股前外侧区穿支动脉的形态学研究及皮瓣设计

目的探讨以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂的皮瓣设计方法，以便增加术前多普勒定位的准确性。方法6具动脉灌注明胶-氧化铅混悬液的新鲜成人整尸标本，解剖观测股前外侧区穿支，通过血管造影术和拍摄X线片测量其直径、行程、分支和定位。用3D—doctor和Scion Image软件分别测量穿支供血的趋向性、三维重建和单穿支供血面积。结果股前外侧区共有外径大于0．5mm穿支16支，平均外径0．8mm，平均供血面积45．61cm^2，其中20％为肌间隙穿支，80％为肌皮穿支。平均蒂长为（3．15±1．43）cm。自旋股外侧动脉降支发出的穿支在浅筋膜中的平均长度为2．63cm。结论改良的氧化铅-明胶灌注技术可以为皮动脉和穿支皮瓣的研究提供高质量的血管造影图像。本研究发现股前外侧单穿支皮瓣的最大供血面积是30cm×20cm。以股前外侧区穿支设计的穿支皮瓣可以移植到下肢或身体其他部位。     

主干蒂与穿支蒂穿支皮瓣血流动力学的比较研究

目的研究主干蒂与穿支蒂穿支皮瓣血流动力学的差异。方法选成年小型猪4只,雌雄各2只,体重23.0±2.0kg。设计自身对照的以两侧腹壁上动脉主干血管或其穿支为蒂的腹部横行皮瓣,一组为逆行解剖血管蒂至腹壁上动脉主干的穿支皮瓣;一组为腹壁上血管腹直肌穿支为蒂的穿支皮瓣。于术后2h,1、2和3周分别以激光多普勒血流仪测量皮瓣皮肤的血流灌注量,以彩色多普勒超声测定腹壁上动脉的血流速度。术后1周计算皮瓣成活面积。3周时处死动物行氧化铅凝胶动脉灌注皮瓣造影。结果术后2h、1周时主干蒂穿支皮瓣较穿支蒂穿支皮瓣水肿严重;两组皮瓣的皮肤血流灌注量有统计学差异（P〈0.05）,术后2、3周两组皮瓣皮肤的血液灌注量、皮瓣的坏死面积（主干蒂穿支皮瓣组19.73%±3.21%;穿支蒂穿支皮瓣组19.81%±3.33%）无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。术后2h、1周时主干蒂穿支皮瓣组的腹壁上动脉平均流速减慢,与另一组比较有统计学差异（P〈0.05）;术后2、3周时两组接近。3周时皮瓣造影显示主干蒂穿支皮瓣组的腹壁上血管有新生血管。结论1主干为血管蒂的穿支皮瓣血流动力学表现在术后1周皮瓣皮肤血流灌注量下降,但不影响皮瓣的成活面积;2血管主干至其他组织的或受区血管的分支结扎不能对皮瓣起到超灌注的作用。     

大鱼际皮瓣血供的解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的了解大鱼际皮瓣的血供特点，为大鱼际皮瓣的合理设计提供解剖学依据。方法20侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人手标本，解剖并观察大鱼际皮瓣的血供来源、走行、分支及吻合情况。结果根据拇指桡侧指动脉的来源，将大鱼际皮肤血管分为三型：Ⅰ型为掌浅支（弓）型，Ⅱ型为拇主要动脉型，Ⅲ型为交通支型。大鱼际皮瓣的血供来源主要有四个方面：①由掌浅支或其发出的拇指桡侧指动脉发出的皮支，皮支外径约0．3-1．0mm；②来源于拇主要动脉的拇指桡侧指动脉发出的皮穿支，皮支外径约0．4．0．8mm；③拇指桡侧指背动脉向大鱼际桡背侧发出的皮支；④大鱼际深部血管发出的肌皮穿支。结论四种来源的血管在大鱼际交织成网状，营养整个大鱼际皮肤，据此可设计成三种类型的带蒂皮瓣：以掌浅支（弓）发出的拇指桡侧指动脉为血管蒂的大鱼际皮瓣、拇指桡侧指动脉穿支蒂皮瓣以及大鱼际桡背侧筋膜血管蒂皮瓣。其中以拇指桡侧指动脉穿支蒂皮瓣临床应用价值最高。     

