抑癌蛋白PTEN及PDZ蛋白对其的调节

pten基因是迄今为止发现的第1个具有双特异性磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因,该基因的编码产物PTEN蛋白,是具有蛋白与脂质磷酸酯酶活性的双特异性磷酸酯酶,作为1种重要的信号分子参与细胞增殖、分化、黏附、迁移、凋亡以及基因转录的调控. 最近,关于PTEN在信号转导中的作用以及细胞内PTEN的调节机制研究较多,尤其是PDZ蛋白对PTEN的调节作用. PTEN蛋白包括1个氨基端（N端）磷酸酯酶区域,1个与脂质结合的C2区域和1个含有PDZ结合序列的羧基端（C端）区域. PDZ结构域通过识别目标蛋白羧基端PDZ结合序列与目标蛋白相互作用,调控多种重要的细胞生理过程和信号传导途径.本文就抑癌基因pten编码产物PTEN蛋白的结构、PTEN的生物学功能和PDZ蛋白对PTEN调节的研究进展进行综述.     

抑癌基因PTEN在胰腺癌组织中的表达及其意义

目的研究胰腺癌组织中PTEN蛋白及PTEN mRNA的表达及其临床病理意义.方法常规石蜡包埋切片SABC免疫组化法和原位杂交技术检测26例胰腺癌、12例癌旁组织及8例正常胰腺组织中PTEN蛋白和PTEN mRNA表达情况,同时结合病人的临床病理资料进行分析.结果 26例胰腺癌、12例癌旁组织及8例正常胰腺组织中,正常胰腺组织及癌旁组织PTEN蛋白阳性16例(75%),阳性物质位于胰腺腺细胞及胰岛细胞的胞质中,胰腺癌PTEN蛋白阳性10例,PTEN蛋白表达于癌细胞胞质,阳性率(38.4%)与正常组织存在显著差异(P<0.01).淋巴结未转移病例PTEN阳性率与淋巴结转移病例的阳性表达率无显著差异(P>0.05).PTEN mRNA表达结果与PTEN蛋白基本一致,胰腺癌PTEN mRNA阳性12例,阳性率(46.2%).结论 PTEN表达与胰腺癌临床病理特征和生物学行为存在密切关系.可能与胰腺癌的发生、发展及预后有关.     

PTEN蛋白表达与前列腺癌病理分期的关系

目的：探讨PTEN蛋白在前列腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法：应用免疫组织化学S-P方法,检测前列腺癌及良性前列腺增生组织中PTEN蛋白的表达。结果：PTEN蛋白表达阳性随肿瘤细胞病理分级、临床分期的增高,PTEN蛋白阳性表达率降低。结论：PTEN蛋白异常表达在前列腺癌的进展中有重要作用,检测PTEN蛋白的表达有助于判断病情及预后。     

PTEN蛋白表达与前列腺癌病理分期的关系

目的:探讨PTEN蛋白在前列腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法:应用免疫组织化学S-P方法,检测前列腺癌及良性前列腺增生组织中PTEN蛋白的表达。结果:PTEN蛋白表达阳性随肿瘤细胞病理分级、临床分期的增高,PTEN蛋白阳性表达率降低。结论:PTEN蛋白异常表达在前列腺癌的进展中有重要作用,检测PTEN蛋白的表达有助于判断病情及预后。     

