热重分析-傅里叶变换红外光谱法研究橡塑海绵的热氧降解

采用热重分析-傅里叶变换红外光谱法(TGA-FTIR)研究了空气中橡塑海绵的热氧降解行为。考察了材料在3个不同升温速率下的失重情况,并对材料失重过程逸出的气体进行了分析。结果表明:橡塑海绵有两个失重阶段,随着升温速率的增大,材料的失重速率增加,最大失重速率温度有所升高;第一失重阶段是橡塑海绵中丁腈橡胶(NBR)和聚氯乙烯(PVC)官能团的热解,主要生成氯化氢及氰酸类气体;第二失重阶段是橡塑海绵中碳链的热氧降解,主要生成二氧化碳。     

热重分析-傅里叶变换红外光谱法分析无机物填充高分子复合材料的组分

采用热重分析-傅里叶变换红外光谱(TGA-FTIR)联用技术分析无机物填充高分子复合材料的组分。将试样研磨至粒径为0.1~0.5mm,取样品13~15mg,均匀装填于TGA样品盘中,以15℃·min-1升温速率进行热重分析,同时采用50mL·min-1氮气吹扫流量将热分解后析出气体导入傅里叶变换红外光谱仪进行分析。通过解析红外光谱图,鉴别了样品中无机填充物及高分子基质的组分;分析热重曲线,测定了各组分含量,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.92%;分析比对红外光谱的Gram-Schmidt正交重构图和热重分析的失重百分比-温度微分曲线,评价了热重-红外光谱的联用效果。     

热重分析-单滴微萃取-气相色谱-质谱结合傅里叶变换红外光谱考察咖啡酸的热解行为

采用热重分析-单滴微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(TG-SDME-GC-MS)联用系统和傅里叶变换红外光谱,研究了咖啡酸的热解行为。设定热重分析仪5 ℃/min的升温速率及400 mL/min的氮气流量,在160～360 ℃温度范围内,采用乙醇对热解逸出物质进行单滴微萃取,然后利用GC-MS分离分析,监测了咖啡酸5种主要热解逸出产物相对含量随温度升高的动态变化情况。使用傅里叶变换红外光谱分析了咖啡酸所对应各失重点固体剩余物的特征官能团变化情况。结果表明,咖啡酸热失重的主要原因是在240～360 ℃产生大量的邻苯二酚,在200～220 ℃热解产生4-乙基邻苯二酚。另外,咖啡酸在230 ℃下已完全裂解。该方法的建立为温度连续上升模式下的物质热解行为分析提供了借鉴和参考。     

同步热分析-傅里叶变换红外光谱-气相色谱-质谱法分析淀粉

应用同步热分析法对淀粉样品进行了热失重研究。分别在氮气和氮氧(91+9,体积比)混合气氛围中,对淀粉样品在动态升温条件下的热重、微分热重和温度变化曲线的差异进行了比较,将315℃和350℃时所得的热解产物进行傅里叶变换红外光谱和气相色谱-质谱分析,在氮气和氮氧混合气氛围下共检出并鉴定了51种化合物。     

含油污泥的热解特性研究

利用热重 傅里叶变换红外光谱联用仪与管式电阻炉对含油污泥热解特性进行了研究,分析了热解过程及影响因素（污泥性质与升温速率）,并由气体析出特性研究了热解机理。结果表明,热解过程包括水分挥发、轻质油挥发、重质油热解、半焦炭化与矿物质分解五种反应,矿物油反应集中发生在220℃～480℃。污泥性质影响因素中,产生环节最为显著,罐底泥、污水污泥失重明显而落地油泥失重不明显,矿物质组分含量越高,挥发分转化率越低;而污泥的油源基属影响较小。升温速率越大,反应进行的越快,挥发分转化率降低。热解机理包括矿物油含氧官能团裂解,链烃及侧链上的断链,环化、芳构化以及缩合脱氢。     

(乙酸乙烯酯-co-丙烯酸)共聚物的合成、醇解及产物水溶性研究

用乙酸乙烯酯(VAc)和丙烯酸(AA)进行溶液聚合制备(乙酸乙烯酯-co-丙烯酸)共聚物[P(VAc-co-AA)],研究了不同单体投料比时的聚合反应速率,结果表明:反应时间一定,随AA含量增加,聚合反应速率降低,转化率降低;反应5小时后,不同AA含量体系的转化率差别减小;傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱(FTIR)和核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)测试结果表明AA与VAc发生共聚.用氢氧化钠(NaOH)作为催化剂对P(VAc-co-AA)进行醇解制得产物聚乙烯醇(PVA),通过X-射线衍射(XRD)测定了醇解产物结晶度,进一步考察了醇解产物在70℃水中的溶解性.结果表明:与聚乙酸乙烯酯(PVAc)的醇解产物相比,P(VAc-co-AA)的醇解产物结晶度有所下降,在水中的溶解性提高.     