胸背动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复不同部位皮肤软组织缺损16例

目的 探讨胸背动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植和带蒂转移修复四肢及颈部、腋窝、肩背部皮肤软组织缺损的可行性和临床效果.方法 选用同侧带血管蒂胸背动脉穿支皮瓣修复5例颈部、腋窝、肩背部创面;选用胸背动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植修复11例四肢骨外露或肌腱外露创面.其中12例以胸背动静脉-外侧支-穿支为血管蒂,4例以胸背动静脉-前锯肌支-穿支为血管蒂,皮瓣不携带深筋膜、背阔肌和胸背神经.皮瓣面积最小10 cm×5 cm,最大26 cm×10 cm.结果 术后16例皮瓣全部成活,供区与受区创面一期愈合.术后随访3～ 24个月,皮瓣质地良好、外形不臃肿,皮瓣供区瘢痕不明显,肩关节功能无影响.结论 胸背动脉穿支皮瓣质地良好、供区隐蔽、血管蒂长、血供可靠,且不牺牲背阔肌和胸背神经.带蒂转移是修复同侧颈、肩、腋窝皮肤软组织缺损的理想方法,游离移植适合修复四肢皮肤软组织缺损.     

肋间后动脉外侧穿支蒂皮瓣修复上肢电损伤创面

目的建立以肋间后动脉外侧穿支为血供的带蒂腹部皮瓣覆盖上肢电损伤创面的手术方法，观察其应用效果。方法应用以第7～10肋间穿支血管供养的腹部皮瓣，修复6例电损伤患者肘部、前臂、腕部、手掌部创面。皮瓣面积16．0cm×12．0cm～9．0cm×7．0cm，移植皮瓣18．21d后断蒂。观察皮瓣的成活情况及外观。结果肋间后动脉外侧穿支蒂皮瓣血供可靠，手术操作简便、耗时短。5例皮瓣移植后全部成活；1例皮瓣因切取时超过脐旁线，致远端边缘3．5cm×2．0cm部分坏死。术后外观满意。结论肋间后动脉外侧穿支蒂皮瓣适用于前臂、肘部及手部损伤创面的修复。     

皮神经营养血管对扩大穿支蒂皮瓣存活面积的实验研究

目的 探讨皮神经营养血管对扩大穿支皮瓣存活面积的机制.方法 雄性SD大鼠30只,10只用于灌注解剖研究大鼠背部穿支血管、皮神经走行;20只随机分为两组,均设计3 cm×10 cm以旋髂深动脉皮穿支为蒂的背部长轴皮瓣,实验组皮瓣长轴与后正中线成0°、对照组呈30°.术后1 d、7 d尾静脉注射荧光素钠观察皮瓣血流情况;术后7d观察两组皮瓣存活率,并观察皮瓣的血管网分布.结果 大鼠旋髂深动脉皮穿支恒定,背部皮神经纵向分布,有丰富的血管网伴行.术后1 d实验组的血流灌注面积为42.85%,对照组皮瓣为37.94%,二者差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);术后7 d两组皮瓣血流灌注面积分别为84.07%、58.55%,皮瓣存活面积分别为83.93%、59.95%,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).术后7 d实验组皮瓣血管网密度高于对照组.结论 皮神经营养血管改善穿支皮瓣存活状况,沿皮神经走向切取穿支皮瓣可明显增大皮瓣存活面积.     

