利用多角度POLDER偏振资料实现陆地上空大气气溶胶光学厚度和地表反照率的同时反演Ⅰ.理论与模拟

陆地上空标量辐射对地表反射率和大气气溶胶散射都具有很强的敏感性, 而偏振反射只对大气气溶胶敏感, 对地表不敏感.根据这个原理并结合POLDER (POLarization and Directionality of Earth Reflectance) 资料的特点, 作者提出综合利用标量辐射和偏振反射信息来实现陆地上空大气气溶胶和地表反照率的同时反演.首先, 利用多角度偏振辐射观测提取大气气溶胶光学参数, 再利用标量辐射测量对偏振反演结果作进一步筛选和订正, 同时获得地表反射率.数值模拟试验结果证明, 仅利用偏振信息只能获取大气气溶胶信息, 而且其结果误差较大, 特别是对于散射作用较强的短波长通道如670 nm误差更大, 但经过标量辐射订正后的结果得到明显改善, 气溶胶光学厚度和地表反射率与真实值之间相关系数都达到0.99以上.为提高查找表的计算效率, 提出并建立了反演方案所需要的半参数化数值表, 利用内插方法寻求气溶胶光学厚度和地表反射率的数值解的反演方法.     

利用多角度POLDER偏振资料实现陆地上空大气气溶胶光学厚度和地表反照率的同时反演 I. 理论与模拟

陆地上空标量辐射对地表反射率和大气气溶胶散射都具有很强的敏感性,而偏振反射只对大气气溶胶敏感,对地表不敏感。根据这个原理并结合POLDER(POLarization and Directionality of Earth Reflectance)资料的特点,作者提出综合利用标量辐射和偏振反射信息来实现陆地上空大气气溶胶和地表反照率的同时反演。首先,利用多角度偏振辐射观测提取大气气溶胶光学参数,再利用标量辐射测量对偏振反演结果作进一步筛选和订正,同时获得地表反射率。数值模拟试验结果证明,仅利用偏振信息只能获取大气气溶胶信息,而且其结果误差较大,特别是对于散射作用较强的短波长通道如670 nm误差更大,但经过标量辐射订正后的结果得到明显改善,气溶胶光学厚度和地表反射率与真实值之间相关系数都达到0.99以上。为提高查找表的计算效率,提出并建立了反演方案所需要的半参数化数值表,利用内插方法寻求气溶胶光学厚度和地表反射率的数值解的反演方法。     

长江三角洲地区大气气溶胶柱单次散射反照率特性研究

利用OMI卫星资料2006—2017年的483.5 nm波长的气溶胶柱单次散射反照率日均数据,分析了整层大气气溶胶单次散射反照率在长三角地区的时空分布特征,特别是其年际、月、季节变化特征.长江三角洲地区的大气气溶胶柱单次散射反照率越靠近海洋越大,而越靠近内陆越小.日均气溶胶柱单次散射反照率在0.881~0.971范围内变化,多年的平均值为0.939±0.024,最大分布概率出现在0.965~0.970区间,其值约为25％.长三角地区大气气溶胶柱单次散射反照率的年平均值集中于0.938~0.940之间,年际变化很小,变化值小于1％;月均柱单次散射反照率在6、8、9月有最大值,其值为0.968,而在2月有最小值,其值为0.915;季节平均单次散射反照率在夏季最大,其值为0.968,而在冬季最小,其值为0.919.     

对NOAA／AVHRR通道反照率和植被指数的大气影响订正试验

在利用大气窗区进行遥感时,大气成分对辐射的吸收和散射作用造成辐射消弱,从而影响气象卫星（AVHRR）两个通道（可见光和近红外）反演地表反照率值及其差和比的植被指数值。在选取实测卫星资料对其作预处理并考虑仪器定标衰减作用后,利用LOWTRAN－7大气辐射传输模式对卫星资料进行大气订正的探讨,指出气溶胶、水汽等大气参数是订正计算中的敏感因子。       

东亚地区云和地表反照率对硫酸盐直接辐射强迫的影响

文中利用区域气候模式深入探讨了东亚地区云及地表反照率对硫酸盐直接辐射强迫的影响 ,同时定量估算了东亚地区云区气溶胶的直接辐射强迫 ,讨论了硫酸盐对地表和大气短波辐射平衡产生的不同影响。研究表明 :云对气溶胶的直接辐射强迫具有很强的减弱作用 ,这种减弱作用不仅取决于云覆盖份数 ,而且取决于云的光学厚度。就区域平均而言 ,文中模拟的东亚地区气溶胶直接辐射强迫为 - 0 .0 97W /m2 ,占总直接辐射强迫的 10 .4%左右。表明云对硫酸盐直接辐射具有很强的减弱作用 ,在估算其总的直接辐射强迫时 ,云区的贡献不可忽视。较高的地表反照率会减弱硫酸盐的直接辐射强迫 ,而较低地表反照率则会增加硫酸盐的辐射强迫。硫酸盐气溶胶对大气辐射平衡影响非常小 ,但对地表辐射平衡产生重要影响 ,影响程度与大气几乎一致。     

