无神经损伤的双蒂股前外侧游离皮瓣

股前外侧皮瓣以其血管恒定 ,蒂长径粗带有感觉神经 ,供区面积较大 ,部位隐蔽等优点而被广泛应用于临床[1 ] 。该皮瓣的血管蒂为旋股外血管降支及其发出的肌皮动脉穿支 ,多数为 2～ 3支。尽管第一肌皮动脉穿支为该皮瓣的主要供血动脉 ,但皮瓣切取面积较大时 ,仍需包括 2～ 3个肌皮动脉穿支 ,这样就难免损伤股神经的股外侧肌神经。我们设计的双蒂股前外侧皮瓣 ,既保证了皮瓣的血液供应 ,又避免了股外侧肌神经的损伤 ,临床应用 8例全部成功。1　解剖学基础旋股外侧动脉从股深动脉或股动脉发出后不远即分为升支、横支和降支。其中降支最粗最长 ,…     

以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂的穿支嵌合皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损

目的 设计以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂的股部皮肤穿支血管的嵌合皮瓣,为修复口腔颌面部的大面积、复杂的洞穿性缺损提供一种新的方法.方法 根据旋股外侧动脉降支的走行及分支、其在股部正面及两侧可能存在的皮肤穿支血管,设计以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂的穿支嵌合皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损8例.此种皮瓣可分为3种类型:股前外侧皮瓣+股前内侧皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣+股直肌穿支皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣+股前外侧皮瓣.结果 术后8例16块皮瓣均成活,无并发症,且供区均直接拉拢缝合,未行皮片移植.术后随访1～9个月,患者面部外形和功能均良好,供区畸形和功能障碍均不明显.结论 以旋股外侧动脉降支为血管蒂的穿支嵌合皮瓣吻合血管数量少,较切取2个皮瓣供区损伤小,组织量大,适合口腔颌面部大型复杂的组织缺损的修复.     

以旋股外侧动脉高位皮支为蒂的股前外侧皮瓣的临床应用

目的报道应用以旋股外侧动脉横支高位皮支为血管蒂的股前外侧皮瓣游离移植修复软组织缺损的临床效果。方法对7例术中发现旋股外侧动脉降支皮支细小或缺如时，改用以旋股外侧动脉横支发出的高位皮支为血管蒂游离移植股前外侧皮瓣修复前臂、手部、小腿及足部软组织缺损，切取皮瓣的范围为15cm×6cm～28cm×13cm，并带部分肌瓣、骼胫柬以及股外侧皮神经，骨折分别行内固定或外固定。结果本组7例术后股前外侧皮瓣全部成活，一期修复后外观、感觉、功能均达到优良，患肢功能恢复良好。结论以旋股外侧动脉横支高位皮支为血管蒂的股前外侧皮瓣是一种血供可靠、切取范围大、部位隐蔽、可带肌肉及股外侧皮神经的皮瓣；当旋股外侧动脉降支皮支细小或缺如时，以此高位皮支为血管蒂游离移植股前外侧皮瓣，是一种确实可靠的手术方法。     

游离股内侧肌穿支皮瓣的解剖研究与临床应用

目的研究股内侧肌肌皮穿支解剖学特征,设计游离股内侧肌穿支皮瓣,为临床修复软组织缺损提供一种新的皮瓣。方法取6具自愿捐献的新鲜成人下肢标本,以氧化铅混合红色乳胶灌注,解剖股内侧肌肌皮穿支,并通过血管造影技术观测股内侧肌肌皮穿支的起源、走行、分布情况。根据解剖研究,于2009年6月-2011年8月,临床采用大小为14 cm×6 cm～20 cm×5 cm的股内侧肌穿支皮瓣修复4例足部皮肤软组织缺损,缺损范围8 cm×6 cm～12 cm×8 cm。结果股动脉恒定发出的股内侧肌动脉在内侧肌内下行至髌旁,终末支与旋股外侧动脉终末支吻合形成髌周血管网。沿途发出3～5支粗大肌皮穿支达深筋膜内,并浅出至股内侧肌表面皮肤,构成股内侧血管网。临床应用4例股内侧肌穿支皮瓣均成活,受区创面及供区切口均Ⅰ期愈合;患者均获随访,随访时间6～12个月,皮瓣色泽、质地良好,踝关节背伸、跖屈活动范围正常。结论游离股内侧肌穿支皮瓣切取简便,皮瓣供区隐蔽,质地优良,是理想的皮瓣供区。     

高位皮动脉型股前外侧皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨股前外侧皮瓣在缺乏第一肌皮动脉穿支或皮支细小时游离皮瓣的可能性。方法临床应用高位皮动脉为血管蒂的股前外侧游离皮瓣修复手足部皮肤缺损。结果本组应用5例皮瓣全部成活，一期修复后外观、感觉、功能均达到优良。结论高位皮动脉型股前外侧皮瓣具有血供可靠，切取面积大，手术操作简便等优点。当股前外侧皮瓣缺乏第一肌皮动脉穿支或皮支细小时，应用高位皮动脉为血管蒂的游离股前外侧皮瓣，是一种确实有效的手术方法。     

