数字全息粒子图像测速技术(DHPIV)研究进展

全息粒子图像测速技术(DHPIV)是当前非常具有发展潜力的非定常三维流场测量技术,是一种具有点空间分辨力的三维空间三维速度场和时间历程的实验观测方法和技术. 本文介绍了该项技术(数字全息DH和粒子图像测速PIV)的发展背景和近20年来的研究进展,并介绍了已测得的非定常复杂流动的初步结果. 详细论述了DHPIV技术所面临的关键性问题和应用基础问题以及相应的进展:粒子空间场的重建与再现的空间分辨率问题、粒子定位或位移精度问题、信噪比和数字再现的光学与快速算法以及测量空间的扩展等问题.同时讨论了数字离轴全息等有关技术的潜力, 介绍了进一步的研究发展方向.      

用三步相移法测量温度场

提出了一种采用双参考光光路，并在再现阶段引入相移的方法来测量火焰温度场，克服了在记录阶段引入相移的不足，采用这种方法不仅可以测量准静态场，而且可以测量瞬态场。本文在计算温度时还采用了新的求解方法，守验表明这种方法提高了测量的速度和精度。     

脉冲激光全息技术用于锻压机床动刚度分析

本文介绍了双脉冲激光全息照相对机床结构特性的现场测量技术,并应用它成功地分析研究了压力机整机的动刚度。     

一种新的全场应变光学测量方法

采用光栅衍射、光学全息、显微图像分析等技术，本文提出了一种用于固体表面应变直接测量的新的光学方法，并把这一方法应用于铝合金试件的单轴拉伸试验。实验结果表明：该方法的应变测量灵敏度为８×１０－５。     

数字全息计量技术及其在微小位移测量中的应用

数字全息是用数字的方式记录和处理全息图像，避免了传统全息照相的化学处理，既简化了处理过程，更便于用数字图像处理的方式来改进图像质量和提取信息。数字全息干涉计量技术是一种全场、非接触的光学测量方法，该方法测量精度高，光路简单，对防振要求低，实验条件容易满足，特别适合微小物体的微小位移或变形的精确测量。本文运用数字全息干涉计量法测定了两端固支梁的微小离面位移；经实验验证数字全息计量术能精确测量物体0．01微米量级位移或变形；而且该方法可靠性好、成本低；是非接触的无损测量。数字全息计量技术的这些特点使得该技术在小物体的微小变形测量上具有特别的优越性，因而在MEMS结构及MEMS材料参数(如弹性模量、泊松比、热变形系数等)的测定中有广阔的应用前景。     

电子散斑干涉和Video全息干涉

本文综述了有关电子散斑干涉法(ESPI)和Vidco全息干涉技术的一些近期成果.主要包括:有机玻璃模型中主应力和的测量,二维气体温度场和轴对称气体温度场的测量,三维物体表面形状和三维位移场的测量.条纹图均用数字图象处理系统处理.文中介绍了各种测量光路和操作技术,分析了可能出现的误差,提供了部分实验结果.     

新型高倍显微镜云纹测量技术及其应用

本文介绍了两种新型的高倍显微镜云纹测量技术，即激光扫描共聚焦显微镜（LSCM）云纹法和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）云纹法。阐述了LSCM云纹和SEM云纹的形成及测量原理，同时对此两种云纹法加以对比，比较其各自的特点。此外，还对两种云纹法的应用进行探讨，针对测量物体表面变形和表征物体表面周期性结构特征这两类应用领域，分别以测量多晶铝合金板的残余变形和识别日本纹白蝶翅膀表面结构为例介绍LSCM云纹法的应用，以识别绿带翠凤蝶翅膀表面结构为例介绍了SEM云纹法的应用。实验结果证明了LSCM云纹法和SEM云纹法的可行性、灵活性及高灵敏度特性，均为高效、无损的全场测量技术，在微纳米尺度力学特性测量和表征方面有广泛的应用前景。     

