微波-吸波介质处理炼焦烟气中五环多环芳烃

五环多环芳烃苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽属于高环多环芳烃,降解难度高、危害大,其中苯并[a]芘危害性最大,具有很强的致毒性和致癌性。通过竖式电炉模拟制备炼焦烟气,采用微波和吸波介质协同处理的方法,以二氯甲烷和玻璃纤维对多环芳烃进行收集,通过超声波萃取、高效液相色谱法检测技术,定性、定量分析炼焦烟气产生的五环多环芳烃,研究了微波-吸波介质处理五环多环芳烃实验时微波温度,以及吸波介质的质量、粒径、种类等实验因素对4种多环芳烃各分量及总量降解效果的影响。实验结果表明,当微波温度400℃、碳化硅吸波介质6 g时,总的降解率为72%,苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽降解率分别为79%、75%、72%和48%,处理效果较好,尤其苯并[a]芘降解率最高。     

高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定贝类中15种多环芳烃

建立了高效液相色谱-程序荧光检测法同时测定贝类中15种多环芳烃的方法。通过液相色谱柱、荧光激发和发射波长等条件的优化,实现15种多环芳烃组分基线完全分离和荧光高灵敏度检测。在优化的实验条件下,检测的15种多环芳烃中萘、苊和芴的检出限为0.5μg/kg,苯并[b]荧蒽、二苯并[a,h]蒽和苯并[g,h,i]苝的检出限为2.0μg/kg,其余化合物的检出限为1.0μg/kg;在检测的15种多环芳烃中,菲、蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、崫、苯并[a]芘、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘在0.001~0.5 mg/L浓度范围,其余化合物在0.002~1.0 mg/L浓度范围,呈良好的线性相关,相关系数r0.995;当样品加标水平分别为2、10、100μg/kg时,回收率在71.1%~98.4%,RSD10%。该检测方法重现性高,检测灵敏度和准确度均满足分析要求。     

塑料健身器材中16种多环芳烃的检测

采用快速溶剂萃取法检测塑料健身器材中16种多环芳烃,通过优化各项参数条件,确定了最佳测试条件：V（正己烷）∶V（丙酮）=6∶4为萃取溶剂,萃取温度为80℃,静态萃取时间为6 min,循环次数为2次。方法检出限为1.44(I[1,2,3]P)～4.68μg/kg(B[a]P),回收率为90.2%(Nap)～101.3%(D[a,h]A),精密度≤8.6%,该方法可以对实际样品进行高效、快捷、准确可靠的检测。实际样品的检测结果表明：90%的样品中检出多环芳烃,检出的多环芳烃共有8种,分别是萘、菲、蒽、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘和苯并[g,h,i]苝。由此可见,多环芳烃在塑料健身器材中普遍存在,且含量较高。     

内蒙古某焦化厂土壤污染状况调查分析

以某焦化厂地块为调查对象,通过资料搜集、污染识别及采样检测分析,查明了地块地质与水文地质条件,建立了地块污染初步概念模型,识别了潜在污染物种类及污染源分布特征,布设土壤采样点位127个,采集418件土壤样品送检,进行了污染综合分析。结果表明：地块共有乙苯、苯、萘、苯并[a]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘、苯并[k]荧蒽、石油烃（C10-C40）等10项指标存在超标;超标指标主要分布在备煤炼焦工段区、硫铵工段区、煤焦油氨水储罐及冷鼓电捕工段区三个区域;地块浅层无地下水,污染物进入地块土壤,横向扩散迁移速度较慢,垂向上污染物可能会随着大气降水逐步向下层土壤迁移扩散,场地土壤存在环境风险。分析结果为下一步风险评估及污染管控提供依据支撑。     

某废弃工业场地多环芳烃、重金属复合污染健康风险评估

在对上海某多环芳烃、重金属复合污染场地进行调查的基础上,对该场地潜在的健康风险进行了评估,结果表明:针对潜在暴露人群,该场地单一污染物经口摄入土壤颗粒物暴露途径的致癌风险均超过可接受风险水平,对应的土壤监测点位分别为:S20-E-A、S20-S-C、S23-W-B以及S19-S-A,目标污染物为苯并(a)蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘、二苯并(a, h)蒽、砷。所有关注污染物针对未来工作人员和福利设施使用人员的非致癌危害均处于可接受风险水平,在进行场地再开发之前需要考虑场地修复等风险管理措施。     

异位热脱附修复技术对高浓度多环芳烃污染土壤的修复应用实例

以上海市某地块高浓度多环芳烃污染土壤修复工程为实例,通过实验室小试和现场中试确定多环芳烃污染土壤热脱附修复加热温度和时间工艺参数,并对修复过程进行了详细描述。实验证明,在加热300℃以上且加热时间在1 h以上条件下,5种目标污染物苯并(a)蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘、二苯并(a,h)蒽能够有效被去除;在工程中当热脱附系统控制反应温度350℃且加热反应时间1 h时,修复后土壤检测结果均符合效果评估要求,修复后土壤采用原位回填的方式处置。该应用案例对异位热脱附修复技术的工艺研究和工程应用具有一定的指导意义。     