人肺癌细胞抑癌基因PTEN的表达与失巢凋亡的关系

应用Northern印迹、Western印迹和DNA梯形片段方法 ,研究 8株不同细胞类型的人肺癌细胞中抑癌基因PTEN的表达与失巢凋亡 (anoikis)的关系 ,并分析在此过程中蛋白激酶B(proteinkinaseB ,PKB)和粘着斑激酶(focaladhesionkinase ,FAK)的作用。发现 8株人肺癌细胞PTEN均有mRNA表达 ,且mRNA水平比较接近。但PTEN的蛋白质水平不一致 ,其中 95C、95D和A1株的PTEN蛋白未检测到 ;A549、A4、A7和L1株的PTEN蛋白有表达 ,但较低 ;而H460 株的PTEN表达较强。PTEN缺失的 95D和高表达的H460 细胞株中PTENcDNA序列分析均未发生片断缺失或点突变。RNA稳定性分析表明 ,95DmRNA稳定性较H460 明显下降。在无血清且去粘附培养条件下 ,高表达PTEN的细胞株H460 可被诱导发生失巢凋亡现象 ,在 10 %血清培养条件下可保护其免于失巢凋亡 ,而PTEN缺失的 95D等和其他PTEN低表达的细胞株却没有发生诱导失巢凋亡现象。进一步研究发现PTEN表达可降低PKB的磷酸化 ,下调FAK蛋白质的表达。结果提示各种人肺癌细胞株中PTEN蛋白表达存在显著差异。PTEN参与了失巢凋亡的发生。     

结肠癌原发灶及肝转移灶中PTEN蛋白的表达研究

目的检测结肠癌原发灶及淋巴结、肝转移灶中PTEN蛋白的表达情况及其作用。方法应用免疫组化方法和WesternBlot方法对38例结肠癌原发灶和淋巴结、肝转移灶中PTEN蛋白的表达情况进行检测。结果PTEN蛋白质原发灶中高表达,在淋巴结转移灶中表达降低,肝转移灶中不表达或表达极低。结论PTEN蛋白表达降低有助于结肠癌的转移,PTEN可望成为结肠癌预后指标和分子治疗的靶标。     

BRCA1、PTEN、Rb、C-myc和C-myb在乳腺癌中的异常表达及临床意义探讨

目的 探讨BRCA1、PTEN、Rb、C-myc、C-myb蛋白异常表达在乳腺癌发生、发展中的作用及其临床意义.方法应用免疫组织化学S-P法检测150例乳腺癌、20例不典型增生和30例良性增生性病变组织中BRCA1、PTEN、Rb、C-myc、C-myb蛋白的表达;结合临床病理指标进行分析.结果 乳腺癌组织和不典型增生组织中 BRCA1、PTEN、Rb、C-myc、C-myb蛋白表达与良性增生性病变组织中表达均具有显著性差异(P<0.05).BRCA1蛋白失表达率随乳腺癌组织学分级的增高而增高,在年龄<50岁和ER(雌激素受体)阴性时BRCA1蛋白失表达率增高.PTEN蛋白的失表达与淋巴结转移、ER失表达有关(P<0.05).Rb蛋白在乳腺癌Ⅲ级中失表达率较高,但无统计学差异(P＞0.05).C-myc蛋白的过表达与组织学分级、淋巴结转移及病理类型有关(P<0.05).C-myb蛋白的过表达与乳腺癌组织学分级有关(P<0.05).结论 BRCA1、PTEN、Rb、C-myc、C-myb蛋白异常表达均在乳腺癌的发生过程中起作用;PTEN、C-myc、C-myb 蛋白的异常表达参与了乳腺癌的浸润和转移.     

PTEN基因突变及蛋白表达与胃印戒细胞癌的相关性研究

目的:探讨胃印戒细胞癌组织中PTEN基因突变及其蛋白表达异常与胃印戒细胞癌发生、发展和临床病理特征的相关性.方法:采用聚合酶链反应-单链构象多态性(PCR-SSCP)分析法检测36例胃印戒细胞癌组织和36例正常胃组织中PTEN基因突变情况,同时应用链霉菌抗生物蛋白一过氧化酶(S-P)免疫组化方法检测PTEN蛋白的表达并结合临床病理资料进行分析.结果胃印戒细胞癌组织PTEN的表达36.1%,明显低于正常组织94.4%,二者具有显著性差异(P<0.01);PTEN表达与性别和年龄无相关性(P>0.05).与浸润深度、淋巴结转移有相关性(P<0.05);36例胃印戒细胞癌组织中PTEN外显子5突变3例(8.33%),突变位点相对较集中,显示其突变热点主要位于161、162号密码子.结论:PTEN在胃印戒细胞癌组织中表达降低,与其浸润深度、淋巴结转移密切相关.胃印戒细胞癌中PTEN基因突变是其蛋白表达缺失原因之一.     

