南瓜粉的酶法制备及营养成分分析

用菠萝蛋白酶对南瓜进行酶解,研制生产南瓜粉,实验结果表明: 0.04%菠萝蛋白酶pH 6.35条件下,50℃酶解5 h为最佳酶解条件.并对南瓜粉进行成分分析,其水分、灰分、脂肪、糖类物质、蛋白质、果胶含量分别为8.34%,5.61%,0.41%,58.46%,13.24%,1.82%.另外比较了南瓜粉与灵芝粉和莲子粉中的一些金素元素含量.研究结果为南瓜中有效营养成分的提取和开发利用提供了科学依据.     

超声波辅助酶解法制备香菇酱

在蛋白酶水解法制备香菇酱的工艺中,首先研究了超声波对原料进行细胞破碎处理的操作条件,采用正交实验设计对影响蛋白酶水解效果的条件进行了选择优化。结果表明,超声波处理的最佳功率为200W、最佳处理时间为30min,蛋白酶水解的最佳工艺条件为酶解温度40℃、pH值4．5、酶用量1％、酶解时间60min,在此工艺条件下香菇酱的氨基酸含量为0．88％。     

霉菌发酵型奶酪粉的制备工艺研究

以液态奶为原料,以卡地干酪青霉（Penicilliumcandidum）、娄地青霉（Penicilliumroquefo）和雅致放射毛霉（Actinomucorelegans）为发酵菌种,通过测定发酵奶的游离脂肪酸（freefatacid,FFA）和游离氨基酸（freeaminoacid,FAA）含量,选出最佳发酵菌种为雅致放射毛霉．优化后的发酵条件为：雅致放射毛霉接种量（按孢子数计）1．94×10。mL,在29℃、95r／min下摇床培养4d,发酵奶中的游离脂肪酸和游离氨基酸分别为4．28％和0．37％．为了加速发酵奶中风味物质的形成,继而对脂肪酶和蛋白酶水解发酵奶进行了单因素实验和正交实验,确定最佳酶解条件为脂肪酶添加量为1．5％,无水奶油添加量为12％;蛋白酶添加量为0．15％,大豆粉添加量为6％,经55℃酶解8h后发酵奶中的游离脂肪酸、游离氨基酸和脂解率分别为11．12％、1．12％和71．6％．在此条件下对水解产物进行喷雾干燥得到的霉菌发酵型奶酪粉水分含量9．71％,蛋白质含量为29．21％,粗脂肪含量27．23％,基本与进口奶酪粉接近（水分含量7．35％,蛋白质含量35．53％,粗脂肪含量24．91％）．     

香菇调味料酶解工艺研究

为提高香菇酶解液的酶解效率和感官品质,研究了3种酶复合酶解香菇的较佳工艺。首先通过正交试验优化了纤维素酶的酶解条件,纤维素酶的较佳酶解条件为温度40℃、时间1h、加酶的质量分数0.5%。然后以感官评分和α-氨基态氮含量为指标筛选出菠萝蛋白酶和风味蛋白酶2种蛋白酶,最后通过响应面试验优化了复合酶的较佳酶解条件。结果表明,3种酶同时酶解香菇液为较佳酶解方式,复合酶的较佳酶解条件为温度58.6℃、时间2.02h、质量浓度15.24mL/g(即超纯水体积与香菇粉质量的比例)。在此条件下得到的α-氨基态氮的密度为0.0901g/100mL,感官评分为7.4,属于喜欢范畴。     

基于响应面分析法的草鱼蛋白酶解工艺

应用响应面分析法对草鱼蛋白两段酶解的条件分别进行优化,第一段酶解复合使用胰酶／风味蛋白酶（质量比为4：1）,以蛋白质利用率为响应值;第二段酶解用木瓜蛋白酶,以肽得率为响应值．最终确定第一段酶解的最优条件为：酶（E）与底物（S）的质量比为0．3：100,温度为53℃,时间为5．90h;第二段酶解的最优条件为：E与S的质量比为0．12：100,温度为60℃,时间为5．60h．利用凝胶色谱测得最优条件下制备酶解液组分的相对分子质量范围介于714～8790之间,酶解液中肽含量超过50％（质量分数）,与响应面模型所预测的肽得率（52．55％）相吻合．     