煤焦化固废的污染特征与环境风险研究

为研究煤焦化过程中焦化固废的潜在环境风险，利用GC-MS和ICP-MS等高精度测试技术研究了某煤焦化企业产生的煤焦化固废(焦油和焦油渣)中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)和7种典型有害元素的浓度特征，分别评价了PAHs和有害元素的潜在健康风险。结果表明：煤焦油和焦油渣中PAHs的总量为174650 mg/kg和69010 mg/kg，并主要以萘、苊烯、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽和芘为主；煤焦油和焦化渣中的PAHs组成结构较为相似，均以2-4环的PAHs为主，占比分别为91.5%和93.2%，其中3环的PAHs的占比分别达41%和48.5%；单体PAHs的等效致癌毒性中，致癌毒性贡献较大的主要有苯并[a]芘、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[a]蒽和二苯并[a,h]蒽这些中高环的PAHs；与土壤环境质量标准GB36600-2018规定的有害元素风险筛选值相比，发现煤焦油和焦油渣中有害元素的含量远低于国家标准规定的风险筛选值。     

超高效液相-荧光检测器法测定柴油中多环芳烃

建立了采用超高效色谱(UPLC)-荧光检测器法测定柴油中10种常见的多环芳烃含量的方法。这10种常见的多环芳烃为萘、苊、二氢苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、艹屈、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘和苯并[g,h,i]芘。样品经过固相萃取后用甲醇溶解,采用Acquity UPLC BEH Phenyl C18柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)分离,乙腈-水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用荧光检测器检测,并用外标法进行定量分析。结果表明,在一定质量浓度范围内,峰面积与质量浓度的线性关系良好,用标准加入法进行回收率实验,对方法的准确度进行考察,相对标准偏差为0.56%~8.76%,加标回收率为100.04%~115.04%。与其他检测柴油中多环芳烃方法比较,该方法简单,分离效果好,快速及准确。     

超高效液相-荧光检测器法测定柴油中多环芳烃

建立了采用超高效色谱(UPLC)-荧光检测器法测定柴油中10种常见的多环芳烃含量的方法。这10种常见的多环芳烃为萘、苊、二氢苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、艹屈、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘和苯并[g,h,i]芘。样品经过固相萃取后用甲醇溶解,采用Acquity UPLC BEH Phenyl C18柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)分离,乙腈-水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用荧光检测器检测,并用外标法进行定量分析。结果表明,在一定质量浓度范围内,峰面积与质量浓度的线性关系良好,用标准加入法进行回收率实验,对方法的准确度进行考察,相对标准偏差为0.56%⁸.76%,加标回收率为100.04%8.76%,加标回收率为100.04%¹15.04%。与其他检测柴油中多环芳烃方法比较,该方法简单,分离效果好,快速及准确。     

超声提取高效液相色谱法测定大气可吸入颗粒物PM10中的四种多环芳烃

建立了以甲醇-水为流动相,高效液相色谱法同时测定大气可吸入颗粒物PM10中四种多环芳烃化合物的方法。方法用中流量TH-16A四通道采样器,石英纤维滤膜采集大气颗粒物样品,以甲醇为溶剂,超声波提取样品;用甲醇-水作流动相进行高效液相色谱分离,荧光检测器检测。采用优化的分离和测定条件对四种多环芳烃化合物苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、苯并[ghi]芘进行加标回收率和精密度实验,回收率范围为86%~93%,相对标准偏差分别为2.0%~6.2%。     

GAS/PARTICLE AND SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN AMBIENT AIR IN TOKYO 2001–2002

By using an Andersen sampler equipped with a low-pressure impactor, samples of 12 size-classified (>0.13 μm to <12 μm) airborne particles and samples of gaseous components were taken from the air in Tokyo for continuous periods of 19 weeks in the summer of 2001 and 17 weeks in the winter of 2001–2. The sampling filters were changed weekly. The concentrations of eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the particulate and gas-phase samples were measured by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Pyrene was detected in the gas phase in both summer and winter: 59% of the total pyrene detected was present in the gas phase in summer, but this fraction decreased to 40% in winter. In the particle fractions, the summer levels of benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (dBahA), and benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) peaked in particles of diameter 1.25 μm, and benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP), benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]chrysene (BbC), and dibenzo[a,e]pyrene (dBaeP) peaked in particles of diameter 0.76 μm. In winter, BkF, BghiP, BaA, BbC, and dBaeP levels peaked in particles of diameter 0.52 μm, whereas dBahA peaked in particles of diameter 0.76 μm.     