大气对AVHRR通道反射太阳辐射各向异性的影响

在不同太阳天顶角及不同地表条件下,通过辐射传输计算,考察了大气对NOAA/AVHRR可见和近红外通道辐射强度各向异性转换系数的影响。结果表明,在地表为朗伯面的情况下,大气气溶胶有增强辐射强度的各向异性和改变辐射强度角分布型式的作用。     

从NOAA卫星AVHRR资料反演中国区域地表反照率

由NOAA卫星AVHRR短波通道1、2反射率反演地表反照率需要3个反演模式,分别是窄-宽波段反射率转换模式、大气顶双向反射模式、大气订正模式.基于模式和国家卫星气象中心接收处理的NOAA-18 AVHRR1B数据,处理了2006年1月至2010年12月的中国区域地表反照率,由于云的影响,15天合成技术用来形成周期为15天的地表反照率数据文件.2006年、2010年2年的处理结果与MODIS同类产品对比,RMS为0.028～0.074、相关系数为0.76～0.93,误差较大出现在冬季,原因是两者15天合成方法不同;5年的日平均地表反照率与21个中国地面气象一级辐射站的观测测值作对比,结果是：RMS为0.053、相关系数为0.88.反演模式系统误差以及云和气溶胶影响是卫星反演地表反照率的主要误差来源.     

宽带太阳漫射辐射法反演辐射加权平均的气溶胶一次散射反照率研究

引入了一个辐射加权平均的宽带气溶胶一次散射反照率(SSA)的定义,提出了一个从宽带的漫射信息反演该SSA的方法.数值模拟结果表明,在Junge气溶胶谱分布情形下,对气溶胶光学厚度、(A)ngstr(o)m 指数与气溶胶虚部的通常变化范围,应用该SSA所计算的2160组宽带太阳辐射反射率、漫射透过率、总透过率和吸收率的相对标准误差都在1.107%以内; 绝对标准差在0.00287以内.对非Junge的大陆性和都市工业污染气溶胶模式(由水溶性、沙尘和碳粒子组成),在72组反射率、漫射透过率、总透过率和吸收率计算中,相对标准差都在2.047%以内,绝对标准差在0.0075以内.在Junge气溶胶假设下,作者提出了一个综合应用宽带太阳直射和漫射信息同时反演气溶胶光学厚度与辐射加权平均SSA的方法,并通过模拟反演分析了SSA反演的3个主要误差因子.从反演结果可以看出:(1)如果(A)ngstr(o)m指数误差在±0.2以内,对0.55 μm气溶胶光学厚度大于0.312大陆性气溶胶,SSA误差在±0.0418以内;(2)波长无关的宽带地表反照率适用于SSA反演;(3)气溶胶光学厚度越大,辐射资料误差所引起的SSA解误差越小.当辐射误差在±2%以内以及0.55 μm气溶胶光学厚度大于0.312时,SSA解的误差在±0.0149以内; 辐射误差在±4%以内时,SSA解的误差在±0.0317以内.     

利用多角度POLDER偏振资料实现陆地上空大气气溶胶光学厚度和地表反照率的同时反演 II. 实例分析

由于陆地地表反照率的复杂性,陆地上空气溶胶的反演一直是卫星对地观测的一个难点,针对这个难点,作者提出联合利用偏振反射率和总反射率提取陆地上空大气气溶胶光学厚度和地表反照率及其区域分布的反演方案,提出了利用NCEP资料订正由海拔高度引起的Rayleigh散射变化的具体方法,并利用POLDER（POLarization and Directionality of Earth's Reflectance）的LEVEL-1B资料进行实际反演计算,给出中国华北地区气溶胶光学厚度和地表反照率的区域分布。反演结果与地基观测进行了对比验证分析,结果表明,综合利用标量辐射和偏振信息的可以实现区域乃至全球尺度的大气气溶胶和地表反照率的定量反演。     

云层与气溶胶对大气吸收太阳辐射的影响

云通过辐射过程对地气系统的能量平衡起着特别显著的调节作用 ,是影响天气、气候以及全球变化的重要因子。近年来 ,有云大气对太阳短波辐射的“异常吸收”又成为云—辐射研究中的一个争论热点。有云大气的短波吸收受到多种因素的影响 ,关于这方面的研究还不够充分。本文通过计算 ,从理论上探讨了若干因素的组合对大气吸收的综合影响。在计算中 ,同时考虑了不同太阳辐射波段、不同太阳入射天顶角、不同云顶高度以及不同下垫面的影响 ,并考虑了包含大气分子、气溶胶和云滴的吸收与散射 ,以及在近红外波段大气自身的热辐射等过程 ,阐明了云与气溶胶在不同波段对大气吸收太阳辐射的影响。     

