A Preliminary Review of Metallogenic Regularity of Tin Deposits in China

China is rich in tin resources,and contains many types of tin deposits.Among the tin deposit types,the cassiterite-sulfide type,skarn type and quartz vein type occupy a large proportion of tin resources and reserves.From the aspect of exploitation and utilization,the most important types are cassiterite-sulfide type and quartz vein type.The cassiterite-sulfide type tin deposits are mainly located in Northern Guangxi and Eastern Yunnan,skarn type deposits are mainly distributed in the ore-concentration areas of South Hunan in Middle Nanling,and the quartz vein type tin deposits are mainly distributed in South China,such as Western Fujian,Middle Jiangxi,Northern Guangzhou and Southern Hunan.The most important metallogenic epoch for tin deposits is the Mesozoic era.The metallogenic geotectonic background is mainly continental environments after orogeny process,with strong tectonic changes,interlaced deep fracture and frequent magmatism.And the most distinctive feature is the well developed Mesozoic granites,which have a close relationship with tin mineralization.Based on the detailed study of the data from 873 tin deposits in China,this paper summarized the metallogenic regularity of tin deposits,classified 20 important metallogenic series of tin or tin-associated deposits,and inferred that the cassiterite-sulfide type,skarn type,quartz vein type and greisen type are the main prediction types of tin resources.Forty-four tin-mineralization belts were divided,among which,19 belts are the most important.In addition,a series of maps about tin metallogenic belts and tin metallogenic regularity were compiled,aiming to provide theoretical basis for potential estimation and prediction of tin mineral resources.     

A Preliminary Review of Metallogenic Regularity of Copper Deposits in China

Copper resources in China are rich, but imported copper products are still required. Researches on metallogenic regularity of major types of copper deposits by geologists have involved in worldwide classification, significant copper belts, representative copper deposits, etc. Studies on metallogenic regularity of copper deposits in China also have made achievements with a long-term work. Combined with latest exploration advances obtained in recent ten years, this review aims to conclude the achievements of researches on copper metallogenic regularity in China. Based on data of 814 copper deposits and other ore (mineralized) occurrences, ten prediction types of copper deposits have been suggested. Porphyry and skarn copper ores are taken as the key targets. Porphyry copper deposits are the most important one which concentrate in Gangdese, Changdu-Sanjiang, Dexing and East Tianshan. The Cenozoic and Mesozoic are the major metallogenic epochs. Four main metallogenic epochs are been studied based on the copper ore geochronological data including Precambrian Era (Archean and Proterozoic), Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era and Cenozoic Era. Based on the study of metallogenic series of ore deposits in China, twenty-seven metallogenic series of copper deposits are proposed. This is suggested to deepen the study of metallogenic regularity of copper ore and provide the theory guide for copper resources prediction in China.     

中国锡矿成矿规律概要

我国锡矿资源丰富,矿床类型比较齐全。在锡矿资源储量中占有较大比重的主要是锡石—硫化物型、矽卡岩型和石英脉型;从开采和利用角度来说,最为重要的是锡石—硫化物型和石英脉型。锡石—硫化物型主要集中在桂北、滇东等地,矽卡岩型集中分布在南岭中段湘南等矿集区、石英脉型则主要集中在华南地区的闽西、赣中、粤北、湘南等地;成矿时代以中生代最为重要;成矿大地构造背景以造山运动之后的大陆环境为主,构造变动剧烈,深大断裂纵横交错,岩浆活动频繁,特别是与锡成矿作用关系密切的中生代花岗岩类非常发育,最具特色。本次在对全国873处锡矿矿产地资料进行系统梳理的基础上,深入总结了全国锡矿的成矿规律,厘定出20个以锡为主或锡较为重要的矿床成矿系列,认为锡石—硫化物型、矽卡岩(—云英岩型)、石英脉型和岩体型4类锡矿类型,应该作为重点预测类型,并划分出44个成锡带,提出了19个重要工作部署区,并编制了中国成锡带图、中国锡矿成矿规律图等系列图件,为潜力评价预测工作提供了理论依据。     

