基于单片机的柴油/乙醇双燃料电控喷射系统的试验研究

介绍了基于P87C552单片机控制的柴油/乙醇双燃料喷射系统的组成及工作原理。详细阐述了电控系统的硬件设计,如存储器扩展、驱动电路设计等,以及软件实现的方法,包括转速的测量方法、供油拉杆位移传感器信号的采集方法、喷射脉冲的控制方法等,并通过试验证明了该系统的可行性。     

柴油机进气预混乙醇的掺烧比例优化试验研究

采用进气管电控喷射供醇的方法在TY295D柴油机进行了掺烧乙醇的正交试验，并对不同的能耗及排放需求条件下的不同工况点最佳乙醇掺烧比例进行优化。结果表明，在柴油机以进气管预混合供醇方式掺烧乙醇时，随工况点的变化，按最低能耗需求进行优化得到的最佳掺烧比例在20％-30％；而以降低烟度为需求目标，并以一定的能耗率作为约束时，大部分工况下得到的最佳掺烧比例都在30％以上。     

燃料乙醇在柴油机上应用研究的进展

分析了乙醇的理化特性和作为柴油机代用燃料的可行性,介绍了乙醇在柴油机应用研究的进展情况,结合目前燃料乙醇在柴油机应用的研究成果,从机理上阐述了掺烧乙醇对柴油机性能的影响。     

乙醇重整燃料对内燃机充气效率的影响

提出乙醇重整燃料对发动机充气效率的影响的计算公式,可以预测完全燃用或者部分掺烧乙醇重整燃料对SI发动机充气效率和柴油机充气效率的影响。计算分析结果表明：乙醇重整燃料影响充气效率的主要因素是乙醇浓度和重整率,随着重整率的增加,乙醇重整发动机的充气效率有较大幅度下降,必将导致发动机的动力性能急剧下降,柴油机部分掺烧乙醇重整燃料对充气效率的影响较小。     

MACSV系统在电厂燃气掺烧项目中的应用

同电厂传统的燃料煤粉相比较而言,天然气的燃烧产物能降低排气污染。为了更好地实现天然气与煤粉掺烧过程控制,在燃气掺烧系统中采用MACSV系统,该系统所设计的控制方案及其硬件组成、软件编程和监控画面,具有性能可靠、性价比高、操作方便等特点。     

乙醇-柴油混合燃料对柴油机性能及排放的影响

通过对乙醇含量分别为5％、10％、15％和20％的混合燃料及纯柴油5种油品的对比实验，研究了燃用乙醇—柴油混合燃料时，柴油机燃油经济性、功率及排放特性的变化规律。实验结果表明，燃用乙醇-柴油混合燃料，柴油机的能量消耗率在乙醇含量为15％时最佳，功率有所下降，但由于乙醇添加量较小，总体来说对发动机性能影响不大，在排放特性方面，NOx的比排放量基本随着乙醇掺烧比例的增加而减少；HE、CO的比排放量基本上随着乙醇掺烧比例的增加而增加；随着乙醇掺入比例的增加，发动机的可见烟度和滤纸式烟度均有显著的降低，干碳烟(DS)的比排放量也呈下降趋势。     

新型电控发动机开发标定系统的设计与实现

从硬件、软件两个方面分别介绍了新型电控发动机开发标定系统的设计与实现。该系统由传感器、执行器、电控单元ECU、串行通讯模块以及上位机组成,可以实现数据实时采集、显示,数据保存,实时动态曲线绘制,离线数据回放,控制参数在线修改、调试的功能。该系统的建立为电控喷射摩托车发动机的优化匹配提供了技术平台。     

乙醇汽油摩托车排放控制技术研究

以一款FY100-10A汽油摩托车为样机,进行排放控制技术实验研究.研究了乙醇掺烧、化油器调节、排气催化净化技术.结果表明掺烧22%的乙醇,CO排放减少8%～38%,HC减少10～30%,NOx排放在中低速时减少,在高速却有所增加.进行化油器主量孔、油针尺寸与摩托车发动机的匹配调节,得出了该摩托车最佳化油器量孔与油针的匹配参数.通过匹配排气催化净化技术,进一步降低了发动机的CO、HC和NOx的排放.综合以上净化技术的FY0100-10A摩托车排放达到了国Ⅲ标准.     