2009年石家庄地区不同天气条件下大气气溶胶分布特征

利用2009年石家庄地区的4次机载PMS探测资料,对不同天气条件下大气气溶胶的数浓度、平均直径垂直分布和谱分布及一次晴天条件下的水平分布进行分析。结果表明：PCASP 探头探测的0.1-3.0 μm气溶胶粒子最大数浓度的量级为102-104 cm-3之间,平均值量级为102-103 cm-3之间,平均直径最大值介于0.225-0.717 μm,平均值介于0.148-0.167 μm。晴天条件下,气溶胶的数浓度随高度递减,直径随高度变化不大;逆温层底气溶胶明显积累,气溶胶浓度在大气边界层内明显高于其他层次;阴天轻雾情况下边界层内的气溶胶数浓度大于雨天和晴天,雨天气溶胶浓度最低;晴天气溶胶数浓度的水平分布不均匀;在云中气溶胶浓度明显下降,在云外气溶胶浓度较高。不同天气条件和晴天不同高度情况下,石家庄地区气溶胶谱型呈单峰分布,小于0.3 μm的细粒子对气溶胶的数浓度贡献最大,且随着高度的增加谱宽变窄。     

Calculation of solar albedo and radiation equilibrium over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and analysis of their climatic features

1.IntroductionTopreciselyestimatethevaluesofalbedosatsurfaceandatmospherictop.surfacetotalradiationandearth--atmosphereoutgoinglongwaveradiationiscrucialtocalculatingradiationbalanceatsurfaceandatmospherictopandexploringoftheeffectoftheQXPatmosphericheatsourcesonatmosphericcirculations.Using1958--1960observationsofsurfacetotalradiation,albedoandsurfacemeteorologicalobservationsoverChina.ChenandGongetal.(1964.1965)investigated,throughanatmosphericradiationcalculationscheme.thedistributionchar…     

大气气溶胶尺度分布分形特征研究

气溶胶作为大气环境中的重要组成部分,具有复杂的尺度分布结构。为研究其尺度分布特征,采用分形理论首先论述了常用的气溶胶谱分布函数具有分形不变性,然后在分形理论的指导下分别建立了气溶胶粒子和体积分形统计模型,而且以AERONET相关数据验证了分形模型的有效性和实用性,并采用分段分形的方法改进了气溶胶体积分形模型。最后分析研究了分维数的实用意义和分布情况,讨论了气溶胶分维数变化和粒度分布的关系。结果表明：气溶胶粒子数和体积分维数之间存在线性关系,上半年的大气溶胶粒子数分维数的变化幅度明显小于下半年的变化幅度;研究区域大气气溶胶中细粒子分布比较密集,大粒子分布比较分散。分形理论为研究大气气溶胶的尺度分布特征提供了新的方法与手段,具有广阔的研究与应用前景。     

Isolating and identifying atmospheric ice-nucleating aerosols: a new technique

Laboratory studies examined two key aspects of the performance of a continuous-flow diffusion chamber (CFD) instrument that detects ice nuclei (IN) concentrations in air samples: separating IN from non-IN, and collecting IN aerosols to determine chemical composition. In the first study, submicron AgI IN particles were mixed in a sample stream with submicron non-IN salt particles, and the sample stream was processed in the CFD at −19°C and 23% supersaturation with respect to ice. Examination of the residual particles from crystals nucleated in the CFD confirmed that only AgI particles served as IN in the mixed stream. The second study applied this technique to separate and analyze IN and non-IN particles in a natural air sample. Energy-dispersive X-ray analyses (EDS) of the elemental composition of selected particles from the IN and non-IN fractions in ambient air showed chemical differences: Si and Ca were present in both, but S, Fe and K were also detected in the non-IN fraction.     

对流层气溶胶和云的大气辐射加热特征

本文利用建立的辐射模式研究了在一般天气和沙尘暴天气条件下,有云气溶胶大气的辐射加热特征。结果表明:在不同的天气条件下,云和气溶胶对大气的辐射加热的影响是不同的,它依赖于云的状况(云高、云厚和云内含水量)以及气溶胶浓度的大小、气溶胶的垂直分布和气溶胶的光学性质。     

Correlation of atmospheric visibility with chemical composition of Kaohsiung aerosols