骨间后动脉肌间隙支穿支皮瓣的解剖学研究

目的通过研究骨间后动脉肌间隙支穿支血管在皮肤内的走行和分布，探索骨间后动脉肌间隙支穿支皮瓣对手部小面积皮肤软组织缺损进行精确的定点修复的可能性。方法红色乳胶灌注的上肢标本14侧，解剖观测外径≥0．5mm的穿支，测量其管径并观察其走行、分支、分布情况等。结果骨间后动脉发出4～5支肌间隙支血管供应皮肤。其中最大的骨间后动脉肌间隙支穿支起自肱骨外上髁至尺骨小头桡侧缘连线，距腕横纹上8～9cm[平均（8．9±2．0）cm]，其他各肌间隙支穿支分别以3．0～5.5cm间隔发出，每个穿支斜行0．6—1．6cm穿过肌间隙到达皮肤。蒂长（1．8±0.1）cm，穿支外径0．3～0．6mm[平均（0．5±0．1）mm]，均有两条伴行静脉。结论骨间后动脉肌间隙支穿支皮瓣对手部小面积皮肤软组织缺损精确定点修复提供解剖学依据。     

无神经损伤的双蒂股前外侧游离皮瓣

股前外侧皮瓣以其血管恒定 ,蒂长径粗带有感觉神经 ,供区面积较大 ,部位隐蔽等优点而被广泛应用于临床[1 ] 。该皮瓣的血管蒂为旋股外血管降支及其发出的肌皮动脉穿支 ,多数为 2～ 3支。尽管第一肌皮动脉穿支为该皮瓣的主要供血动脉 ,但皮瓣切取面积较大时 ,仍需包括 2～ 3个肌皮动脉穿支 ,这样就难免损伤股神经的股外侧肌神经。我们设计的双蒂股前外侧皮瓣 ,既保证了皮瓣的血液供应 ,又避免了股外侧肌神经的损伤 ,临床应用 8例全部成功。1　解剖学基础旋股外侧动脉从股深动脉或股动脉发出后不远即分为升支、横支和降支。其中降支最粗最长 ,…     

吻合腓肠内侧血管穿支皮瓣的应用解剖和临床应用

目的 报道腓肠内侧血管穿支皮瓣的解剖学研究与游离移植的临床效果.方法 用明胶-氧化铅液灌注12侧标本的胭动脉,观测腓肠内侧血管及其穿支的分支、蒂长、管径等;取下标本皮肤软组织拍摄X线片,利用Photoshop与Scion Image分析穿支分布的趋向性和供血面积.临床上吻合腓肠内侧血管穿支皮瓣修复5例手部软组织缺损,皮瓣面积为7 cm×4 cm～12 cm×8 cm. 结果 所有标本的腓肠内侧血管至少存在1支穿支,平均2.1支;位于距横纹9～18 cm、距后中线1～5 cm的范围内;其深筋膜处的外径为(1.03±0.22)mm;穿支供血的总面积为(107.5±23.9)cm2,单穿支的供血面积为(58.3±17.0)cm2.5例移植皮瓣全部成活,随访6～12个月,手部修复后外形与功能恢复满意.结论 明胶-氧化铅液灌注造影是皮瓣血管解剖学研究的可靠方法;腓肠内侧血管恒定存在的穿支,可作为腓肠内侧血管穿支皮瓣的血供来源;该皮瓣外形美观,是修复手部中、小面积皮肤软组织缺损的良好选择.     

腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨应用改进腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复小腿下段及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法及临床效果。方法1999年1月~2004年11月,在腓动脉肌间隔支与腓肠神经血供的解剖基础上临床应用22例。其中男14例,女8例。年龄5~54岁。根据缺损部位及大小设计以腓动脉小腿下段穿支为血管蒂及转轴点,沿腓肠神经营养血管轴线切取皮瓣,逆行移位修复小腿下段及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损。应用腓动脉终末穿支蒂皮瓣13例,腓动脉第2穿支蒂皮瓣8例,第3穿支蒂皮瓣1例。切取皮瓣范围13 cm×12 cm~30 cm×20 cm,穿支血管蒂长1.7~3.0 cm,穿支血管蒂发出部位位于外踝上4.5~8.0 cm,血管外径1.0~1.2 mm。结果术后22例皮瓣全部成活,随访6~18个月,皮瓣外形及功能恢复满意。其中4例腓肠神经与受区感觉神经吻合,术后1年感觉恢复好,两点辨别觉为10~13 mm。结论腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣手术操作简便,血供可靠,切取面积大,适用于修复小腿下段及足踝部大面积皮肤软组织缺损。     

