Chronology of the shell bar section and a discussion on the ages of the Late Pleistocene lacustrine deposits in the paleolake Qarhan, Qaidam basin

Shell bar, composed of abundant fossil shells of Corbicula fluminea müller and Corbicula largillierti philippi and located at the southeastern end (36°30′N, 96°12′E) of the paleolake Quarhan, is one of the most prominent features in the Qaidam basin. It is the highest site where such species of fossil shells have been found in the Late Pleistocene age. A 2.6-m-thick fresh profile was manually excavated to determine the formation ages and the scope of the high paleolake levels. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), conventional radiocarbon dating, and sector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy ²³⁰Th methods were used to investigate the reliability and accuracy of dating results in different laboratories. Ages of various components (e.g. acid residual and acid soluble fraction of the organic matter) from the same sample were determined. Age differences of a variety of materials (e.g. organic matter, fossil shells, and salt crystals), and age differences at the same sampling position were evaluated. Dating shows that the AMS ages given by alkali residue and acid soluble fractions vary greatly, e.g., from 124.5 cm upwards. The dates given by the acid soluble fraction were normal. Down the column, the dates show a reverse pattern and those of alkali residues, especially the lower part of the section, show an unstable pattern. These imply that organic matter had been influenced by two separate processes. One possible explanation is that the alkali residual fraction most likely had been contaminated by dead carbon-bearing reworked material because the study section is located near the edge of the paleolake and could have been easily influenced by old eroded deposits. Another is that the acid soluble fraction could have been contaminated by upward-flowing groundwater containing soluble organic matter. The amount of this soluble organic material should be very small because the strongest age reversal is in the lower part, where the TOC content remains low, meaning that the change of soluble organic fraction alters neither TOC content nor the δ ¹³C dramatically. It is concluded that a uniform mega-paleolake developed in the Qaidam basin in the northeastern Tibetan plateau between 39.7 and 17.5 ¹⁴C kaB.P. During the period when the high paleolake level of Qarhan was formed, the huge paleolake covered a vast area with dramatic lake level fluctuations. It is found that the ages determined may be influenced by either radioactive ¹⁴C variations of repeated deposition or content variations in the atmosphere. The ages given by fossil shells are 15–18 ka older than those given by organic matter. The large differences between the ages of fossil shells and organic matter might have resulted from the large water areas and huge water volume and the special location of the high-elevation Qaidam basin. This study also shows the reliability and accuracy of the ²³⁰Th dating method on the salt crystals but further study is needed to determine whether this method could be applied to the study area. __________ Translated from Quaternary Sciences, 2007, 27(4): 511–521 [译自: 第四纪研究]     

柴达木盆地察尔汗古湖贝壳堤剖面沉积地球化学与环境变化

通过对柴达木盆地察尔汗古湖贝壳堤剖面沉积物中总有机碳、有机质碳同位素及碳酸盐含量、碳氧同位素的分析, 并结合粒度数据, 将研究剖面所记录的古湖泊环境演化过程划分为5个阶段.其中254 (连续古湖泊沉积开始与第八层底部) ~210cm (距今39.7~35.8ka BP之间) 为湖泊发育期.210~185cm (距今35.8~33.6ka BP之间), 185~112cm (距今33.6~27.2ka BP之间) : TOC、CaCO₃含量较高、δ18 O值偏正, δ13 C_org偏负, Mz值较低, 反映了当时温度较高, 湖水水位较高; 而112~55cm (距今27.2~22.3ka BP之间) 和55~0cm (距今22.3~17.5ka BP之间) : TOC、CaCO₃含量较低、δ18 O值偏负, δ13 C_org偏正, Mz值较高, 表明了温度相对较低(但气候仍较温暖), 湖水水位较低, 湖泊处于退缩时期.其间分别在距今32.2~32.4ka BP、30.4~29.8ka BP和28.4~27.2ka BP出现了3次较大的退缩过程, 约22ka BP出现了一次气候突变.贝壳堤剖面揭示在39.7~18.5 14C ka BP之间柴达木盆地气候较温暖湿润, 形成高湖面.从18.2ka BP开始, 湖泊进入退缩阶段.到17.5ka BP快速形成盐壳, 高湖面持续历史结束.      

