produced a finite n-/i-C₄H₄ ideal selectivity, indicating that the pore size of the membrane was now larger than 0.55 nm. Therefore, selective oxidation of the carbon layer can be used to control the pore size of the composite membrane.     

High-performance SSZ-13 membranes prepared using ball-milled nanosized seeds for carbon dioxide and nitrogen separations from methane

SSZ-13 membranes with high separation performances were prepared using ball-milled nanosized seeds by once hydrothermal synthesis. Separation performances of SSZ-13 membranes in CO_2/CH_4 and N_2/CH_4 mixtures were enhanced after synthesis modification. Single-gas permeances of CO_2, N_2 and CH_4 and ideal selectivities were recorded through SSZ-13 membranes. The effects of temperature, pressure, feed flow rate and humidity on separation performance of the membranes were discussed. Three membranes prepared after synthesis modifications had an average CO_2 permeance of 1.16 × 10~(-6) mol·(m~2· s·Pa)~(-1)(equal to 3554 GPU) with an average CO_2/CH_4 selectivity of 213 in a 50 vol%/50 vol% CO_2/CH_4 mixture. It suggests that membrane synthesis has a good reproducible. The membrane also displayed a N_2 permeance of 1.07 × 10~(-7) mol·(m~2·s·Pa)~(-1)(equal to 320 GPU) with a N_2/CH_4 selectivity of 13 for a 50 vol%/50 vol% N_2/CH_4 mixture. SSZ-13 membrane displayed stable and good separation performance in the wet CO_2/CH_4 mixture for a long test period over 100 h at 348 K. The current SSZ-13 membranes show great potentials for the simultaneous removals of CO_2 and N_2 in natural gas purification as a facile process suitable for industrial application.     

面向氢气/甲烷分离分子筛膜微结构调控的研究进展

氢能具有燃烧值高、零碳排放等优势,发展氢能技术是实现“碳达峰、碳中和”战略的重要举措。当前,基于天然气和石油路线的制氢均存在将氢气从甲烷等烃分子中分离的过程。氢气/甲烷分离主要有变压吸附法、深冷精馏法以及膜分离法。分子筛膜具有精准分子筛分、高分离性能和稳定性好等优势,是低能耗分离氢气/甲烷最具发展潜力的膜材料。面向氢气/甲烷分离的应用需求,阐述了沸石分子筛膜和MOFs分子筛膜微结构调控策略、氢气/甲烷分离性能和构效关系的研究现状,分析了分子筛膜材料在氢气/甲烷分离领域的机遇和挑战。绘制了可与2008年聚合物膜Robeson上限图相比的分子筛膜性能数据图,并预测了分子筛膜在制氢分离领域经济可行的分离性能目标区域。     

GAS PERMEANCE BEHAVIOR AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE IN MESOPOROUS ANODIC OXIDIZED ALUMINA SYNTHESIZED BY PULSE-SEQUENTIAL VOLTAGE METHOD

Mesoporous anodic oxidized alumina (MAOA) capillary tubes with and without a barrier layer have been synthesized by applying a pulse-sequential voltage. The single gas permeances at an elevated temperature and the thermal and hydrothermal stabilities of MAOA were investigated. A highly oriented radial mesopore channel with pore sizes from 40 to 4 nm was formed in the MAOA tubes. Micropores with sizes from 0.4 to 0.8 nm were formed in the barrier layer. The H₂ permeance of MAOA with a barrier layer (barrier type) was approximately 540 times lower than that of MAOA without a barrier layer (block type) at 773 K. The H₂/N₂ permselectivity of the barrier type in the temperature range from 333 to 673 K was 3.4; those of the barrier type at 773 and 823 K were 4.4 and 11, respectively. On the other hand, the H₂/N₂ permselectivities of the block type were from 3.1 to 3.6 in the temperature range from 333 to 773 K. The H₂ permeance and the H₂/N₂ permselectivity of the amorphous silica membrane on the block type were 1.1 × 10^-7 mol/m² · s · Pa and 40 at 773 K, respectively. MAOA synthesized by the pulse-sequential voltage method can be applied to the mesoporous support of the gas separation membrane at elevated temperatures.     