The effect of perforator location on epigastric perforator flap survival: an experimental and stereological study in guinea pigs

One challenge most often seen in perforator-based flaps is the topographic relationship between the flap and its perforator, which determines flap design and pedicle length. Thirty female guinea pigs were used in this study. They were divided into four different groups including three experimental groups (n = 8), which were designed as central, lateral, and distal groups according to the perforator location, and one control group (n = 6). Flap survival and vessel density rates were assessed. There was no statistically significant difference ( P > 0.05) among either the surviving skin areas or the vascular density rates of the experimental groups, although all flaps were necrosed in the control group. We concluded that perforator flaps can safely be raised on the perforators located very distal or lateral to the flaps, as well as central classical location. Moreover, perforator flaps larger than suggested can safely be harvested in the same donor sites.     

Reconstruction of elbow region defects using radial collateral artery perforator (RCAP)-based propeller flaps

Perforator-based propeller flaps permit flap rotation up to 180°. This ability to transfer skin from one longitudinal axis to another has led to the increasing use of perforator-based propeller flaps in extremity reconstruction, especially lower-extremity reconstruction. However, the application of perforator-based propeller flaps to upper-extremity reconstruction is still limited. This article reports two cases of successful reconstruction of elbow region defects with radial collateral artery perforator (RCAP)-based propeller flaps. The elbow region has a variety of perforators available for perforator-based propeller flap reconstruction. Among them, the RCAP seems to be one of the most reliable options. This is because there are less anatomical variations of perforators' location on the lateral upper arm than on the medial upper arm. By using an RCAP perforator as a flap pedicle, the small-to-medium sized defects (<6?cm in diameter) around elbow regions can be closed primarily without skin grafts.     

A new experimental flap model: free muscle perforator flap

A large number of perforator flap types have been described in experimental and clinical studies. Perforator flaps have been used both as pedicled and free flaps in clinical practice, but only in a pedicled form in animal studies. According to the authors' literature review, a free perforator flap in an animal model has not yet been developed. The purpose of this study was to describe a new free perforator flap model in the rat. A total of 15 Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250 g were used in this experiment. In 5 rats, the vascular anatomy of the popliteal vessels and their relation with adjacent structures were determined by anatomic dissection. In the remaining 10 rats, a posterior thigh perforator-based flap was created based on the distal popliteal vascular pedicle. In 5 rats the flap was transferred to the groin region as a free flap. In the remaining 5 rats the flap was transferred to the groin region, but in this group anastomosis was not performed between the vascular structures of the flap and the recipient femoral vessels. The latter group was designated as the control group. Direct observation and microangiographic techniques were used to assess the viability of the flap. Results showed that the cutaneous islands of all the free flaps survived completely, whereas in the control group all the flaps under-went total necrosis. The authors conclude that the free posterior thigh perforator flap is a reliable and true perforator flap model for future physiologic, biologic, and pharmacologic studies. It offers the following advantages: 1) Arising from the biceps femoris muscle, the musculocutaneous perforator of the flap has a consistent vascular pedicle, 2) it is the first free perforator flap for the rat, 3) it is harvested from a small-animal species, and 4) it can be used without the need for an isogeneic rat.     

Effect of the delay phenomenon in the rat single-perforator-based abdominal skin flap model