咸化湖盆白云岩碳氧同位素特征及古环境意义:以柴西地区始新统下干柴沟组为例

近年来,柴西地区始新统致密碳酸盐岩中的油气勘探获得了重要进展,其中白云岩为最优质的储集岩。系统的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学特征研究表明,该套白云岩主要为泥晶结构,白云石晶间孔广泛发育,孔径多小于1μm。泥晶白云岩的δ13CPDB值变化范围为-4.5‰~0.2‰,平均值为-2.4‰,相对于典型湖相碳酸盐岩偏负,反映了周缘辫状三角洲供给富含轻碳的地表水在一定程度上改变了白云岩的碳同位素组成,且湖水中的溶解碳部分来源于有机质氧化解体产生的CO2,通过改变湖水中溶解碳的碳同位素组成从而间接影响了湖相白云岩的碳同位素组成。泥晶白云岩的δ18OPDB值变化范围为-6.1‰~0.4‰,平均值为-2.6‰,相对于典型湖相碳酸盐岩偏正,明显受咸化湖沉积环境影响。碳氧同位素相关关系投点图及其计算出的盐度、温度数据反映了泥晶白云岩是在准同生阶段、半开放-半封闭的咸化环境下、于水/沉积物界面附近由方解石交代而成的低温白云岩,这类准同生交代成因白云岩在区域上分布较广,且孔径极小的白云石晶间孔抗压实能力强,这一重要发现无论是平面展布上还是纵向深度上均开拓了柴达木盆地致密油勘探的新领域。     

柴达木盆地地质灾害遥感调查

柴达木盆地是中国重要的大型盐类矿产基地之一。但随着当地气候的恶化和人类活动的影响,导致地质灾害不断加剧,给人们的生产和生活带来了直接的威胁,并严重地影响着该地区社会经济的可持续发展。利用极轨卫星具有运行周期短,覆盖范围广的优点,以ETM数据为主要遥感信息源对柴达木盆地及其周边地区的地质灾害进行遥感特征分析,可对该区地质灾害现状有宏观的了解,为柴达木盆地及其周边地区的地质灾害防治工作提供科学依据。     

柴达木盆地东南缘晚三叠世火山岩地球化学特征及构造环境分析

柴达木盆地东南缘晚三叠世鄂拉山组火山岩主要为一套中一酸性火山岩组合,以流纹岩、英安岩为主,其次为安山岩.主量元素、稀土元素及微量元素的分析结果表明:其样品的里特曼指数δ小于4,属钙碱性岩石系列;SiO2的平均值为71.95％,大部分样品具低铝特征,且碱质含量较高,属于亚碱性火山岩.轻重稀土比值较大且负铕异常明显,具典型...     

中国西北干旱区多级洼地地下水环境同位素分布特征及指示意义

研究区位于西北干旱区,有两级储水洼地,地下水由山区侧向补给一级洼地,一级洼地通过泉水排泄地下水继而补给二级洼地,同时大气降水直接入渗、洪流间接入渗补给各储水洼地。通过氢氧同位素比例公式计算得到一级洼地大气降水占总补给量60%,其中直接补给量约占21%,山区洪流补给量约占79%,另外,山前侧向补给占40%;二级洼地降水补给量占38%,上游泉水补给量占62%。通过氚值指示,二级洼地不受现代降水影响;活塞流与全混合模型计算得到一级洼地浅层孔隙水平均年龄为32～60 a。     

柴西第三纪湖相碳酸盐共沉积特征

从碳酸盐化学共沉积的角度,对柴达木西部第三纪湖相碳酸盐沉积特征进行了分析。结果表明,该区碳酸盐的沉积主要是由于吸附和包裹共沉积作用产生,共沉积作用加快了碳酸盐的沉积速度,促进了以碳酸盐为主的成分层和以碎屑颗粒为主的成分层的更快分异。在外力的作用下,不同成分层产生错动,易在碳酸盐为主的成分层中产生裂缝,同时共沉积作用对保存微孔隙起到了一定的作用,从而使部分柴西湖相碳酸盐岩层成为有效储集层。     