乙醇在摩托车汽油机中的试验研究

本文针对摩托车汽油机进行乙醇的应用研究。在汽油机结构不作变动的条件下，在发动机台架试验中,掺烧一定比例的纯乙醇和工业乙醇。测试了发动机不同转速和负荷时，燃用纯汽油和汽油-乙醇混合燃料时的功率、能耗率及排放性能。试验结果表明，汽油-乙醇混合燃料可以提高发动机的动力性和能耗率，同时改善排放。     

柴油机掺烧乙醇的排放特性实验研究

研究了在柴油机上燃用不同掺烧比的乙醇柴油混合燃料时的排放特性,在不改变发动机基本结构的条件下,分别使用纯柴油和10%、15%及20%的乙醇柴油。进行了排放特性的对比实验。研究结果表明,加入一定比例的乙醇可以较大地降低排气烟度,NOx的排放也明显降低,而HC和CO明显上升。     

甲醇同系化制乙醇热力学研究

为了验证甲醇同系化制乙醇的可行性,并为相关的实验研究提供理论依据,采用HSC Chemistry软件对甲醇同系化制乙醇反应进行热力学分析,考察反应压力、反应温度和氢碳比对原料转化率和产物选择性等指标的影响。结果表明,在压力为4 MPa、温度为250℃、氢碳比为2.0∶1(MeOH/CO比为0.1∶0.9)最佳反应条件下,乙醇选择性为97.00%,氢气转化率为40.00%,一氧化碳转化率为100.00%,甲醇转化率为100.00%。甲醇同系化制乙醇实验研究表明,乙醇选择性与热力学理论值还有些差距,催化剂对于原料转化率和乙醇选择性还有待提高。     

Energy analysis of ethanol steam reforming for hybrid electric vehicle

Thermodynamic equilibrium of ethanol steam reforming is studied using the Gibbs free energy minimization method. The reaction paths of ethanol steam reforming are simulated using Chem‐CAD software. Appropriate optimization of reactants ratio and reaction conditions is performed, to achieve the composition of ethanol steam reforming products, which will be favorable as an internal combustion engine (ICE) fuel. The effects of process variables, such as temperature and water : ethanol molar ratio are discussed. Numerical investigations are conducted to analyze energy performance of steam reforming of ethanol for ICE. Realization of ethanol steam reforming at high temperature leads to an increase in efficiency of the process. The optimal conditions are obtained as follows: 1100 K, water : ethanol molar ratio of 1.2. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ethanol production from energy crops and wastes for use as a transport fuel in Ireland

The Biofuels Directive places an onus on EU member states to ensure biofuels are available on their markets. This paper investigates the use of ethanol derived from biomass type 1 (residues and wastes) and biomass type 2 (energy crops). The technology involved in generating ethanol from energy crops is mature; the same cannot be said for generation of ethanol from residues; many proposals are mooted to generate ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass, but they are not at a commercial scale. Literature is available however on expected yields and economics of ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. This paper investigates three options which produce ethanol: 50 million Lpa of ethanol from sugar beet, 50 million Lpa of ethanol from waste paper and 200 million Lpa of ethanol from waste paper. The economics of ethanol production from sugar beet were the worst of the three due to the requirement to buy the sugar beet. Economies of scale are significant: larger plants produce cheaper ethanol. Indeed it was found that for the large plant, the production cost was zero if a gate fee of €100/t was charged for waste paper. The three options were applied to Ireland. It was found that an investment in an ethanol industry of €561 million would produce 5.7% of the energy value of petrol and diesel in Ireland; the reference value for the minimum portion of biofuels placed on the market in 2010 is 5.75%. The greenhouse-gas savings would equate to 18% of the 1990 transport emissions.     

Comparison of ignition,injection and micro - Explosion characteristics of RP-3/ ethanol and biodiesel / ethanol mixed drops

The ignition, injection, and micro-explosion characteristics of aviation fuel (RP-3)/ethanol mixed droplets and biodiesel/ethanol mixed droplets at different proportions under high temperature conditions (420 °C) were compared using an experimental setup. A device for measuring small droplet volumes was designed using an infusion set and different types of needles, and a corresponding equation was established. Mixed droplets suspended on high-temperature resistance nichrome wire with a diameter of 0.2 mm were heated by sending them to a position approximately 2 mm from the forklift preheating plug using a moving rail. SLR and high-speed cameras were used to observe the flame structure as well as the injection and micro-explosion of the mixed droplets during combustion, respectively. Expansion, injection, and micro-explosion were observed in the biodiesel/ethanol mixed droplet experiments when the biodiesel content was 60%. Although the micro-explosion of mixed droplets of aviation fuel/ethanol was not observed, expansion and ejection of the droplets were observed. Image Pro-plus software was used to calculate the diameters at different times in the combustion cycle of the droplets. Through this analysis, the occurrence of micro-explosion was described, and a model for the calculation of micro-explosion strength was established.     

Thermochemical waste-heat recuperation as on-board hydrogen production technology

Thermochemical waste-heat recuperation (TCR) as an on-board hydrogen production technology is considered. To determine the effectiveness of using TCR systems as an on-board hydrogen production technology and to assess the possibility of hydrogen production in TCR systems, a thermodynamic analysis of various hydrocarbon reforming reactions was carried out. The thermodynamic analysis has been realized via Aspen HYSYS software. Three steam reforming reactions with methane, methanol, and ethanol were investigated. It was established that the composition of the initial reaction mixture and the process temperature has a significant effect on the efficiency of the thermochemical heat recuperation system. The maximum efficiency of thermochemical heat recuperation systems due to steam reforming is achieved at 600 K for methanol; 700 K for ethanol and 900 K for methane.     