中国金矿资源特征及成矿规律概要

我国金矿资源较为丰富,金矿是中国重要的战略矿种之一.本文在全国潜力评价项目开展过程中,在典型矿床研究的基础上,通过对我国资源特征、勘查进展、金矿类型、时空分布、成矿谱系的分析与归纳,初步总结了中国金矿成矿规律.文章总结了我国金矿的资源特征及存在的问题;从预测的角度,将我国金矿分为花岗绿岩型金矿、火山岩型金矿、与岩浆岩有关金矿、沉积建造中的金矿、与表生作用有关金矿等五大预测类型;在统计的基础上,将我国金矿分为新太古代—古元古代、中—新元古代、古生代、中生代和新生代5个成矿期,并初步总结了各成矿期金矿的空间分布特征等;提出了成金带的概念,并划分了53个成金带,概括了其主要特征;厘定出71个与金矿有关的成矿系列,建立了中国金矿成矿谱系.认为应该继续加强我国金矿成矿体系和成矿规律研究,通过理论指导找矿勘查部署并综合评价,以期取得更大的找矿进展.     

A Preliminary Review of Metallogenic Regularity of Tungsten Deposits in China

Tungsten ore resources are abundant in China with relatively complete types of deposits. Skarn type and quartz vein type deposits are dominated in the tungsten resources, whereas quartz vein type wolframite deposits are most important in terms of exploitation and utilization. Skarn type tungsten deposits are concentratedly distributed in the central Nanling region, such as South Hunan, South Anhui and the eastern Qinling region, while quartz vein type tungsten deposits occur mainly in South China, such as West Fujian, South Jiangxi, North Guangdong and South Hunan. The most important metallogenic epoch of tungsten is the Mesozoic, while the metallogenic tectonic setting is featured by an intracontinental environment after orogeny with sever tectonic movements, deep-seated faults and frequent magmatic activities, especially Mesozoic granitoids closely related to tungsten-tin mineralization. 22 metallogenic series of ore deposits characterized by or significantly related to tungsten were defined based on precise statistic information of 1199 tungsten mining areas and thorough the summary of metallogenic regularities. Based on studies of the metallogenic regularity of tungsten deposits, skarn type (or greisen type), quartz vein type and massif-type of tungsten deposits are thought to be the key prediction types. 65 tungsten-forming belts and 22 key ore concentration areas were ascertained and a distribution map of tungsten-forming belts of China was compiled, which provided a theoretical basis for evaluation and prediction of potential tungsten resources.     

A Preliminary Review of the Metallogenic Regularity of Nickel Deposits in China

The nickel deposits mainly distributed in 19 provinces and autonomous regions in China are 339 ore deposits/occurrences, including 4 super large-scale deposits, 14 large-scale deposits, 26 middle-scale deposits, 75 small-scale deposits, and 220 mineralized occurrences. The prediction types of mineral resources of nickel deposits are magmatic type, marine sedimentary type and regolith type. The formation age is from the Neoarchean to the Cenozoic with two peaks in the Neoproterozoic and the late Paleozoic. The nickel deposits formed in the Neoproterozoic are located on the margin of the North China Block and Yangtze Block, and those formed in the late Paleozoic are mainly distributed in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), Emeishan and the Tarim Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs). Magmatic nickel deposits are mainly related with broken-up continental margin, post-collision extension of the orogenic belt and mantle plume. According to different tectonic backgrounds and main characteristics of magmatism, the Ni-Cu-Co-PGE metallogenic series types of ore deposits related with mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic rocks can be divided into 4 subtypes: (1) the Ni-Cu-Co-PGE metallogenic series subtype of ore deposits related with mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic rocks in the broken-up continental margin, (2) the Ni-Cu-Co-PGE metallogenic series subtype of ore deposits related with mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic rocks in mantle plume magmatism, (3) the Ni-Cu-Co-PGE metallogenic series subtype of ore deposits related with mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic rocks in the subduction of the orogenic belt, and (4) the Ni-Cu-Co-PGE metallogenic series subtype of ore deposits related with mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic rocks in post-collision extension of the orogenic belt. We have discussed in this paper the typical characteristics and metallogenic models for Neoproterozoic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits related with broken-up continental margin, Cambrian marine sedimentary Ni-Mo-V deposits related with black shale, early Permian Ni-Cu deposits related with post-collision extension of the orogenic belt, late Permian Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits related with Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs), and Cenozoic Ni-Au deposits related with regolith. The broken-up continental margin, mantle plume and post-collision extension of the orogenic belt are important ore-forming geological backgrounds, and the discordogenic fault, mafic-ultramafic intrusion, high MgO primitive magma (high-MgO basaltic magma), deep magmatism, sulfur saturation and sulfide segregation are 6 important geological conditions for the magmatic nickel deposits.     