人抑癌基因PTEN的原核表达载体的构建及融合表达

为研究抑癌因子PTEN蛋白的抑癌机理,掏建了PTEN cDNA的原核表达载体并进行融合表达。将含有PTEN cDNA的质粒pMD-PTEN经EcoR Ⅰ和Sal Ⅰ双酶切,回收PTEN基因片段与经相同酶切的高效原核表达载体pET-44a连接,经序列测定,证实融合型表达载体pET-Nus-PTEN构建成功。转化表达宿主BL21(DE3)后,IPTG诱导表达。经12％SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳,获得118kD的特异蛋白条带。目的蛋白占细菌总蛋白的17％。结果表明：PTEN基因和Nus基因融合表达成功,获得可溶性Nus-PTEN蛋白。该研究为PTEN蛋白的抑癌机理和基因工程药物的研究打下了基础,这是国内PTEN蛋白在原核细胞中成功表达的首次报道。     

乳腺癌组织抑癌基因PTEN的表达及其意义

目的探讨PTEN基因在人乳腺癌组织的表达及其与临床病理参数的关系.方法采用免疫组织化学法和原位杂交法,对70例乳腺癌组织PTEN基因mRNA和蛋白表达进行分析.结果 15例乳腺良性肿瘤均见PTENmRNA和蛋白表达,其阳性率为(100.0% 15/15);70例乳腺癌组织中PTENmRNA和蛋白表达明显降低,阳性率分别为51.4%(36/70)和47.1%(33/70),与对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01);PTEN基因表达下调与乳腺癌的组织学分级,TNM分期和腋淋巴结转移有关,而与肿瘤的大小和ER、PR状况无关.乳腺癌PTEN mRNA表达检测结果与PTEN蛋白相似.结论乳腺癌中存在PTEN基因表达异常,PTEN表达下调与乳腺癌的进展、转移关系密切.     

PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3)-dependent and -independent roles for PTEN in the control of cell migration

BACKGROUND: Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mediates many of its effects on proliferation, growth, survival, and migration through its PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) lipid phosphatase activity, suppressing phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent signaling pathways. PTEN also possesses a protein phosphatase activity, the role of which is less well characterized. RESULTS: We have investigated the role of PTEN in the control of cell migration of mesoderm cells ingressing through the primitive streak in the chick embryo. Overexpression of PTEN strongly inhibits the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of mesoderm cells ingressing through the anterior and middle primitive streak, but it does not affect EMT of cells located in the posterior streak. The inhibitory activity on EMT is completely dependent on targeting PTEN through its C-terminal PDZ binding site, but can be achieved by a PTEN mutant (PTEN G129E) with only protein phosphatase activity. Expression either of PTEN lacking the PDZ binding site or of the PTEN C2 domain, or inhibition of PI3K through specific inhibitors, does not inhibit EMT, but results in a loss of both cell polarity and directional migration of mesoderm cells. The PTEN-related protein TPTE, which normally lacks any detectable lipid and protein phosphatase activity, can be reactivated through mutation, and only this reactivated mutant leads to nondirectional migration of these cells in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: PTEN modulates cell migration of mesoderm cells in the chick embryo through at least two distinct mechanisms: controlling EMT, which involves its protein phosphatase activity; and controlling the directional motility of mesoderm cells, through its lipid phosphatase activity.     