During the last decade, innovations in reconstructive surgery have presented a new type of flap called the "perforator-based flap." Perforator-based flaps became useful alternatives for solving difficult problems. In the authors' previous study, they created a single musculocutaneous perforator-based abdominal skin flap. In their current study they evaluate the effect of various surgical delay procedures on this model. They divided 32 Sprague-Dawley rats equally into four groups (one control group and three delay groups). Three different delay procedures were employed in the delay groups. In one group, only the flap boundaries were incised (delay group 1). In the other delay groups, flap boundaries were incised and the contralateral (opposite side of the pedicle, delay group 2) or ipsilateral (pedicle side, pedicle left intact; delay group 3) musculocutaneous perforators were ligated. The period of delay was 1 week in all groups. After 1 week, a single-perforator-based abdominal skin flap was elevated as in the control group. One week after the final procedure, surviving skin areas were calculated and microangiograms were acquired. The mean surviving skin area was 75% +/- 3% (standard deviation) in the control group, 97% +/- 3% in delay group 1, 81% +/- 6% in delay group 2, and 96% +/- 3% in delay group 3. Delay group 2 showed substantial necrosis 1 week after the delay procedure and was thus excluded from the study. Results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, and post hoc analyses were performed using Tukey's multiple comparison test. The authors observed the advantages of the delay phenomenon in the two delay groups (p < 0.05). Microangiograms were examined grossly, and a marked difference between the two delay groups and the control group was observed. Many dilated choke vessels were seen in delay groups 1 and 3. Incising the flap boundaries with or without ligating the ipsilateral perforators (keeping the pedicle intact) 1 week before harvesting single-perforator-based abdominal skin flaps in the rat results in a delay effect. Conversely, incising the flap boundaries and ligating the contralateral perforators have no delay effect in this model.     

Freestyle perforator-based V-Y advancement flap for reconstruction of soft tissue defects at various anatomic regions

BACKGROUND: Perforator flap surgery has gained great popularity in the last decade because surgeons can prepare freestyle flaps in anywhere on the body if they find a perforator supplied to the flap. One of the basic principles of reconstructive surgery is that superior results can be obtained for color and texture match if immediately adjacent soft tissue is used to repair a defect. V-Y advancement flaps are used successfully based on this principle, but the degree of mobility of a V-Y advancement flap is dependent on the laxity of the underlying subcutaneous tissue. This is an important disadvantage of traditional V-Y advancement flap and limits its use. METHODS: We used V-Y advancement flaps as perforator-based to overcome mobility restriction problem. The authors used 26 perforator-based V-Y advancement flaps in 24 consecutive patients for coverage of defects located at sacral (4), thigh (6), abdominal wall (3), inguinal (3), back (4), leg (2), and trochanter (2) regions. There were 14 female and 10 male patients with a mean age of 48.3 years (range, 22-70 years). RESULTS: The patients were followed up for a mean period of 14.2 months (range, 9-21 months). The size of the defects ranged from 3 x 5 cm to 15 x 20 cm. All flaps survived completely (92.4%) except 2 in which one of them had undergone total necrosis and the other had marginal necrosis. Fifteen flaps (57.6%) were elevated based on 2 perforators, 7 flaps (26.9%) were used with only one perforator, and the remaining 4 (15.5%) had 3 perforators. CONCLUSIONS: Perforator-based V-Y advancement flaps are safe and very effective for coverage of defects in which closure is impossible with a standard V-Y advancement flap. Dissection of the perforator or perforators offers remarkable excursion to the V-Y flap with minimal donor site morbidity. These axial pattern flaps can be used successfully with good esthetic and functional results at various regions of the body if there is any detectable perforator.     

Lateral intercostal artery perforator-based reverse thoracic flap for antecubital reconstruction

Pedicled flaps distant from the trunk are often used to reconstruct defects of the upper extremity. For this, various flaps have been described, with the groin flap being the most common. Recently, perforator flaps and perforator-based pedicled flaps have been described, that can be raised from the trunk for reconstruction of various defects. The lateral intercostal artery perforator (LICAP) flap, raised from the lateral and posterior thorax, has been used for chest reconstruction. Also LICAP flaps from the abdominal area were described in reconstruction of the upper extremity. In this paper we report a case where a LICAP-based thoracic flap was used for the reconstruction of the antecubital area of the upper extremity. This is the first report of the application of this flap to the upper extremity. The advantages of reverse LICAP flap from the posterolateral thoracic area are: (1) no kinking in the pedicle as it is not folded, especially for antecubital defects, (2) hairless skin from the midaxillary line area, (3) thinner flap compared to the abdominal area and (4) the scar is on the back of the patient in a more acceptable area.     