The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation of visibility with chemical composition of Kaohsiung aerosols. Daytime visibility was observed around noon at two observation sites in metropolitan Kaohsiung, Taiwan in the years of 1999 and 2000. Both seasonal and diurnal variation patterns of visibility were observed in the region. Ambient aerosols were sampled and analyzed for 11 constituents, including water-soluble ionic species (Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄⁻², NH₄⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca⁺², and Mg⁺²) and carbonaceous contents (OC, EC, and TC), to characterize the chemical composition of Kaohsiung aerosols. Furthermore, a stepwise multiple linear regression model was developed to elucidate the influence of aerosol species on visibility impairments. The results showed that sulfate was the dominant species that affected both light scattering coefficient and visibility. On average, the percentage contributions of visibility degrading species to light scattering coefficient were 29% for sulfate, 28% for nitrate, 22% for total carbon, and 21% for PM_2.5-remainder. An empirical regression model of visibility based on sulfate, nitrate, and relative humidity was also developed. The model showed that sulfate in PM_2.5 was the most sensitive species to visibility variation, suggesting that the reduction of sulfate in PM_2.5 could effectively improve the visibility of metropolitan Kaohsiung. During the investigation period, an event of Asian dusts intruded metropolitan Kaohsiung and dramatically increased the aerosol loadings, especially in the coarse particles. However, local visual air quality did not degrade accordingly during the Asian dust event because both visibility and light scattering coefficient are affected mainly by the fine particles. The results are discussed in detail in the paper.     

青藏高原GLASS地表反照率产品精度分析

应用2003年青藏高原3个站点的地表反照率观测结果,对比分析了GLASS(Global LAnd Surface Satellites)地表反照率1 km×1 km分辨率产品的精度,结果表明,GLASS黑空反照率、白空反照率与地表反照率地面观测结果的总体变化趋势基本一致,能够有效地反映实际地表状态的变化;局地积雪和云覆盖对GLASS地表反照率产品的精度影响较大,云覆盖导致GLASS地表反照率可能比实际地表反照率高;消除云覆盖和局地积雪的影响后,GLASS黑空反照率、白空反照率与地表反照率地面观测结果的均方根误差显著降低,分别为0.0155和0.0190。     

Effect of surface albedo, water vapour, and atmospheric aerosols on the cloud-free shortwave radiative budget in the Arctic

This study is based on ground-based measurements of downward surface shortwave irradiance (SW), columnar water vapour (wv), and aerosol optical depth (τ) obtained at Thule Air Base (Greenland) in 2007–2010, together with MODIS observations of the surface shortwave albedo (A). Radiative transfer model calculations are used in combination with measurements to separate the radiative effect of A (ΔSW_A), wv (ΔSW_wv), and aerosols (ΔSW_τ) in modulating SW in cloud-free conditions. The shortwave radiation at the surface is mainly affected by water vapour absorption, which produces a reduction of SW as low as ?100 Wm^?2 (?18%). The seasonal change of A produces an increase of SW by up to +25 Wm^?2 (+4.5%). The annual mean radiative effect is estimated to be ?(21–22) Wm^?2 for wv, and +(2–3) Wm^?2 for A. An increase by +0.065 cm in the annual mean wv, to which corresponds an absolute increase in ΔSW_wv by 0.93 Wm^?2 (4.3%), has been observed to occur between 2007 and 2010. In the same period, the annual mean A has decreased by ?0.027, with a corresponding decrease in ΔSW_A by 0.41 Wm^?2 (?14.9%). Atmospheric aerosols produce a reduction of SW as low as ?32 Wm^?2 (?6.7%). The instantaneous aerosol radiative forcing (RF_τ) reaches values of ?28 Wm^?2 and shows a strong dependency on surface albedo. The derived radiative forcing efficiency (FE_τ) for solar zenith angles between 55° and 70° is estimated to be (?120.6 ± 4.3) for 0.1 < A < 0.2, and (?41.2 ± 1.6) Wm^?2 for 0.5 < A < 0.6.     

Polar amplification in a coupled climate model with locked albedo

In recent years, a substantial reduction of the sea ice in the Arctic has been observed. At the same time, the near-surface air in this region is warming at a rate almost twice as large as the global average—this phenomenon is known as the Arctic amplification. The role of the ice-albedo feedback for the Arctic amplification is still a matter of debate. Here the effect of the surface-albedo feedback (SAF) was studied using a coupled climate model CCSM3 from the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Experiments, where the SAF was suppressed by locking the surface albedo in the entire coupled model system, were conducted. The results reveal polar temperature amplification when this model, with suppressed albedo, is forced by a doubling of the atmospheric CO₂ content. Comparisons with variable albedo experiments show that SAF amplifies the surface-temperature response in the Arctic area by about 33%, whereas the corresponding value for the global-mean surface temperature is about 15%. Even though SAF is an important process underlying excessive warming at high latitudes, the Arctic amplification is only 15% larger in the variable than in the locked-albedo experiments. It is found that an increase of water vapour and total cloud cover lead to a greenhouse effect, which is larger in the Arctic than at lower latitudes. This is expected to explain a part of the Arctic surface–air-temperature amplification.