Preparation of Test Material and Evaluation of a Proficiency Test for Official Food Control Laboratories on the Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Baby Food

A proficiency test on the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was organized by the German National Reference Laboratory for PAH in 2010. The test samples were produced by spiking cereal-based instant baby food with PAHs at concentration levels between 0.6 and 3.8 μg/kg; homogeneity and stability of the test material were verified before sample dispatch. Twenty-one official laboratories from Germany and Austria participated in the test and the evaluation of the test was done by applying methods of robust statistics. The individual performance was assessed with the help of z-scores. As to the quantitative results, the dispersion of data for the most important group of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), benz(a)anthracene (BaA), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), and chrysene (CHR) appeared to be acceptable, with a relative robust standard deviation ranging from 13.2% for BbF to 26.7% for BaA. In total, the performance of one laboratory had to be rated as unsatisfactory because of a result for BaP outside the limits of tolerance. The methods applied in the test may be considered to be comparable, as no significant effects in the distribution of data could be attributed to certain analytical procedures.     

Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons using Partially Purified Laccase from Residual Compost of Agaricus bisporus

Laccase partially purified from residual compost of Agaricus bisporus by an aqueous two‐phase system (Lac ATPS) was used in degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: fluorene (Flu), phenanthrene (Phe), anthracene (Ant), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and benzo[a]anthracene (BaA). The capacity of the enzyme to oxidize polyaromatic compounds was compared to that of the crude laccase extract (CE). After treatment of 72 h, Lac ATPS and CE were not capable of oxidizing Flu and Phe, while Ant, BaP, and BaA were oxidized, resulting in percentages of oxidation of 11.2 ± 1, 26 ± 2, and 11.7 ± 4 % with CE, respectively. When Lac ATPS was used, the following percentages of oxidation were obtained: 11.4 ± 3 % for Ant, 34 ± 0.1 % for BaP, and 13.6 ± 2 % for BaA. The results reported here demonstrate the potential application of Lac ATPS for the oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.     

Contamination of Soil by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Some Urban Areas

The contamination by 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface soils, sampled at a 0-5 cm depth in the urban areas of Tallinn, Helsinki, Vilnius, Chicago, London is reported. All samples were analyzed using the same protocol. The median concentrations ( w g/kg) were found to be 117, 539, 127, 3,263, 1,728 for pyrene; 62, 236, 43, 1,634, 1,652 for benzo[ a ]pyrene; 86, 304, 92, 2,295, 2,068 for benzo[ a ]pyrene toxic equivalents, calculated using the benzo[ a ]pyrene toxic equivalency factors; 467, 1,471, 392, 8,981, 6,837 for a total of seven probable human carcinogenic PAHs: benzo[ a ]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[ b ]fluoranthene, benzo[ k ]fluoranthene, benzo[ a ]pyrene, dibenz[ ah ]anthracene, indeno[1,2,3- cd ]pyrene; 911, 2,941, 672, 16,183, 13,718 for the total of 16 PAHs, recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[ a ]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[ b ]fluoranthene, benzo[ k ]fluoranthene, benzo[ a ]pyrene, dibenz[ ah ]anthracene, benzo[ ghi ]perylene, indeno[1,2,3- cd ]pyrene in Tallinn ( n = 3), Helsinki ( n = 3), Vilnius ( n = 15), Chicago ( n = 4), London ( n = 3), respectively. The size of the population is a statistically significant factor in urban soil contamination by high-molecular-mass PAHs.     

Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Barn Owls ( Tyto Alba ) from Northwest Spain by SFE and HPLC-FL Analysis

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL) were used to determine concentration of anthracene, benzo[ a ]anthracene, benzo[ a ]pyrene, benzo[ b ]fluoranthene, benzo[ ghi ]perylene, benzo[ k ]fluoranthene, chrysene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and indeno[1,2,3- cd ]pyrene in six classes of tissue (heart, liver, intestine, muscle, lung, and kidney) of 11 barn owls from Galicia (northwest Spain). We have detected fluoranthene and pyrene in >40.0% of samples, anthracene in 35.4%, and benzo[ a ]anthracene in 12.3%. Mean concentrations were between 0.398 w g/kg dry weight for anthracene and 4.855 w g/kg dry weight for fluoranthene. Lung and intestine tissues were more polluted than the other tissues.     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Occurrence and Toxicity in Camellia sinensis and Herbal Tea