柴达木盆地尕海湖区冰消期晚期以来的气候环境演变

通过对柴达木盆地东部尕海湖沉积物碳酸盐含量、自生碳酸盐碳氧同位素等指标的综合分析,建立了尕海湖地区自冰消期晚期以来的气候环境演变特征。结果表明,冰消期(12710～11360aB.P.)气候环境变化较大;进入全新世(自11360aB.P.开始)后,早全新世(11360～8370aB.P.)气候波动明显,整体较为干旱,温度有所回升;中全新世(8370～3200aB.P.),早期为湿润气候环境,是全新世气候环境最稳定的阶段,晚期气候环境仍较湿润,但环境条件变差;在晚全新世(3200aB.P.以来),早期湖泊水体仍然较淡,但气候环境明显趋向干旱,后期气候变得干旱,气候环境存在波动变化。约1500aB.P.存在一次湿润事件。     

柴达木盆地北缘晚白垩世古构造活动的特征研究

柴达木盆地北缘晚白垩世构造活动控制了现今中生代残余层序的分布。在分析中生代地层分布特征的基础上,通过对红山凹陷下白垩统的地层尖灭关系讨论、马海凸起中生代地层的剥蚀厚度变化分析和苏干湖凹陷晚白垩世形成的古断裂带结构研究,提出柴达木盆地北缘晚白垩世古构造活动形成了北西走向的构造带,古构造以断块差异隆升为特点。现今新生代层序和下伏层序的复杂接触关系主要是由该期构造运动决定的。     

Regional Fault Systems of Qaidam Basin and Adjacent Orogenic Belts

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the regional fault systems of Qaidam basin and ad-jacent orogenic belts. Field investigation and seismic interpretation indicate that five regional fault sys-tans occurred in the Qaidam and adjacent nment.qin belts, controlling the development and evolution of the Qaidam basin. These fault systems are: (1)north Qaidam-Qilian Mountain fault system; (2) south Qaidam-East Kunhm Mountain fault system;（3）Altun strike-slip fault system; (4) Elashan strike-slip fault system, and (5) Gansen-Xiaochaidan fault system. It is indicated that the fault systems controlled the orientation of the Qaidam basin, the formation and distribution of secondary faults within the basin,the migration of depocenters and the distribution of hydrocarbon accmnulation belt.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部奥陶系碳酸盐储层的胶结作用

鄂尔多斯盆地南部奥陶系马家沟组主要由原始沉积的碳酸盐岩和岩溶角砾岩组成.储集空间以次生孔隙为主.中奥陶世沉积作用之后不久,即发生了溶解作用、白云石沉淀、干化脱水作用、机械压实作用、岩溶作用和胶结作用.胶结作用很普遍,主要发生在中石炭世之后的埋藏条件下,是对储层重要的破坏作用.充填于硬石膏结核溶模孔和非组构选择性溶蚀孔、洞、缝的方解石和白云石是最常见的胶结物.这些方解石和白云石胶结物具泥晶、嵌晶状或粒状晶粒结构.泥晶白云石基质的δ18O值-10.98‰～-0.8‰,平均-5.54‰;δ13C值-4.76‰～5.77‰,平均1.51‰.充填于溶蚀孔、缝中的白云石的δ18O值-12.54‰ ～-2.67‰,平均-7.34‰; δ13C值-5.56‰～3.48‰,平均0.28‰.充填于溶蚀孔、缝方解石的δ18O值-15.42‰ ～-6.02‰,平均-9.51‰;δ13C值-12.44‰～1.33‰,平均-3.20‰.总的来说,白云石和方解石胶结物的δ18O和δ13C值低于泥晶白云石基质的,原因是形成晚,受淡水淋滤、埋藏作用和有机质影响较大.泥晶白云石基质的Na含量0～ 350 μg/g,平均59μg/g; Sr含量0～380 μg/g,平均10 μg/g;Fe含量0～ 14 570 μg/g,平均1 040 μg/g; Mn含量0～4 670 μg/g,平均183 μg/g.充填于次生孔隙中的胶结物的Na、Sr、Mn含量与泥晶白云石基质的差别不大,因这些元素含量均低.充填于次生孔隙的碳酸盐胶结物较泥晶白云石基质有明显高的Fe含量.胶结物包裹体的均一温度在90℃ ～ 140C范围内.胶结物沉淀于埋藏较深,温度较高的还原条件下.流体包裹体的气相成分以CH4最为普遍,液相成分以H2O占绝大多数.早期胶结物形成于天然气形成前,晚期胶结物形成于天然气形成之后.岩溶洼地是胶结作用最发育的地带.     