PTEN蛋白磷酸酶活性的作用

PTEN是一个具有磷酸酶活性的肿瘤抑制基因,是编码具有脂质磷酸酶活性和蛋白磷酸酶活性的双重特异性磷酸酶,其缺失或功能异常与人类恶性肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。PTEN的脂质磷酸酶活性和蛋白磷酸酶活性在调控肿瘤细胞的生物学行为、维持细胞正常的生理活动中均发挥了重要作用。但二者的作用重点及机制仍有不同,其蛋白磷酸酶活性主要侧重于调控细胞的黏附迁移及侵袭。为更好地认识PTEN蛋白磷酸酶活性的作用,该文对PTEN蛋白磷酸酶活性的作用及其机制作一简要综述。     

Cell cycle arrest by the PTEN tumor suppressor is target cell specific and may require protein phosphatase activity

PTEN, a tumor suppressor commonly targeted in human cancer, possesses phosphatase activities toward both protein and lipid substrates. While PTEN suppresses gliomas through cell cycle inhibition which requires its lipid phosphatase activity, PTEN's effects on other tumor types and the role of its protein phosphatase activity are controversial or unknown. Here we show that exogenous wild-type PTEN arrests some, but not all human breast cancer cell lines in G1, in a manner independent of endogenous PTEN. Unexpectedly, the G129E mutant of PTEN selectively deficient in the lipid phosphatase activity still blocked the cell cycle of MCF-7 cells, while the G129R and H123Y mutants lacking both phosphatase activities were ineffective. These results suggest that PTEN's protein phosphatase activity likely contributes to its tumor suppressor function in subsets of tumors and that elucidation of downstream targets which dictate cellular responses to PTEN may have important implications for future cancer treatment strategies.     

Functional analysis of the protein phosphatase activity of PTEN

In vitro, the tumour suppressor PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) displays intrinsic phosphatase activity towards both protein and lipid substrates. In vivo, the lipid phosphatase activity of PTEN, through which it dephosphorylates the 3 position in the inositol sugar of phosphatidylinositol derivatives, is important for its tumour suppressor function; however, the significance of its protein phosphatase activity remains unclear. Using two-photon laser-scanning microscopy and biolistic gene delivery of GFP (green fluorescent protein)-tagged constructs into organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, we have developed an assay of PTEN function in living tissue. Using this bioassay, we have demonstrated that overexpression of wild-type PTEN led to a decrease in spine density in neurons. Furthermore, it was the protein phosphatase activity, but not the lipid phosphatase activity, of PTEN that was essential for this effect. The ability of PTEN to decrease neuronal spine density depended upon the phosphorylation status of serine and threonine residues in its C-terminal segment and the integrity of the C-terminal PDZ-binding motif. The present study reveals a new aspect of the function of this important tumour suppressor and suggest that, in addition to dephosphorylating the 3 position in phosphatidylinositol phospholipids, the critical protein substrate of PTEN may be PTEN itself.     

Proteome profile changes that are differentially regulated by lipid and protein phosphatase activities of tumor suppressor PTEN in PTEN-expressing U-87 MG human glioblastoma cells

The phosphatase and tensin homolog tumor suppressor (PTEN) belongs to a class of "gatekeeper" tumor suppressors together with p53, retinoblastoma and adenomatous polyposis. It is considered one of the most important tumor suppressors in the post p53 era. Previously to identify the molecules involved in the signaling network regulated by PTEN using proteomic tools, we reported global proteome profiles at different time points using the PTEN inducible NIH3T3 cells (Kim, S.-y., Kim, Y. S., Bahk, Y. Y., Mol. Cells 2003, 15, 396-405). However, the system had a critical limitation that NIH3T3 cell has endogenous wild-type PTEN and, thus to be exact, the induced PTEN could not give the answer about the real physiological roles of this tumor suppressor. Here, to find out PTEN-related protein network we have established various PTEN (wild-type, an activity inert C124G, and a lipid phosphatase deficient G129E)-expressing cell clones in U-87 MG human glioblastoma cells lacking detectable PTEN as a result of genetic lesions. In this biological context, we compared their morphological and expression patterns, and proteome images of each PTEN-expressing cell clone by 2-DE followed by identification with MALDI-TOF MS. We obtained some pieces of evidence that morphological change by PTEN expression is mediated by its protein phosphatase activity and their growth rate by the lipid phosphatase activity. The proteomic approaches showed that 30 proteins possibly correlated with PTEN's protein phosphatase activity (13 down-regulated and 17 up-regulated) and 20 with the lipid phosphatase activity (14 down-regulated and 6 up-regulated) were identified. Taken together, we conclude that the comparative analysis of proteome from various PTEN-expressing cells has yielded interpretable data to elucidate the protein network directly and/or indirectly caused by individual phosphatase activities of PTEN in vivo.     