Vascular supply of the subcutaneous pedicle of Nagata's method in microtia reconstruction.

Nagata's method is a two-stage method for total ear reconstruction in patients with microtia. In the first stage of this procedure, mastoid flap and posterior lobule flap are elevated with a subcutaneous pedicle. However, contribution to the vascular supply by this pedicle has been controversial. We investigated the presence or absence of apparent vessels in the subcutaneous pedicle in 14 primary cases of microtia in the first stage operation. In all cases some vessels were included in the pedicle. In lobular and small concha type microtia, the vessels originated from the parotid fascia or aponeurotic tissue behind the remnant cartilage. In concha type microtia, apparent vessels could be preserved by including the perichondrium of the conchal cartilage. These findings suggest that the mastoid and posterior lobule flaps or W-shaped flap in Nagata's first stage operation are actually the perforator-based flaps. The source vessel of the perforators seemed to be the posterior auricular artery because of its location although further dissection was not performed in order not to damage the vascular supply. The presence of the vessels can augment the blood supply of not only W-shaped flaps but also the skin flap cephalad to them. By confirming the preservation of the perforators in the subcutaneous pedicle the surgeon may be able to trim the covering skin more safely.     

Use of the lateral intercostal perforator-based pedicled abdominal flap for upper-limb wounds from severe electrical injury

BACKGROUND: Upper-extremity wounds can be covered with a variety of flaps. However, pedicled distant flaps still have a place in treatment, especially in the early stages of wound restoration after a severe electrical injury. The purpose of this clinical study was to present the use of the pedicled abdominal flap, using the blood supply of the lateral intercostal perforator vessel, to cover defects caused by severe electrical injury. METHODS: Between 2003 and 2005, 6 cases of deep burn wounds were treated with a lateral intercostal perforator-based pedicled abdominal cutaneous flap, with the blood supply originating from the lateral perforator branches of the seventh to 10th intercostal arteries. This flap was used to repair deep burn wounds on the elbow, forearms, and hands that were the result of severe electrical injuries. RESULTS: Flaps were harvested in sizes ranging from 16 cm x 12 cm to 9 cm x 7 cm. The pedicle was separated from 18 to 21 days after the operation. Five flaps survived entirely. The sixth underwent marginal necrosis (1.5 cm x 3 cm) at the distal portion of the flap because flap cutting exceeded the paraumbilical line. Results were cosmetically satisfactory for all patients. CONCLUSIONS: This flap is suitable for covering defects in hands, forearms, and elbows. The procedure was performed easily, safely, and reliably, and the flap has several advantages over other commonly used techniques for upper-limb wounds from severe electrical injury. We recommend this flap as the treatment of choice.     

Skin perforators of back region: anatomical study and clinical applications

BACKGROUND: Despite widespread studies that have been commonly performed recently on skin perforators and perforator flaps of various regions of the body, investigations on the back region of the body are still insufficient. This study investigates the anatomical characteristics and clinical applications of perforating vessels in the back region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The skin on the back region between the right and left, 7th to 11th thoracic vertebrae of 10 fresh cadavers were raised as flaps. Perforating vessels perfusing the skin with pedicle diameters of over 1 mm were included in the study. The anatomical localization, diameter, pedicle size, and the supplying vessels of these pedicles were determined. Utilizing this information, the defects of 8 patients with large meningomyeloceles included in the study were closed with prepared intercostal artery perforating flap. RESULTS: Perforators of the back region were seen to originate from the posterior intercostal vessels. There were a higher number of perforators on the right side of the body. The most commonly observed perforators were the 7th and 9th posterior intercostal perforators, and their diameters were larger. All flaps were viable following perforator flap closure for defects in 8 patients with large meningomyelocele included in the clinical study. No problems were encountered in the postoperative 3-month follow-up of cases. CONCLUSION: Owing to the low donor area morbidity and wide motion capabilities, the perforator flap is a new choice of flap for the back region. Perforator pedicle flaps supplied by the posterior intercostal vessels may be safely used in congenital tissue defects, such as meningomyelocele, tumors, and traumatic defects.