利用扇贝边制造水解动物蛋白的研究

选用复合蛋白酶酶解扇贝边制备水解液，并优化酶解工艺条件；采用中空纤维超滤膜对水解液进行分离纯化，制造高质量的水解动物蛋白，并测试膜分离试验操作条件对分离效率的影响．研究结果表明，先用枯草杆菌蛋白酶酶解4h，然后用风味蛋白酶继续酶解，可以显著提高酶解液中多肽、短肽及游离氨基酸的含量；超过滤的操作压力、温度、酶解液的pH值及浓缩比等因素都将影响超过滤效率，在操作压力不高于0．10MPa，pH值为7．0～7．5，温度为43℃，每过滤10min后就对超过滤膜进行2min的反冲洗等操作条件下，可以大大提高超过滤的分离效率、减少膜的污染及延长膜的使用寿命；试验结果还表明，超过滤分离后水解液的感官指标明显优于未分离的水解原液。     

酶法水解乳清蛋白过程的优化

以浓缩乳清蛋白为原料，选择碱性蛋白酶（Alcalase）水解乳清蛋白。分析了pH、温度、酶和底物比（E／S）和反应时间等因素对乳清蛋白水解的影响。通过响应面法分析，确定了碱性蛋白酶（Alcalase）酶解乳清蛋白的最佳水解条件为：pH8．5、反应温度55℃、酶和底物比0．05。水解3．0h，水解度为19．34％。     

青霉素茵丝体中麦角固醇分离和纯化研究

探索从青霉素菌丝体中提取麦角固醇以及纯化的方法,并进行条件的优化．实验证明：以麦角固醇含量为1．2％的青霉素湿菌丝为原料,使用浓度为15％的NaOH溶液,物料比1：15,在温度为85℃条件下皂化2h,选择乙醇作为萃取剂进行萃取,是从青霉素菌丝体中提取麦角固醇的最优方法．选择碱性蛋白酶对粗提产品进行酶解,最佳酶解条件为：温度45℃,时间2h,加酶量2．0％,pH为8．在该酶解条件下麦角固醇纯度可达到70％,提取率为95％．     

酶法制备虾头调味品的研究

本文研究了利用虾头作为原料，以酶解工艺生产调味品的方法。酶解的条件为：采用AS1．398中性蛋白酶，加量0．05－0．10％，酶解温度45℃，时间约3h，加盐量4％。酶解液经加工后制成的调味品，其质量符合同类产品的要求。     

甘油二酯微胶囊中油脂的酶法提取

甘油二酯微胶囊是一种新型功能性食品配料,为准确测定其所包埋油脂的含油量、过氧化值、甘油二酯含量等理化指标,需建立其油脂组分的最适提取方法。本研究使用酸水解、碱水解、超声处理和菠萝蛋白酶水解4种方法对亚麻籽二酯油微胶囊进行破壁预处理,对比了不同预处理方法对微胶囊中油脂提取效果的影响,即考察了油脂提取率和油脂的过氧化值,通过高效液相色谱法分析了所提取油脂的甘油酯组成。结果显示：菠萝蛋白酶水解法预处理后提取得到的油脂过氧化值最低,其中的甘油二酯损失最少;酸水解法和超声处理法得到的油脂提取率较高,但酸水解法处理后油脂中的甘油二酯含量损失最多,超声处理后得到油脂的过氧化值最高;碱水解法处理后的油脂提取率最低。在酶水解法单因素实验的基础上进行正交试验,探究酶添加量、酶解温度和酶解时间对油脂提取率的影响,并优选了酶解处理后的萃取溶剂。结果表明：当菠萝蛋白酶的加酶量为12 000 U/g、酶解温度为55℃、酶解时间为5 min时,甘油二酯微胶囊的油脂提取率可达（98.60±0.78）%,油脂过氧化值为（0.037±0.001） g/100 g。酶解后最佳萃取体系为乙醇-乙醚-石油醚（体积比为2∶5∶5...     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.