散斑图像相关数字技术原理及应用

研究图像处理技术在散斑测量中的应用，提出了一种散斑图像相关数字技术，该方法引进了亚像素技术，采用重心算法计算特征斑的重心，避免了数字散斑相关法计算相关系数的繁复过程；应用位移和应变的有关公式，可以获得物体变形实验曲线，实验结果表明，该方法在工程实际现场、振动过程以及变形测量的自动化等方面有着广泛的应用潜力，从而为光测力学拓展应用领域、实现自动化测量展现了新的前景。     

激光反射全息干涉法现场测量残余应力的实验研究

本文根据激光反射干涉法的基本原理，采用钻盲孔释放残余应变的手段，提出一种新颖的残余应力激光全息现场测量的方法，推导出该光学测量方法３种计算公式．解决了激光全息干涉法不能进行现场实测的难题．     

用白光相对客观散斑技术实测海冰力学性质的初探

本文提出了一种改进的白光散技术，应用此技术测量了单轴压缩下海冰的弹性模量，实测结果与电测法的结果符合程度良好，本文方法操作简单，避免了海水的表面缺隐和浸反射条件差以及表面升华等因素对测量的影响。     

Calibration of the X-Ray Diffraction Technique for Stress Quantification in Metallic (Steel) Structures

The X-Ray Diffraction technique has been widely applied for decades in many industrial sectors for the quantification of residual stresses in metallic parts. The present paper describes the laboratory calibration of this technique with the aim of adapting it to the quantification of global stresses (non residual) in metallic structures, in service for civil engineering and building. A small structure specifically built for this research has been repeatedly loaded at laboratory. In each load level the global stresses in a bar of the structure have been quantified by means of X-Ray Diffraction technique. The experimental procedure allows one to discern the residual stresses and the structural (mechanical) stresses in service. The correlation between the stresses deduced experimentally and the applied stresses is excellent. As conclusion, it can be stated that the X-Ray Diffraction technique as a non-destructive technique, has been calibrated to be used for stress deduction in metallic elements in service.     

Finite element analysis of filling stage in die‐casting process using marker surface method and adaptive grid refinement technique

The marker surface method and the adaptive grid refinement technique have been applied to the three‐dimensional (3‐D) finite element analysis of the filling stage in the die‐casting process. Especially, the marker surface plugging technique and the marker surface regeneration technique incorporated in the marker surface method have been proposed for the efficient analysis of 3‐D practical problems. Through the marker surface plugging technique, new parts of marker surface are effective lycreated in order to eliminate the gaps between the parts of marker surface or between the edge of marker surface and cavity wall. By using the marker surface regeneration technique, the marker surface including a great number of marker elements is recreated on the basis of its original shape in order to decrease the number of marker elements and computational time. A3‐D example used as the benchmark test and a typical industrial problem of the die‐casting process have been analysed. The numerical results have been in good agreement with the experimental results and the efficiency of the adaptive grid refinement technique has been verified. It has been shown that the proposed techniques incorporated in the marker surface method and the adaptive grid refinement technique can be effectively applied to general industrial problems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact-tension compression test by using a split-Hopkinson bar

A new impact-tension-compression testing technique based on a one-dimensional elastic-stress-wave theory has been developed. The technique was applied to investigate dynamic response in pure iron. The experimental results of the loading wave agreed well with the theoretical prediction. The stress, strain, and strain rate of a specimen during impact were evaluated with the aid of a stress-wave analysis. A new experimental technique has been developed to investigate the dynamic-hysteresis loop and the dynamic Baushinger effect in materials. It is presently being developed for applications to dynamic-fatigue studies.     

An improved approximation technique to obtain numerical solution of a class of two-point boundary value similarity problems in fluid mechanics

A simple and efficient approximate numerical technique is presented to obtain solutions to a wide class of two-point boundary value similarity problems in fluid mechanics. This technique is based on the common finite difference method with central differencing, a tridiagonal matrix manipulation and an iterative procedure. The technique described in this paper has been successfully applied to three different representative similarity problems of fluid mechanics. Each one of these problems is described by a coupled, non-linear system of three ordinary differential equations and has already been solved elsewhere using a different numerical method. So, the obtained numerical results, by our efficient numerical technique, permit a comparative study and show the accuracy and the effectiveness of this technique.     