纤维素与草酸的慢速和快速共热解反应特性研究

本研究利用热重-傅里叶变换红外光谱和卧式固定床热解反应装置，探究了纤维素与草酸的慢速和快速共热解反应特性。慢速共热解的失重曲线包括草酸分解和纤维素分解两个阶段，由于草酸与纤维素分解不同步，草酸主要通过其分解形成的挥发分影响纤维素的分解，且影响并不明显。而在快速共热解中，草酸与纤维素同步热解，原料及挥发分之间有着充分的交互反应，因此，草酸对纤维素的三相热解产物具有显著影响。相比于纤维素单独快速热解，快速共热解形成的生物油中左旋葡聚糖、左旋葡萄糖酮含量减少，1,4∶3,6-二脱水-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖含量显著提高；热解气中CO减少，CO₂增多；此外，纤维素分解更为彻底，热解炭具有更高的芳香化程度。     

5-氯-2-甲氧基苯甲酸与1,10-邻菲啰啉稀土配合物的合成、表征及热分解机理

合成了三种稀土配合物[Ln(5-Cl-2-MOBA)3phen]2(Ln=Nd(1),Eu(2),Ho(3);5-Cl-2-MOBA:5-氯-2-甲氧基苯甲酸根;phen:1,10-邻菲啰啉),通过元素分析、热重-微分热重-差示扫描量热(TG-DTG-DSC)、红外光谱(IR)、紫外光谱(UV)及摩尔电导等技术对标题配合物进行了表征.荧光光谱表明配合物(2)发出铕离子的特征荧光.用热分析/傅里叶变换红外(TG-DSC/FTIR)联用技术,阐明标题配合物的热分解反应机理,并分析了逸出气体的三维(3D)红外光谱.     

EVA、PVAc的水解行为与热稳定性研究

采用加速热水解、化学滴定法、红外光谱法、热重以及差示扫描量热法对比研究了聚醋酸乙烯酯(PVAc)和乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)的水解动力学和热稳定性。结果表明:PVAc的水解速率是EVA的25~30倍,这是由于EVA分子结构中乙烯链的引入降低了酯基密度,与酯基相邻的双键的空间保护作用,使得EVA获得良好的水解稳定性,同时,也大大增加了分子结构的稳定性。PVAc粘结剂在长贮过程中容易发生降解,而EVA粘结剂可显著改善弹药的长贮失效.     

基于TGA-FTIR联用技术研究ABS树脂的热氧降解行为

采用热失重-傅立叶变换红外光谱(TGA-FTIR)联用技术研究了空气气氛下ABS树脂的热稳定性及热氧降解失重情况。研究了ABS在4个不同升温速率下的失重情况;采用TGA-FTIR联用技术对10℃/min等速升温下ABS失重过程的逸出气体进行分析;采用热分解动力学方法分析ABS的热氧降解过程,计算热分解活化能。结果表明,ABS的TGA曲线有两个失重区间:第一区间是ABS的急剧氧化降解过程,活化能(Ea)为191.8~262.8 kJ.mol-1,第二区间是成炭产物的氧化,Ea约为139.7 kJ.mol-1;升温速率越小,ABS热氧降解速率越慢,交联成炭产物越多,有利于抑制ABS的降解;由FTIR测试和Ea变化发现,热氧降解反应为多步复杂反应,初期时氧化反应和氧化断链同时进行,并以氧化断链反应为主,随着分子链上产生的双键增多发生交联反应,失重率大于80%时开始炭化反应,最终交联炭层发生氧化反应生成CO2。     

国产硅藻土吸附尿激酶机理的研究

在常温下, 尿激酶在浙江土和吉林土表面的吸附等温线分别为V型和II型; 焙烧后两者皆转为III型。吸附等温线类型与硅藻土表面结构、孔结构、表面ζ电位有关。在400℃焙烧的硅藻土等电点值最低, 吸附量最大; 改性后, 吸附量也发生改变。本文还测定了尿激酶在硅藻土表面的吸附形态, 其吸附等温线方程符合0/(1-0)=(Kc)^1/β, 并讨论了平衡常数K和尿激酶吸附功能链段数β随温度的变化。     

DFT Study on the Effect of Hydrogen-bond Formation on the Adsorption of Aminotriazines on Graphene

DFT calculations have been performed to explore the aminotriazine adsorption on graphene surfaces.Relative energies,equilibrium geometries and electronic structures of monomer and dimer of aminotriazine molecules adsorbed at the surface were investigated and analyzed in details.It was found that the hydrogen atoms in the NH2 group of aminotriazine molecules are directed toward the graphene surface,and the adsorption energy increases as the NH2 group is added.The adsorbed aminotriazine molecules facilely form a dimer through the hydrogen bonding interactions,and the two aromatic rings of optimized structure of 2-amino-1,3,5-triazine(B) dimmer(denoted by B2) and melamine(D) dimmer(denoted by D2) are parallel to the graphene sheet.The large deviation of the averaged adsorption energy of B2 and D2 compared to monor adsorption may reflect the increase of π-π repulsion and the effect of hydrogen bond formation.The electronic structure analyses reveal that the formation of hydrogen bonds in melamine dimer has great influence on the adsorption mode at the graphene surface.     