ABSTRACT

This study describes a survey of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in 23 green, herbal, and black tea brands widely consumed in Nigeria by determining the levels of benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene (PAH2), benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene (PAH4), benzo[a]pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, dibenz[ah]anthracene, benzo[ghi]per-ylene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (PA-H8). Toxic equivalence factor and mutagenic equivalence factor were applied to evaluate the toxic equivalence and mutagenic equivalence quotients relative to benzo[a]pyrene. The concentrations of PAHs indicate that Regulation 835/2011/EC was not fulfilled by benzo[a]anthracene, B[a]A, benzo[a]pyrene, B[a]P, benzo[b]fluoranthene, B[b]F, and chrysene, CHR. The PAH4 levels ranged from 1.28 to 44.57, 4.34 to 11.20, and 0.76 to 34.82 µg/kg in green, black, and herbal tea products, respectively. On the other hand, the PAH8 concentration varied between 1.63 and 65.73, 5.02 and 68.83, and 12.43 and 24.92 µg/kg in green, herbal, and black tea samples. The PAH4 and PAH8 provide more reliable indicators for determination of PAH contamination and risk characterization in food than PAH2.     

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS ANALYZED IN RAINWATER COLLECTED ON TWO SITES IN EAST OF FRANCE (STRASBOURG AND ERSTEIN)

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (naphtalene, acenaphtene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, benzo[g,h,i]perylène, indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene and coronene) have been consecutively analyzed in rainwater sampled in Strasbourg (urban site) and Erstein (rural site) between January 2002 and June 2003 and between April 2002 and June 2003 on a weekly basis respectively. For the sampling of rainwater, a wet-only rainwater sampler was used together with an open collector to take the measurements of precipitation.

PAHs in rainwater were extracted by using SPE cartridges and analyzed by HPLC-fluorescence following a method developed in the laboratory.

Mean concentrations of all PAHs (Σ 16 HAPs) varied between 0.15 and 79.60 ng·L^?1 in Erstein, and between 3.70 and 1596.45 ng·L^?1 in Strasbourg. Naphtalene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[j]fluoranthne and benzo[a]pyrene were the most concentrated PAHs analyzed. Benzo[a]pyrene was frequently detected. Seasonal effects were observed with a maximum of concentrations of PAHs during cold periods. Some spatial influences were also reported. The calculation of some PAH ratios show that diesel exhaust could be the main source of PAHs in rainwater on the two sites.     

Isolation and some Properties of Bacteria that Degrade Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Four bacteria, which could grow on pyrene as the sole source of carbon, were isolated from soil from an urban area in Tokyo. One of them, strain H2-5, was a rod bacterium that was positive in gram staining and in acid-fast staining. The optimum growth temperature was 34-35°C, and the upper limit temperature for the growth was around 45°C. At a concentration of 1.3 μg/ml polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), H2-5 cells (45 μg dry weight/ml) grown on Tryptic Soy Broth made disappear 90% of pyrene in 12 hr, and Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), Benz(a)-anthracene (BaA), and Benzo(ghi)perylene individually disappeared 60%, 25%, and 8%, respectively, in 3 days. PAHs in the extract by dichloromethane from airborne particles in approximately 5 m³ of air disappeared by the action of H2-5 as follows: pyrene, 100% in 3 days; BaA and BaP, 70% and 71%, respectively, in 4 days. Pyrene in tarry matter extracted from soil disappeared 88% in 4 days.     

高效液相色谱法检测植物油中苯并[a]芘的含量

建立并验证高效液相色谱法检测植物油中苯并[a]芘的含量.将植物油样品溶于正己烷中混匀,用苯并[a]芘固相萃取柱净化,用正己烷洗脱苯并[a]芘,荧光检测器检测.苯并[a]芘在0.1～100μg/kg浓度范围内线性相关系数r2=0.9999,本方法平均回收率为96.95%～101.30%,相对标准偏差RsD为0.980%～...     

Characterization of Gaseous and Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air of Delhi,India

Three seasonal sampling campaigns were undertaken at an urban site of Delhi for collection of PAHs in particulate and gas phase. Sampling was done by using modified Respirable Dust (PM ≤10μm) sampler attached with polyurethane foam (PUF) plugs and compared with conventional Respirable Dust (PM ≤10 μm) sampler. Total 16 EPA PAH (gaseous + particulate) were determined by Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS). The 3-ring PAH constitutes approximately 90% of the gaseous PAHs with phenanthrene, fluoranthene, acenapthylene, and acenaphthene being the most abundant gaseous PAHs. PAHs with 4- to 6- rings accounted for 92%, 87% and 78% in samples collected during winter, summer and monsoon season respectively. Gaseous PAHs, particulate PAHs and total PAHs were higher during winter as compared to summer and monsoon seasons. The contribution of particulate PAHs were 1.4, 2.1, and 2.5 times higher in winter, summer and monsoon, respectively than of gaseous PAHs. Indeno[123-cd]pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene, dibenzo[ah]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene and chrysene were found to be the most abundant PAH compounds in the particulate PAHs during all the seasons. The result from application of diagnostic ratio suggests that the higher particulate PAHs emissions were predominantly associated with vehicular emissions along with emissions from biomass burning during winter season.