A Preliminary Review of Metallogenic Regularity of Silver Deposits in China

China has widely distributed silver deposits,and is rich in silver resources.Although silver deposits are mainly associated with Pb-Zn deposits,a number of independent silver deposits have also been discovered in recent years.Silver deposits include different types,such as submarine volcanism and continental volcanism related type,intrusion related type,and sedimentary related type.This study summarized the metallogenic regularity of China’s silver deposits systematically based mainly on the data from 490 silver deposits.It is shown that submarine volcanic sedimentary type,continental volcanic or sub-volcanic type,skarn type,hydrothermal type(including vein type and stratabound type),sedimentary metamorphic type,sedimentary type and regolith type should be regarded as the most important prediction types of silver deposit.A total of 32 silver mineralization belts and 111 silver concentration areas have been delineated.The map of "Spatial distribution of silver mineralization belts in China" and other series of maps finished in this study may provide a theoretical basis for the evaluation and prognosis of silver resources potential in China.     

Outline of Metallogenic Regularity of Bauxite Deposits in China

Among the abundant aluminum ore resources in China, bauxite is dominated, which is mainly distributed in 19 provinces and regions, including Shanxi, Henan, Guizhou and Guangxi. The major deposit type of bauxite is paleo-weathering crust sedimentary type, and the other one is the accumulation type. The main metallogenic period is the late Paleozoic Era followed by the Cenozoic Era. The metallogenic tectonic background is characterized by a cratonic environment. This paper summarizes the bauxite metallogenic regularity based on the characteristics of bauxite resources, bauxite deposit type, bauxite metallogenic belt and metallogenic series in China, and 15 bauxite metallogenic belts, 8 bauxite metallogenic series and 7 bauxite ore concentrated areas were identified in the study. This paper also provides a theoretical basis for the evaluation of the potential of bauxite resources.     