ZSM-5 zeolite membranes prepared from a clear template-free solution

Template-free nanosized ZSM-5 seeds were prepared from commercially available ZSM-5 powder. By use of these seeds, thin and hydrophilic ZSM-5 zeolite membranes were prepared on the outer surface of a porous -alumina tube in a clear solution free from organic template. The membranes showed high thermal stability to withstand pretreatment at 400 °C. At 270 °C, the ideal selectivities for H₂/i-butane and N₂/SF₆ were 61 and 20, respectively. The membrane was effective to separate butane isomers at high temperatures. The maximum of the n/i-butane ideal selectivity was 36 at 300 °C. The separation factors for a 50/50 n/i-butane mixture were as high as 13 in the temperature range from 300 to 400 °C.     

Gas separation using sol-gel derived microporous zirconia membranes with high hydrothermal stability☆

A microporous zirconia membrane with hydrogen permeance about 5 × 10?8 mol·m?2·s?1·Pa?1, H2/CO2 permselectivity of ca. 14, and excellent hydrothermal stability under steam pressure of 100 kPa was fabricated via polymeric sol–gel process. The effect of calcination temperature on single gas permeance of sol–gel derived zirconia membranes was investigated. Zirconia membranes calcined at 350 °C and 400 °C showed similar single gas permeance, with permselectivities of hydrogen towards other gases, such as oxygen, nitrogen, methane, and sulfur hexafluoride, around Knudsen values. A much lower CO2 permeance (3.7 × 10?9 mol·m?2·s?1·Pa?1) was observed due to the interaction between CO2 molecules and pore wall of membrane. Higher calcination tem-perature, 500 °C, led to the formation of mesoporous structure and, hence, the membrane lost its molecular siev-ing property towards hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The stability of zirconia membrane in the presence of hot steam was also investigated. Exposed to 100 kPa steam for 400 h, the membrane performance kept unchanged in comparison with freshly prepared one, with hydrogen and carbon dioxide permeances of 4.7 × 10?8 and~3 × 10?9 mol·m?2·s?1·Pa?1, respectively. Both H2 and CO2 permeances of the zirconia membrane de-creased with exposure time to 100 kPa steam. With a total exposure time of 1250 h, the membrane presented hydrogen permeance of 2.4 × 10?8 mol·m?2·s?1·Pa?1 and H2/CO2 permselectivity of 28, indicating that the membrane retains its microporous structure.     

TiO2-ZrO2聚合溶胶形成过程的小角X射线散射研究

由金属醇盐（M（OR）₄）水解制备溶胶的方法已广泛应用于溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米孔无机膜。通过控制异丙醇钛[Ti（i-OC₃H₇）₄]和正丙醇锆[Zr（n-OC₃H₇）₄]的混合物在异丙醇（i-C₃H₇OH）中水解制备聚合型TiO₂-ZrO₂溶胶,利用小角X射线散射方法（SAXS）研究了初始反应混合物Ti（i-OC₃H₇）₄：Zr（n-OC₃H₇）₄：H₂O：i-C₃H₇OH=0.9：0.1：m：30（摩尔比,m=1.8,2.0,2.2）形成TiO₂-ZrO₂溶胶的过程,探讨了水与醇盐摩尔比H₂O/M（OR）₄（M=Ti+Zr）、反应温度和正丙醇锆对TiO₂-ZrO₂溶胶形成的影响。研究结果表明,H₂O/M（OR）₄=1.8时,只有少量胶粒形成;H₂O/M（OR）₄=2.0～2.2时,TiO₂-ZrO₂溶胶中胶粒具有质量分形结构,分形维数1.2 ≤ D_m < 1.4;随着H₂O/M（OR）₄增加,胶粒的形成时间缩短,胶粒大小和分形维数均增大,溶胶的稳定性显著下降。升高反应温度有利于胶粒形成。[Ti（i-OC₃H₇）₄+Zr（n-OC₃H₇）₄]混合物比Ti（i-OC₃H₇）₄水解快,H₂O/M（OR）₄相同时,TiO₂-ZrO₂溶胶比TiO₂溶胶稳定性差。     

Partial oxidation of light alkanes by NOx in the gas phase

Partial oxidations of CH₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈, and iso-C₄H₁₀ with O₂ were promoted by addition of NO in the gas phase. The addition of NO increased the conversion rate of alkanes and decreased the initiation temperatures for the reactions. Moreover, selectivities and yields to oxygenates, aldehydes, ketones and alcohols, were remarkably improved by the addition of NO. The maxima of one-pass yields of oxygenates were 7% for CH₄, 11% for C₂H₆, 13% for C₃H₈, and 29% for iso-C₄H₁₀. It is suggested that NO₂ produced from NO and O₂ is the initiator for the oxidation of light alkanes. Alkyl nitrite was proposed as the reaction intermediate for the formation of oxygenates. The alkyl nitrite decomposes into oxygenates and NO that works as catalyst for the activation of O₂ and the oxidation of alkanes.     

Selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxide by hydrocarbons over mordenite-type zeolite catalysts

The reduction of NO by hydrocarbons such as C₂H₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₆, and C₃H₈ has been investigated over mordenite-type zeolite catalysts including HM, CuHM, NZA (natural zeolite), and CuNZA prepared by an ion-exchange method in a continuous flow fixed-bed reactor. NO conversion over CuNZA catalyst reaches about 94% with 2000 ppm of C₃H₆ at 500°C. As reductants, alkenes seem to exhibit a higher performance for NO conversion than alkanes regardless of the catalysts. No deterioration of the catalytic activity due to carbonaceous deposits for CuNZA was observed above 400°C even after 30 h of on-stream time, but SO₂ in the feed gas stream causes a severe poisoning of the CuNZA catalyst. The effect of H₂O on NO conversion was significant regardless of the catalysts and the reductants employed in this study. However, CuNZA catalyst shows a unique water tolerance with C₃H₆. The reaction path of NO to N₂ is the most important factor for high performance of this catalytic system. NO is directly reduced by a reaction intermediate, C_n′H_m′(O) formed from hydrocarbon and O₂, N₂O is another reaction intermediate which can be easily removed by C_n′H_m′(O).     

Silicone/non-silicone grafted blend composite membranes for air/vapor separation

Four types of new silicon-based graft blended polymers were developed and drawn to thin film composite membranes on high flux microporous polyetherimide support. The membranes and a 1 μm PDMS membrane as a standard were tested for the flux of the gases N₂, O₂, Ar, CH₄, CO₂, CH₃Cl, C₂H₅Cl, C₂H₆, and n-C₄H₁₀ and the vapors methanol (MeOH), t-butyl methyl ether (MTBE), 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane (Cl₃Eth), 1, 1, 2-trichlorofluoroethane (Cl₃F₃Eth), and n-hexane (n-C₆H₁₄). Methanol/argon mixtures were used to check the validity of the calculated selectivities. The results show higher performance for the newly developed membranes.     

A preliminary report of the raman scattering study of LiKC4H4O6 H2O (LPT)

Preliminary results of Raman scattering study of LiKC₄H₄O₆ H₂O (LPT) at room temperature and 80 K are presented. Low-lying mode frequencies of LPT are quite similar to those of LiNR₄C₄H₄O₆ H₂O (LAT), though in the former the low-lying response found in the latter is not noticeable.     

Thermodynamic analysis of steam reforming of glycerol for hydrogen production at atmospheric pressure

Thermodynamic chemical equilibrium analysis of steam reforming of glycerol(SRG)for selective hydrogen production was performed based on the Gibbs free energy minimisation method.The ideal SRG reaction(C₃H₈O₃+3H₂O→3CO₂+7H₂)and a comprehensive set of side reactions during SRG are considered for the formation of a wide range of products.Specifically,this work focused on the analysis of formation of H₂,CO₂,CO and CH4 in the gas phase and determination of the carbon free region in SRG under the conditions at atmospheric pressure,600 K–1100 K and 1.013×10⁵–1.013×10⁶ Pa with the steam-to-glycerol feed ratios(SGFR)of 1:5–10.The reaction conditions which favoured SRG for H₂ production with minimum coke formation were identifies as:atmospheric pressure,temperatures of 900 K–1050 K and SGFR of 10:1.The influence of using the inert carrier gas(i.e.,N₂)in SRG was studied as well at atmospheric pressure.Although the presence of N₂ in the stream decreased the partial pressure of reactants,it was beneficial to improve the equilibrium yield of H₂.Under both conditions of SRG(with/without inert gas),the CH4 production is minimised,and carbon formation was thermodynamically unfavoured at steam rich conditions of SGFR>5:1.     