柴北缘鱼卡断陷构造变形特征及变形环境

在鱼卡断陷及其周边构造变形系统观测的基础上,结合构造岩和构造煤显微构造分析,探讨了鱼卡断陷的构造变形特征及变形环境。研究表明,盆缘断裂构造变形强烈,具有强烈的塑性变形特征,反映了较高的应力-应变环境;而盆内断裂变形较弱,以脆性变形为主,反映出地壳浅层次构造变形环境的特征。区内至少经历了近NS向和NE向两期不同方向的挤压应力作用,但以近NS向的构造挤压作用为主,对煤层赋存状态具有较为强烈的改造和控制作用。     

利用米兰科维奇旋回划分柴达木盆地第四系层序地层

对柴达木盆地第四系自然伽马测井曲线的频谱分析结果表明, 地层中保存着厚度稳定的地层旋回.按柴达木盆地第四纪沉积速率0.87～0.90 m/ka计算,地层中保存的地层旋回厚度在厚度比值和沉积时间周期上都与米兰科维奇旋回周期一致,且主要受控于米兰科维奇旋回中的地轴倾斜度周期, 其引起的地层旋回厚度变化范围为25.0～36.1 m.据此采用Fischer图解法, 求取其可容纳空间变化曲线,以指导层序地层的正确划分.     

中、新生代柴达木北缘的盆地类型与构造演化

柴达木盆地是中国西部一个大型中新生代沉积盆地，柴北缘是侏罗系主要分布地区。中新生代柴达木盆地是在一个古老的稳定地块基础上形成发展的，根据中新生代西北地区周缘板块活动和构造演化特点，提出柴北缘中新生代经历了两个由伸展到挤压的构造运动旋回：从早中侏罗世到晚侏罗世是第一个旋回；从早白垩世到晚白垩世-第三纪和第四纪为第二个旋回。早中侏罗世是一种稳定大陆内弱伸展坳陷盆地，不具有典型的裂陷盆地特征。从渐新世开始，柴达木盆地才进入强烈挤压的山间盆地阶段，并决定了柴北缘现今的构造格局。中、新生代构造运动影响着柴北缘油气的生成和分布。     

柴北缘鱼卡河花岗质片麻岩的地球化学特征和锆石 LA-ICPMS定年

岩石地球化学研究表明,柴北缘鱼卡河超高压榴辉岩围岩花岗质片麻岩的SiO2、Al2O3、K2O和Na2O含量较高,而TiO2、FeOt、MgO、MnO和CaO含量较低,里特曼指数为1.93～2.36,铝饱和指数ACNK值为1.07～1.17,显示出明显的壳源S型花岗岩的特点。在微量元素方面,岩石富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,具有轻稀土元素富集和中等的Eu负异常,也显示了壳源S型花岗岩的特征。阴极发光(CL)图像显示该花岗质片麻岩的锆石具有核-幔(边)结构,核部为原岩残留、幔部显示弱的变质重结晶。LA-ICPMS锆石原位微量元素研究显示,本区锆石经历了弱的变质重结晶作用,且可能遭受到后期热液蚀变作用的改造;参考锆石的微量元素组成特征,挑选受变质重结晶和热液改造较弱的锆石的同位素进行测试,结果获得鱼卡河花岗质片麻岩的原岩形成时代为(952±19)Ma左右的新元古代,是地壳重熔作用的产物;同时获得该片麻岩的可能变质年龄为424～480Ma,表明该片麻岩的原岩可能与榴辉岩的原岩共同经历了早古生代加里东期的变质作用,但由于片麻岩的变质程度较低,应是在榴辉岩的折返过程中构造叠置在一起的。利用LA-ICPMS对具有多阶段演化历史的变质锆石定年时,必须同时进行锆石CL图像和原位微量元素分析,才可能对所获年龄给出合理的解释。     