A Preliminary Review of Metallogenic Regularity of Molybdenum Deposits in China

Molybdenum is one of the dominant minerals in China because of its rich reserves.In recent years,outstanding breakthroughs have been made in molybdenum prospecting in China,and the distribution of molybdenum deposits in China is found to have a "planar pattern".In general,the molybdenum deposits are concentrated in eastern China,including the largest molybdenum reserves of Henan Province.In terms of the scale of molybdenum deposits,the identified resources of the superlarge deposits are the most important,which account for about 53% of the whole country,and those of the large deposits account for about 30%,those of the medium-sized deposits account for about 14%,those of the small-sized deposits,mine spots and mineralization account for about 3%.The molybdenum deposits are mainly classified as porphyry type,skarn type,hydrothermal(vein) type and sedimentary(metamorphic) type in genesis,and the identified resources of these types account for 85.75%,8.83%,2.79%and 2.63% of the total resources respectively.Based on the statistics of precise chronology data of molybdenites Re-Os,Mo-mineralization can be divided into 6 periods in Chinese geological history,which are Precambrian(800 Ma),Cambrian-Silurian(540-415 Ma,Caledonian),Devonian-Permian(400-290 Ma,Hecynian),Triassic(260-200 Ma,Indosinian),Jurassic-Cretaceous(195-70 Ma,Yanshanian) and Paleogene-Neogene(65-10 Ma,Himalayan).Mo mineralization during the Yanshanian period is the strongest one,in which about 76.69% of the Chinese total identified resources was formed.The second is the Himalayan period.According to spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of molybdenum deposits,the metallogenic regularity of molybdenum deposits was preliminarily summarized,and 41 level-Ⅲ molybdenum-forming belts,13 level-Ⅱ molybdenum-forming provinces and 4 level-Ⅰ molybdenum-forming domains were ascertained in the mainland of China.There are 39 metallogenic series of and 60 sub-series of molybdenum deposits with molybdenum as the dominant metal and corresponding representative molybdenum deposits proposed.Metallogenic lineages of molybdenum deposits were also established.Spatial-temporal evolution of different types of molybdenum deposits,and the relationship between Mo-mineralization and tectonic evolution have been discussed in this paper.On this basis,the authors think that element Mo is an effective tracer for recording the crustal evolution history of China.At present,there are some problems in the exploration of Mo deposits in China,such as uneven exploration degrees in eastern and western China,shallow exploration depth,low and uneven grade,complex associated components,difficulty of mineral development and utilization,increasing costs of prospecting,and so on.According to successful experience of superficial and deep prospecting and considering also the discussion above,some suggestions are proposed for the prospecting of molybdenum deposits in the future.     

河西走廊成矿带区域成矿规律及找矿方向

河西走廊成矿带是分布于祁连地区最北部的Ⅲ级成矿单元(全国统一编号为Ⅲ-20), 目前共有235处矿产地, 形成了石油、煤、凹凸棒石黏土、萤石、石膏、芒硝、石灰岩、天然石英砂、铁、铜、金、钨等40余种矿产。该成矿带以沉积成矿作用为主, 其次为流体、岩浆、变质和表生成矿作用, 可分为11种矿床类型, 主要成矿期为华力西期、加里东期、燕山期和喜马拉雅期。河西走廊成矿带可进一步划分为2个成矿亚带, 分别为玉门—民乐成矿亚带和山丹—中卫—泾源成矿亚带。根据构造空间、成矿时间、成矿作用和矿种等四要素的耦合关系, 河西走廊成矿带厘定了10个矿床成矿系列, 包括4个沉积作用有关矿床成矿系列、3个流体作用有关矿床成矿系列、1个岩浆作用有关矿床成矿系列、1个变质作用有关矿床成矿系列和1个表生作用有关矿床成矿系列。通过细分成矿时段和细化成矿地质作用, 进一步解析出16个矿床成矿亚系列, 并建立了47个矿床式。根据区内地质、矿产、物探、化探和遥感信息, 河西走廊成矿带共圈出5个综合预测区, 为下一步找矿工作指出了方向。     

中国铜矿成矿规律概要

中国铜矿资源丰富.本文在对全国814处铜矿床及其他5000余个矿(化)点资料系统梳理的基础上,完善了对中国铜矿产预测类型的划分方案,分为10个类型,认为斑岩型、矽卡岩型应该作为重点预测类型;其中又以斑岩型铜矿资源最主要,集中分布于冈底斯、昌都-三江、德兴、东天山等地区;成矿时代以新生代和中生代最为重要.系统搜集了全国范围内有关铜矿床的成矿年代学资料,划分为4个铜的主要成矿期;厘定出27个以铜为主的矿床成矿系列,提升了我国铜矿成矿规律研究的程度,为我国铜矿资源的潜力评价预测工作提供了理论依据.     