反应吸附强化C2/C3烃水蒸气重整制氢反应热力学计算

为拓宽反应吸附强化水蒸气重整制氢（ReSER）原料的应用范围,采用化工流程模拟软件Aspen Plus,针对包括C₂H₄、C₂H₆、C₃H₆、C₃H₈ 的C2/C3轻烃 ReSER制氢反应可行性和优化条件进行热力学分析计算。在选择的反应压力0.1～5 MPa,温度200～800℃,水碳摩尔比（S/C）1～8和吸附剂中氧化钙和原料碳摩尔比（Ca/C）0～5条件下进行热力学分析计算。计算结果表明：在优选的水碳比（S/C）4,钙碳比（Ca/C）2.5,温度200～650℃,压力0.1～1.8 MPa的条件下, C₂H₄、C₂H₆、C₃H₆、C₃H₈均可分别通过ReSER反应获得H₂含量在95%以上的产物,产物中H₂浓度均随着水碳比和钙碳比的增大而提高。在假设的水碳比4,钙碳比2.5条件下,当CO₂脱除率达到0.9以上,C₂H₄、C₂H₆、C₃H₆、C₃H₈的反应温度分别高于250、400、250、350℃时,产物中H₂摩尔分数均可达到95%以上,产物中的H₂浓度随着反应温度的升高和CO₂脱除率的增加而提高。当CO₂脱除率低于0.9,产物H₂摩尔分数要达到95%时,C₂H₄、C₂H₆、C₃H₆、C₃H₈的反应温度均需升高50℃。在相同长度C链的烃类中,烯烃比烷烃更容易发生ReSER反应。而原料的碳链越长,则越容易发生ReSER制氢反应。     

Reversed ethane/ethylene adsorption in a metal-organic framework via introduction of oxygen

Separation of ethane from ethylene is a very important but challenging process in the petrochemical industry. Finding an alternative method would reduce the energy needed to make 170 million tons of ethylene manufactured worldwide each year. Adsorptive separation using C₂H₆-selective porous materials to directly produce high-purity C₂H₄ is more energy-efficient. We herein report the “reversed C₂H₆/C₂H₄ adsorption” in a metal-organic framework Cr-BTC via the introduction of oxygen on its open metal sites. The oxidized Cr-BTC(O₂) can bind C₂H₆ over C₂H₄ through the active Cr-superoxo sites, which was elucidated by the gas sorption isotherms and density functional theory calculations. This material thus exhibits a good performance for the separation of 50/50 C₂H₆/C₂H₄ mixtures to produce 99.99% pure C₂H₄ in a single separation operation.     

Effects of selective reduction of nitric oxide on zeolite structure

The chemical changes that occurred in a Cu-ZSM-5 catalyst during the selective reduction of NO with i-C₄H₁₀ in the presence and absence of O₂ were catalogued. In the presence of excess O₂ complete conversion of the NO to N₂ and the hydrocarbon to CO₂ and H₂O occurred and the Cu²⁺ concentration estimated from the integrated intensity of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal was not significantly changed from its initial value. When the oxygen concentration was lowered below the point of stoichiometry, however, both of these conversions decreased modestly, but when O₂ was eliminated from the feed both conversions fell precipitously and the acid catalyzed decomposition products of isobutane appeared in the products instead of CO₂ and H₂O. These changes were accompanied by corresponding changes in the EPR data. Lowering the O₂ below the point of stoichiometry effected a loss of from 30% to 50% of the intensity of the Cu²⁺ signal. Eliminating O₂ reduced the signal by several orders of magnitude. Remarkably, these reduced catalysts could be restored to their initial oxidation states by adding excess O₂ into the feed stream, even when there was evidence that Cu⁰ was present. Dealumination accompanied selective reduction even in excess O₂, particularly above 623 K. This was probably caused by steaming of the catalyst by the H₂O produced in the reaction.     

On-stream modification of MFI zeolite membranes for enhancing hydrogen separation at high temperature

-Alumina-supported MFI zeolite membranes were modified by on-stream catalytic thermal cracking of methyldiethoxysilane (MDES) molecules inside the zeolitic channels during the separation of H₂/CO₂ gas mixture at 450 °C and atmospheric pressure. The MDES vapor was carried by the H₂/CO₂ feed gas and the effect of modification was monitored continuously through online analysis of the permeate stream. The modified membrane exhibited a significant increase in H₂ selectivity over CO₂ with a moderate decrease in H₂ permeance. At 450 °C, the modified MFI membrane obtained a H₂/CO₂ permselectivity of 17.5 with H₂ single gas permeance of 1.86 × 10⁻⁷ mol m⁻² s⁻¹ Pa⁻¹ as compared to a permselectivity of 2.78 and permeance of 2.75 × 10⁻⁷ mol m⁻² s⁻¹ Pa⁻¹ for the membrane before modification. The modified membrane also showed good performance and stability in separation of H₂/CO₂ gas mixture containing up to 28.4% water vapor at 450 °C and atmospheric pressure.