Dissipation estimates in turbulent flows using the zero-wire-length technique

Azad and Kassab (1989) presented a new technique for estimating dissipation in turbulent flows and they referred to the method as the zero-wire-length technique. The validity of the approach has been here checked experimentally for the flow in the far wake of a circular cylinder for which Browne et al. (1987) had obtained reasonable estimates of the dissipation. It has been found that the zero-wire-length technique provides no more than an estimate of the isotropic dissipation: the actual dissipation values cannot be estimated by this technique.     

Dynamic calibration technique for thermal shear-stress sensors with mean flow

This paper presents the development of a dynamic calibration technique for thermal shear-stress sensors using acoustic plane wave excitation. The technique permits the independent variation in the mean and fluctuating shear stresses. The theoretical development and the practical implementation of the technique are presented. The studied configuration has the capability to dynamically calibrate shear-stress sensors up to 20 kHz. An illustrative application of this technique to an uncompensated silicon micromachined thermal shear-stress sensor operated in constant current mode is discussed. Specifically, the sensor has been statically calibrated over a range of wall shear stress from 7 to 80 mPa. A dynamic calibration of the sensor over a range of 2–12 mPa has been performed up to 7 kHz.     

Projection-speckle digital-correlation method for surface-displacement measurement

A whole-field projection-speckle technique to measure out of plane displacements of initially flat structures has been presented. The method is based on digital correlation of images obtained from a TV camera. An improved digital-correlation function has been derived and described along with the analysis scheme. An instrumentation system based on a desktop computer has been set up to implement the method. Experimental results from simple static tests have been used to validate the technique.     

ARNOLDI REDUCTION ALGORITHM FOR LARGE SCALE GYROSCOPIC EIGENVALUE PROBLEM

Based on Arnoldi's method, a version of generalized Arnoldi algorithm has been devel-oped for the reduction of gyroscopic eigenvalue problems. By utilizing the skew symmetry of systemmatrix, a very simple recurrence scheme, named gyroscopic Arnoldi reduction algorithm has been ob-tained, which is even simpler than the Lanczos algorithm for symmetric eigenvalue problems. Thecomplex number computation is completely avoided. A restart technique is used to enable the reductionalgorithm to have iterative characteristics. It has been found that the restart technique is not only ef-fective for the convergence of multiple eigenvalues but it also furnishes the reduction algorithm with atechnique to check and compute missed eigenvalues. By combining it with the restart technique, the al-gorithm is made practical for large-scale gyroscopic eigenvalue problems. Numerical examples are giv-en to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method proposed.     

考虑附加结构的结构动力修改

本文分析了实际工程中可能出现的一些情况,提出了一种运用Rayleigh-Rjtz技术,结合模态综合方法的结构动力修改方案。文中采用相容位移函数代替结构主模态,并给出了相应的结构模态变换式和系统方程式。     

Micro-flow analysis by molecular tagging velocimetry and planar Raman-scattering

The two dimensional molecular tagging velocimetry (2D-MTV) has been used to measure velocity fields of the flow in a micro mixer. Instead of commonly used micro particles an optical tagging of the flow has been performed by using a caged dye. The pattern generation is done by imaging a mask for the first time. This allows to generate nearly any imaginable pattern. The flow induces a deformation of the optically written pattern that can be tracked by laser induced fluorescence. The series of raw images acquired in this way were analyzed quantitatively with a novel optical flow based technique. The reference measurements have been carried out allowing to draw conclusions about the accuracy of this procedure. A comparison to the standard technique of μPIV has also been conducted. Apart from measuring flow velocities in microfluidic mixing processes, the spatial distribution of concentration fields for different species has also been measured. To this end, a new technique has been developed that allows spatial measurements from Planar Spontaneous Raman Scattering (PSRS). The Raman stray light of the relevant species has been spectrally selected by a narrow bandpass filter and thus detected unaffectedly by the Raman stray light of other species. The successful operation of this measurement procedure in micro flows will be demonstrated exemplary for a mixing process of water and ethanol.