新疆阿尔泰造山带矿床成矿系列

在系统分析阿尔泰造山带成矿区（带）地质构造演化和成矿特点基础上,划分了４个矿床成矿系列、４个矿床成矿亚系列和６个矿床式。矿床成矿系列和亚系列的形成和分布受区域构造岩浆演化制约。阿尔泰造山带矿床成矿系列具有鲜明的晚古生代成矿作用特点。区域构造演化的规律和后期构造对早期构造的叠加,决定了矿床成矿系列的规律分布和局部复合。     

华北铁矿成矿系列与找矿方向

华北陆块是我国最重要的铁矿资源分布区之一, 在目前铁矿资源对外依存度居高不下的背景下, 深化铁矿成矿规律研究和找矿勘查工作迫在眉睫。本文以矿床成矿系列理论为指导, 以地质年代为界线, 结合对华北陆块构造演化的研究进展, 厘定出6个铁矿床成矿系列: ①华北陆块与太古宙海相火山-沉积变质作用有关的Fe矿床成矿系列(组); ②华北陆块东部与古元古代岩浆、火山-沉积变质作用有关的Fe矿床成矿系列(组); ③华北陆块北部与中元古代构造旋回岩浆-沉积作用有关的Fe、Ti、V矿床成矿系列(组); ④华北陆块东部与新元古代岩浆-沉积作用有关的Fe矿床成矿系列(组); ⑤华北陆块与古生代火山-沉积、沉积作用有关的Fe矿床成矿系列(组); ⑥华北陆块中东部与燕山期岩浆作用有关的Fe矿床成矿系列(组)。六个矿床成矿系列构成了较为完整的铁矿成矿谱系, 通过对华北铁矿成矿系列系统的研究总结, 认为找矿工作应聚焦于地质单元、时间、地质作用、有用组分、矿床类型组合五个维度, 而矿床式作为典型矿床深入研究后高度概括的成果, 对找矿工作也有很大启发意义, 对于白云鄂博、陈台沟、司家营、杏山等重点矿山构造的重新认识, 有助于实现进一步找矿突破。     

中国银矿的资源特征及成矿规律概要

中国银矿资源丰富,成矿地质条件优越,主要以共伴生为主,近年来独立银矿找矿也取得一些进展。本文系统搜集了国内外银矿数量与规模、储量和分布等内容,梳理了中国银矿资源分布及储量分布规律,总结了中国银矿资源特点。在对全国490处银矿矿产地资料系统梳理的基础上,深入总结了中国银矿的成矿规律,划分了海相火山沉积型、陆相火山次火山岩型、矽卡岩型、热液型(脉型和层控型)、沉积变质型、沉积型和新生风化淋积型等7个银矿预测类型,其中前4个应该作为重点预测类型,并划分出32个成银带,编制了"中国成银带分布图",为中国银矿资源潜力评价和勘查部署提供了理论依据。     

新疆南天山成矿带矿床成矿系列

在系统分析南天山成矿带地质构造演化和成矿特点基础上,划分了5个矿床成矿系列、5个矿床成矿亚系列和13个矿床式。南天山成矿带矿床成矿系列的分布受区域构造－岩浆演化制约,具有鲜明的古生代,尤其是晚古生代成矿作用特点。区域构造演化的规律, 决定了矿床成矿系列的分布规律,即构造－岩浆演经随时间推移有由北向南推进的趋势。     