The tumor suppressor PTEN regulates T cell survival and antigen receptor signaling by acting as a phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphatase

The tumor suppressor gene PTEN encodes a 55-kDa enzyme that hydrolyzes both protein phosphotyrosyl and 3-phosphorylated inositol phospholipids in vitro. We have found that the latter activity is physiologically relevant in intact T cells. Expression of active PTEN lead to a 50% loss of transfected cells due to increased apoptosis, which was completely prevented by coexpression of a constitutively active, membrane-bound form of protein kinase B. A mutant of PTEN selectively lacking lipid phosphatase activity, but retaining protein phosphatase activity, had no effects on cell number. Active (but not mutant) PTEN also decreased TCR-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK2 (extracellular signal-related kinase 2), as seen after inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Our data indicate that PTEN is a phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphatase in T cells, and we suggest that PTEN may play a role in the regulation of T cell survival and TCR signaling by directly opposing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.     

RFP-mediated ubiquitination of PTEN modulates its effect on AKT activation

The PTEN tumor suppressor is a lipid phosphatase that has a central role in regulating the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signal transduction cascade. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which the PTEN activity is regulated in cells needs further elucidation. Although previous studies have shown that ubiquitination of PTEN can modulate its stability and subcellular localization, the role of ubiquitination in the most critical aspect of PTEN function, its phosphatase activity, has not been fully addressed. Here, we identify a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase of PTEN, Ret finger protein (RFP), that is able to promote atypical polyubiquitinations of PTEN. These ubiquitinations do not lead to PTEN instability or relocalization, but rather significantly inhibit PTEN phosphatase activity and therefore modulate its ability to regulate the PI3K signal transduction cascade. Indeed, RFP overexpression relieves PTEN-mediated inhibitory effects on AKT activation; in contrast, RNAi-mediated knockdown of endogenous RFP enhances the ability of PTEN to suppress AKT activation. Moreover, RFP-mediated ubiquitination of PTEN inhibits PTEN-dependent activation of TRAIL expression and also suppresses its ability to induce apoptosis. Our findings demonstrate a crucial role of RFP-mediated ubiquitination in controlling PTEN activity.     

PTEN Increases Autophagy and Inhibits the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway in Glioma Cells Independently of its Lipid Phosphatase Activity

Two major mechanisms of intracellular protein degradation, autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, operate in mammalian cells. PTEN, which is frequently mutated in glioblastomas, is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes a dual specificity phosphatase that antagonizes the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase class I/AKT/mTOR pathway, which is a key regulator of autophagy. Here, we investigated in U87MG human glioma cells the role of PTEN in the regulation of autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, because both are functionally linked and are relevant in cancer progression. Since U87MG glioma cells lack a functional PTEN, we used stable clones that express, under the control of a tetracycline-inducible system (Tet-on), wild-type PTEN and two of its mutants, G129E-PTEN and C124S-PTEN, which, respectively, lack the lipid phosphatase activity only and both the lipid and the protein phosphatase activities of this protein. Expression of PTEN in U87MG glioma cells decreased proteasome activity and also reduced protein ubiquitination. On the contrary, expression of PTEN increased the autophagic flux and the lysosomal mass. Interestingly, and although PTEN negatively regulates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase class I/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by its lipid phosphatase activity, both effects in U87MG cells were independent of this activity. These results suggest a new mTOR-independent signaling pathway by which PTEN can regulate in opposite directions the main mechanisms of intracellular protein degradation.