MCM-41表面氧化铜的分散研究

金属离子修饰的M41S介孔分子筛催化剂体系是当前多相催化剂研究的热点.虽然有关介孔分子筛金属离子修饰的方法有多种[1],但均存在着负载的金属粒子在载体表面负载量低或分散不均匀等缺点;采用本课题组的有机官能团化法[2]可以得到高分散度和高负载量的介孔分子筛负载金属氧化物     

Simulation Analysis on the Profiles of Droplets Wetting on the Substrates

To study the structural characteristics and physical properties of droplets sitting on the inclined substrates and cylindrical surfaces, wetting experiments are conducted in different cases. The profile curves of the droplets are recorded and extracted by a CCD camera and image processing, respectively. Contact angles are figured out by fitting the profile curves and taking the derivative at the front and rear triple points. Based on the experimental results, a Surface Evolver is employed to simulate the morphological changes by minimizing the total energy of the system. Furthermore, theoretical shapes and feature parameters, including the heights and the spreading distances of the droplets, which are hard to obtain by normal experimental measurements are provided. The contact-angle hysteresis when the heavy droplet sitting on the inclined substrate is discussed. Meanwhile, the evolutions of the contour of the three-phase contact line are predicted when heavy droplets spread on the convex and concave cylindrical surfaces, respectively. This study provides a finite-element analysis method to describe the surface properties of molten droplets on different substrates, and the simulation results agree well with the experimental results.     

Microcalorimetric investigations on the influence of propolis on the bacterium micrococcus luteus

Propolis or bee-glue is the third important product of honey bees after honey and wax. Known for thousands of years for its curative effects it is finding evermore attention in alternative and classical therapy in recent times against, e.g. infections, inflammations, dermatologic diseases and in wound healing.

Microcalorimetric experiments were performed on the influence of several propolis samples from Germany, Uruguay, Ethiopia and of a commercial propolis tincture on growth and metabolism of the recommended gram-positive bacterium Micrococcus luteus. Propolis extracts were prepared following established recipies for the water-soluble and insoluble components and the precipitate.

Addition of these extracts to a growing M. luteus culture in different growth phases resulted in a strong decline of the heat production rate, a prolongation of the lag phase or an introduction of a new, second lag phase, while the form of the calorimetric power-time curve remained unchanged. The calorimetric response showed a linear dependence on the propolis concentration. Although the quantitative gain of the extracts from the different propolis samples was nearly constant, the effects varied considerably between the specimens used.

The calorimetric investigations were supplemented by polarographic oxygen monitoring and by the standard agar well technique to determine the growth inhibition factor of the propolis extracts.     

Processes on aluminium on the negative side of the open-circuit potential

Cathodic current—time transients were recorded on high-purity aluminium immersed into a neutral 2 M NaCl solution, when subjected to a potential pulse from a potential around the open-circuit potential, to different negative values. Hydration of the oxide layer occurs at potentials more negative than −1700 mV vs. SCE, whereupon hydrogen is evolved at the metal—hydrated oxide interface. A linear Tafel function is obtained for the maximum current attained in that potential region with a slope of 110 mV dec⁻¹ indicating that the Volmer reaction is the rate-determining step, and the exchange current density for hydrogen evolution at aluminium is estimated at 5 × 10⁻¹¹ A cm⁻². Anodic current responses to the return of the potential to the rest values were also recorded at three different time scales. The presence of some substances, formed at the more negative potentials, other than gaseous hydrogen, was detected and their dependence on potential and cathodic pulse duration is discussed.     

关于变价态奎宁电极的研制与Ph对电极斜率影响的探讨

本文研究在两种质子化状态存在时奎宁的电极行为与特点,证明在不同pH溶液中变价态奎宁电极电位不能直接用能斯脱公式或Nicolsky-eisenman公式表出,提出了变价态电极的S-σ经验或,并依据此式,用奎宁选择性电极测出20℃下I=0.5McIlvaine缓冲液双质子化奎宁,辛可宁、硫胺的Ka1分别为(8.37±0.96)x10[-5],(8.00±0.92)x10[-5].(8.37±0.96)x10[-6].指出:同系列溶剂介电常数增大,液膜电极斜率增大,存在S-1/ε线性关系,电极可用于奎宁的电位滴定法或直接电位法测定。     

Quantum calculations on the adsorption of halide ions on the noble metals

The interaction of halide ions with the three noble metals has been investigated using the B3LYP density functional method and the cluster model approximation. The results of calculations for the M—X⁻ and M₁₂—X⁻ (M = Cu, Ag, Au; X = F, Cl, Br, I) systems are presented. At the (100) surface, modeled in the present work by the M₁₂ cluster, all halide ions have been found to adsorb preferentially at the hollow site, followed by the bridge and by the top positions. The adsorption energy has been found to decrease when going from fluoride to iodide in both atom—ion and cluster—ion cases. The opposite trend is observed for the estimates of the charge transfer from the ions to the surface. When different metals are compared, the M₁₂—X⁻ interaction energies decrease in the order Au > Ag > Cu, but for the smaller ions some deviations from this line do appear. The relative values of the calculated harmonic vibrational frequencies do agree with those found experimentally, but their magnitude is much smaller as a result of the effect of the lower surface coverage.