西秦岭成矿带成矿系列、成矿规律与找矿方向

青海省西秦岭成矿带成矿条件优越, 成矿带内金、铜、汞、钨、锑、砷、石灰岩等矿产主要分布在青海南山—泽库Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn-W-Sb-Fe-As-石墨-花岗岩-盐类-干热岩成矿亚带(IV-28-2)和苦海—作母沟Hg-Au-Pb-Zn-Sb-W-泥炭成矿亚带(IV-28-3)内。金属矿产空间展布上主要产出于构造活动强烈, 深大断裂活动、火山活动、中酸性岩浆侵入活动和沉积地层变形-变质改造较为普遍的地区。并呈现出区域集中、带状、近等距性分布的特点。研究区内34个矿种的成因类型以岩浆作用矿床和含矿流体作用矿床为主, 其次为沉积作用矿床, 成矿时代以三叠纪和第四纪为主, 石炭纪—三叠纪古特提斯洋演化阶段形成了以接触交代型、岩浆热液型金(银)、铜、铅锌、钨、砷, 浅成中-低温热液型金、锑、铜、铅锌、汞、砷为主的内生矿床, 以化学沉积型石灰岩为主的外生矿床。以区内地质构造演化与成矿时空分布特点为基础, 依据成矿系列理论, 共厘定出西秦岭成矿带成矿系列组3个, 矿床成矿系列9个, 矿床成矿亚系列12个, 矿床式13个。在成矿远景区的基础上进一步指出了区内的找矿方向。     

Review of the Metallogenic Regularity of Magnesite Deposits in China

China has abundant reserves of magnesite, making it the world’s leading source of this strategic mineral. Sparry magnesite is the main type of magnesite deposit, and is easy to exploit. It occurs mainly as the sedimentary-metamorphic type. Production is centred on eastern Liaoning Province, where a world-class large to super large magnesite ore processing and production facility has been developed. Hydrothermal metasomatic deposits, associated with ultramafic complexes and eluvial deposits produced by weathering, are two other important types found in China. The Western section of the Bangonghu-Nujiang metallogenic belt is an important target region for prospecting lake-sedimentary magnesite deposits. Based on a systematic analysis of material from 62 magnesite production areas, this study investigated the metallogeny of magnesite and delineated 13 magnesite metallogenic belts. Maps were produced showing metallogenic regularities in magnesite deposits, the metallogenic system of the magnesite deposits, and the distribution of the metallogenic belts of Chinese magnesite deposits. It provides a theoretical basis for forecasting the location of potential magnesite resources in China. Finally, it explores some key scientific issues, including the formation processes of ultra magnesite ore-concentrated areas, and their sources of magnesium.     

中国绿岩带金矿床的时空分布

绿岩带金矿床是在绿岩带形成和演化过程中形成的，在我国岩金矿产储量中占有很重要的地位。该类金矿床主要分布在华北地台的北缘和西南缘。金矿床的分布具有趋群性，成带性、受绿带层序、构造，岩浆作用，退变质带等多因素的控制。     

全国重要矿产和区域成矿规律研究进展综述

对重要矿产开展全国性的资源潜力评价,是国情调查的重要组成部分,而开展重要矿产和区域成矿规律的研究,又是矿产资源潜力评价的基础性工作.自2006～2013年的8年间,通过对400多个典型矿床的野外调查,开展了典型矿床和区域成矿规律的全面研究,编制了成矿规律研究的技术要求,组织了全国性的技术培训,指导了大区和省级项目成矿规律研究工作,完成了大区和省级项目典型矿床和成矿规律研究成果的验收、汇总和综合,编制了全国单矿种(组)成矿规律相关专题图件,建立了相应的数据库,提出了一系列新认识、新技术和新方法,包括同位素定年的方法和成矿规律编图方法,为矿产资源潜力评价奠定了扎实了理论基础,有效地指导了潜力评价和地质找矿工作,培养了人才,锻炼了队伍,取得了良好的经济效益,显著地提升了我国成矿学的研究水平.     

湖南外生金成矿特征及成矿区预测

外生金包括砾岩金和松散砂金，是外能作用在地表开放条件下形成的。在地壳发展过程中，动力学成矿的时空演化是连续的，但主要集中在早、晚元古代及早、晚古生代和中生代，而大发展于新生代。依据演化规律和矿化环境，提出５个找矿有望的外生金成矿带。