Evidence for Tibetan Plateau Uplift in Qaidam Basin before Eocene-Oligocene Boundary and Its Climatic Implications

Geometry analysis of the Hongsanhan (红三旱) Section in the northwestern Qaidam basin illustrates the typical growth strata in the Xiaganchaigou (下干柴沟) Formation. The age and sedimentation rates of the Xiaganchaigou and the Shangganchaigou (上干柴沟) formations were determined by the high-resolution magnetostratigraphy. This result shows that the growth strata began to form at ca. 38.0 Ma and increased sedimentation rates occurred at ca. 37.0 Ma. The uplift of the Tibetan plateau before the Eocene-Oligocene boundary is confirmed, which enables us to better understand the relationship between climatic changes and the tectonic uplift. This uplift event could have resuited in the regional drying by blocking the moisture and contributed to the Eocene-Oligocene boundary global cooling event due to the declining atmospheric CO2 concentrations by increased weathering of the mountains.     

柴达木盆地及相邻造山带区域断裂系统

根据对祁连山、昆仑山、阿尔金山和柴达木周缘露头的野外地质调查和盆地地震反射剖面的解释,分析了柴达木盆地及相邻造山带区域断裂系统及其对盆地演化的控制作用,提出5个区域断裂系统对柴达木盆地的形成和发展演化起着重要控制作用：（1）祁连山－柴达木盆地北缘断裂系统;（2）东昆仑山－柴达木盆地南缘断裂系统;（3）阿尔金走滑断裂系统;（4）鄂拉山走滑断裂系统;（5）甘森－小柴旦断裂系统。这些断裂系统控制了柴达木盆地的展布方向、盆地内次级断裂的形成和分布、沉积中心的迁移及油气聚集带的分布。     

Formation Mechanism of Underpressured Reservoir in Huatugou Oilfield of Qaidam Basin

Underpressured reservoirs are widespread in the Huatugou(花土沟) oilfield of the western uplift in Qaidam basin,western China.At depths between 462 and 1 248 m,the pressure of Neogene reservoirs in the Huatugou oilfield is only about 40% to 80% of hydrostatic pressure.Based on a study of the geological characteristics of these underpressured reservoirs,this work used fluid inclusion analysis and numerical simulation to investigate the mechanism creating these abnormal pressures and to evaluate the characterist...     

柴达木盆地断裂体系划分及其成盆动力学意义

断裂体系是具有成生联系的各项不同产状、不同等级、不同性质和不同序次的断层组合,柴达木盆地受到印度、西伯利亚和太平洋三大板块的共同影响,围绕中部刚性基底周边发育北部祁连山、南部东昆仑山及西部阿尔金山三大断裂体系,每个断裂体系都是由主要断裂及其伴生的断层相关褶皱组成三排波浪式冲断构造,低序次断层及其相关褶皱呈斜列式分布于其间,整个盆地可以看成三大断裂体系叠合的产物,其根本动力学背景是柴达木地块受到南部印度板块向北挤压、北部阿拉善地块的阻挡及东侧华北板块和西侧塔里木板块的侧滑而形成的力偶环境,结合平衡剖面分析结果提出盆地发展经历了早—中侏罗世南北向拉张、新生代多次幕式挤压并叠加东西向侧向走滑、并于第四纪形成现今的构造面貌的发展历史。