Electrode kinetics of ethanol oxidation on novel CuNi alloy supported catalysts synthesized from PTFE suspension

An understanding of the kinetics and mechanism of the electrochemical oxidation of ethanol is of considerable interest for the optimization of the direct ethanol fuel cell. In this paper, the electro-oxidation of ethanol in sodium hydroxide solution has been studied over 70:30 CuNi alloy supported binary platinum electrocatalysts. These comprised mixed deposits of Pt with Ru or Mo. The electrodepositions were carried out under galvanostatic condition from a dilute suspension of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) containing the respective metal salts. Characterization of the catalyst layers by scanning electron microscope (SEM)–energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) indicated that this preparation technique yields well-dispersed catalyst particles on the CuNi alloy substrate. Cyclic voltammetry, polarization study and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to investigate the kinetics and mechanism of ethanol electro-oxidation over a range of NaOH and ethanol concentrations. The relevant parameters such as Tafel slope, charge transfer resistance and the reaction orders in respect of OH⁻ ions and ethanol were determined.     

Effects of PEMFC operating parameters on the performance of an integrated ethanol processor

In this paper the performance of a complete fuel cell system processing ethanol fuel has been analyzed as a function of the main fuel cell operating parameters. The fuel processor is based on the steam reforming process, followed by high- and low-temperature shift reactors, and carbon monoxide preferential oxidation reactor, which are coupled to a polymeric fuel cell (PEMFC). The goal was to analyze and improve the fuel cell system performance by simulation techniques. PEMFC operation has been analyzed using an available parametric model, which was implemented within HYSYS environment software. Pinch Analysis concepts were used to investigate the process energy integration and determine the maximum efficiency minimizing ethanol consumption. The system performance was analyzed for the SR-12 Modular PEM Generator, the Ballard Mark V fuel cell and the BCS 500 W stack. The net system efficiency is dependent on the required power demand. Efficiency values higher than 50% at low loads and less than 30% at high power demands are computed. In addition, the effect of fuel cell temperature, pressure and hydrogen utilization was analyzed. The trade-off between the reformer yield and the fuel cell performance defines the optimal operation pressure. The cell temperature determines operating zones where the water, involved in the reforming reactions, can be produced or demanded.     

代用燃料在柴油机中的应用研究

本文对植物油,生物柴油,乳化油,乙醇/柴油等的制备和理化特性进行了研究.通过柴油机台架试验,研究了柴油机燃用生物柴油、乙醇/柴油、微乳燃油的排放特性.对比试验表明:生物柴油CO,碳氢(HC)和颗粒物(PM)的比排放下降幅度分别为34.6％,40.2％和28.9％,但NOx比排放增加了6.63％;柴油机燃用乙醇/柴油时,...     

DIR-FCEV powered by different fuels – Part I: Well-to-wheel analysis for the Brazilian and Spanish contexts

This article describes the life cycle assessment of the Direct Internal Reforming Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (DIR-FCEV) for the Brazilian and Spanish contexts. This recently proposed vehicle technology produces hydrogen onboard via heat recovery, while the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) and the gas turbine provide electricity to the electric motor with high overall efficiency. The exhaust gas emission was obtained via GASEQ software and the well-to-tank data were collected through literature search. These values were entered in the GREET Model software version v1.3.0.13656 to assess the negative environmental impacts of the DIR-FCEV in terms of global warming potential (GWP) and human toxicity potential (HTP). Using 1 km distance driven by a light-duty vehicle as the functional unit, the tank-to-wheel results indicate that regardless of the fuel, the DIR-FCEV achieved better than the internal combustion engine vehicle fuelled with gasoline A in both categories. Also, the DIR-FCEV powered by biomethane, gasoline A, gasoline C (73% gasoline A and 27% ethanol, in volume basis), glycerine, and ethanol attended all future tailpipe emissions standards stipulated by United States and European Union. Biomethane and gasoline-fuelled DIR-FCEV had more commendatory environmental performance in both countries. Thus, it is expected to obtain environmental indicators to stimulate the use of biofuels synergistically with the advancement of electromobility in Brazil and Spain.     

Hydrogen production from ethanol decomposition by microwave plasma TIAGO torch

This paper describes the study of molecular hydrogen production from ethanol decomposition by argon microwave TIAGO discharge in air ambiance at atmospheric pressure. In order to estimate the influence of the experimental conditions on the hydrogen production, a wide range of Ar flows, input powers and ethanol flows were tested. The simultaneous use of emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry techniques allowed us to gain knowledge about the mechanisms which lead to the obtaining of hydrogen and other by-products (C₂H₂, C(s) …) at the plasma exit. Results showed a great capability of TIAGO discharges to withstand ethanol introduction as well as an almost complete ethanol decomposition (higher than 99.6%) with high hydrogen selectivity; argon and ethanol flows were found to be the key parameters in the by-products formation.