股前外侧区皮瓣血管3D可视化研究与皮瓣设计

目的为股前外侧皮瓣的临床应用提供血管3D可视化解剖学依据。方法选择6侧动脉灌注明胶-氧化铅混悬液的新鲜成人下肢标本，解剖观测股前外侧区动脉及皮肤穿支血管的基础情况，并拍摄X线片观测穿支血管的二维分布；对其中2侧下肢标本股部及其股前外侧区的皮肤、肌肉分别进行连续螺旋CT扫描，并应用计算机软件分别进行动脉、穿支血管的三维重建及3D可视化处理。结果三维重建的数字化模型可准确反映股前外侧区动脉的解剖学结构特点，以及可直观准确地显示皮肤穿支血管的供血区域，股前外侧皮瓣各穿支血管各自进行的血管三维重建的形态和供血区域一致。结论皮瓣血管3D可视化研究能直观且准确显示股前外侧区皮瓣的血管三维形态和供血区域，并为术前皮瓣设计提供了直观的数字化形态学依据。     

高位皮动脉型股前外侧皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨股前外侧皮瓣在缺乏第1肌皮动脉穿支或皮支细小时皮瓣移植的临床效果。方法临床应用高位皮动脉为血管蒂的股前外侧游离皮瓣修复四肢软组织缺损9例。结果8例成活，1例皮瓣边缘部分坏死，经换药愈合。术后随访6～18个月，移植的皮瓣色泽、质地良好，无破溃，修复肢体的外观、功能满意。结论当股前外侧皮瓣在缺乏第1肌皮动脉穿支或皮支细小时，应用高位皮动脉作为血管蒂的股前外侧游离皮瓣，具有血供可靠、切取面积大、修复四肢软组织缺损临床效果好的特点。     

高位直接皮支型股前外侧皮瓣的应用

目的探讨股前外侧皮瓣缺乏第1肌皮动脉穿支时皮瓣移植的可能性。方法总结15年来股前外侧皮瓣移植160例的经验,及其临床所见的血管走行、分布、起始部位及血管外径等解剖特点与移植成活的关系。其中有10例以高位直接皮支为蒂的皮瓣移植术,占本组的6.3%。切取皮瓣的范围10cm×14cm～12cm×18cm,修复体表皮肤软组织缺损。结果术后10例高位直接皮支皮瓣游离移植,均获得完全成活。结论高位直接皮支型股前外侧皮瓣是一种血供良好,切取范围较大、简便的皮瓣,当股前外侧皮瓣降支的第1穿支缺乏时,是一种最理想的选择。     

股外侧穿支皮瓣的应用解剖

目的 为股外侧穿支皮瓣的临床应用提供解剖学依据. 方法 5侧新鲜成人髋关节平面离断的下肢标本,经股动脉插管灌注红色乳胶,观测股外侧中、下部皮肤穿支数目、分布、蒂长与外径.结果 在股外侧中、下部共观测皮肤穿支19支,平均每侧(3.8±1.3)支.穿支主要来源于股深动脉第3穿动脉,部分来源于膝上外侧动脉及股深动脉第2、4穿动脉,股深动脉第3穿动脉皮穿支于腓骨小头上(13.8± 1.5)cm浅出深筋膜,膝上外侧动脉皮穿支于腓骨小头上(8.6±1.3)cm浅出深筋膜,皮肤穿支在穿深筋膜平面外径(0.7±0.2)mm.股深动脉第3穿动脉血管蒂外径(1.9±0.2)mm,蒂长(12.2±0.6)cm;膝上外侧动脉起始部外径(1.5 ±0.2)mm,蒂长(6.8±1.1)cm.股深动脉穿动脉与膝上外侧动脉的穿支分支相互吻合成网. 结论 股外侧穿支血管出现恒定,有较粗的血管外径,携带源动脉能获得较长的血管蒂,具备游离移植及带蒂转移所要求的解剖学特点.     

游离比目鱼肌穿支皮瓣的应用解剖与临床应用

目的 探讨比目鱼肌肌皮穿支应用解剖特点及比目鱼肌穿支皮瓣游离移植在临床中的应用. 方法 6例12侧下肢标本经灌注后解剖观测小腿外侧穿支特点及比目鱼肌皮穿支血管的走行分布特点.自2002年7月至2010年10月,应用比目鱼肌肌皮穿支为蒂的比目鱼肌穿支皮瓣游离移植修复体表皮肤软组织缺损14例,其中前足及足背侧皮肤组织缺损8例,踝前部组织缺损2例,手部缺损2例,肘部缺损2例.皮瓣面积5 cm×6cm～12cm×20cm. 结果 小腿外侧中上段恒定存在比目鱼肌皮穿支,多在腓骨头下5～ 24 cm,位置恒定.肌皮穿支外径在动脉起始部为(1.08±0.12)mm,静脉外径(1.20±0.32)mm.14例比目鱼肌肌皮穿支供血的穿支蒂皮瓣均成活,经6～12个月(平均8个月)随访,皮瓣质地优良,外观及功能恢复良好. 结论 直接肌支供血的比目鱼肌穿支皮瓣游离移植避免了暴露腓动脉,且切取简便,吻合管径适宜,是修复组织缺损的一种理想选择.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.