柴油机颗粒物及重金属比排放特征研究

测定了国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ和国Ⅴ3种排放水平道路柴油机及一种非道路国Ⅱ柴油机的颗粒物与重金属比排放。结果表明,国Ⅴ排放水平的道路柴油机在颗粒物及重金属比排放方面均远低于国Ⅲ和国Ⅳ道路柴油机,重金属比排放仅为国Ⅲ和国Ⅳ道路柴油机的约75%。国Ⅳ道路柴油机瞬态工况(ETC)试验的颗粒物及重金属比排放均显著高于稳态工况(ESC)试验,且大排量柴油机在ETC试验中重金属比排放比小排量柴油机高出20%以上。道路与非道路柴油机7种重金属比排放顺序基本为As>Zn、Cu、Cr>Ni、Pb>Cd。非道路国Ⅱ柴油机重金属总比排放是道路柴油机重金属比排放的近16倍,表明非道路柴油机在颗粒物和重金属比排放方面对环境的污染风险均显著高于道路柴油机。     

金矿污染河流的水体和沉积物中重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

金矿开采导致严重的水体和沉积物重金属污染。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP/MS)分析了金矿开采区河道32个采样点的水体和表层沉积物样品,研究了水样的溶解态及颗粒态重金属(As、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn)组成;通过分步化学提取法研究了各重金属在沉积物中的地球化学形态组成,利用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价了河流沉积物中重金属污染状况。结果表明:水体中Cu、Zn、As主要以溶解态存在,Pb、Cr、Cd以颗粒态为主。水体中重金属元素形态分布主要受点源污染排放影响。沉积物中,Cd浓度较低;As、Zn主要以氧化物结合态、有机物结合态和残渣态存在;Pb、Cr、Cu以有机物结合态和残渣态为主。结合地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数分析表明,Cd和Cu为主要的风险元素。     

常德市柳叶湖表层沉积物重金属元素分布特征及潜在生态风险评价

柳叶湖表层沉积物中重金属的状况对洞庭湖流域生态环境具有重要影响。对该区域内31个采样点表层沉积物中重金属的含量及形态进行监测和分析,同时采用潜在生态风险指数法和健康风险评价模型进行风险评价。结果表明：(1)重金属平均值均高于洞庭湖水系水体沉积物重金属元素背景值。参考《土壤环境质量标准农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618—2018),Cd可能存在污染风险。(2)Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni来源相似,Mn有单独的来源,As有多个来源。(2)表层沉积物中As、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni主要以残渣态为主,Cd和Mn主要是以弱酸可提取态和可还原态为主,Pb主要以可还原态为主。(3)Cd的单项潜在生态风险指数为57.0,属于中等风险,其他7种重金属均属于轻微风险。8种重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数为100.8,属于轻微风险。(4)成人、儿童的致癌、非致癌总风险处于可接受范围,且儿童的致癌、非致癌总风险指数均高于成人。As的致癌风险指数大于Cd; Zn的非致癌风险指数最低,而Cr最高。     

燃烧条件对灰渣中重金属元素形态的影响

根据改进了的BCR连续提取法,重金属元素形态分为酸可提取态、氧化物结合态、有机物结合态和残渣态,实验研究了不同燃烧温度、空气流量和燃烧气氛对燃煤重金属(Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb)的形态分布和挥发特性的影响规律。结果表明:在原煤和灰渣中,各重金属元素均主要以稳定的残渣态存在;8种重金属元素的挥发性难易程度顺序为Pb、Cd、ZnAs、Cr、Ni、CuMn;燃烧温度从650℃升至1 050℃过程中,各重金属元素4种存在形态的逸出率逐渐升高,逸出率最低增大幅度为20%,最高达60%;随空气流量的增大,重金属元素的有机物结合态和残渣态加速分解和挥发,各重金属元素的逸出率不断增大;除元素Mn和Ni较易于在贫氧气氛中挥发外,元素Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb均在富氧气氛中比较易于挥发气化。     

长沙市夏季大气颗粒物中重金属的形态及其源解析

对长沙市高开区、经开区、开福区以及马坡岭4个采样点夏季的大气颗粒物(TSP)浓度以及颗粒物中的重金属元素Cu、Zn、Mn、Pb和Cd的浓度和形态分布进行了研究分析,利用污染因子(Cf)对重金属元素的可保持能力进行了评价,并利用因子分析方法(PCA)分析TSP中重金属元素的主要来源。结果显示长沙市夏季TSP平均浓度为220.7μg/m3,表明长沙市颗粒物污染较严重。TSP中重金属元素浓度大小顺序为:ZnPbCuMnCd。从形态分布来看,大约63.3%~89.0%的Cu主要存在于可氧化态(F3),而Mn在这一态中分布最少。元素Zn、Cd则主要分布在弱酸提取态,分别占了70%和35%。Pb主要分布在残渣态,大约为24%~43%。由污染因子计算可知Cu、Cd和Zn比Mn、Pb有更高的迁移性。     

滇西北剑湖表层沉积物重金属分布特征和生态风险

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)仪测定剑湖表层沉积物4种重金属Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn含量,采用改进BCR连续提取法提取4种重金属各形态含量,结合空间插值方法对4种重金属空间分布特征和生态风险进行了分析。结果表明,剑湖表层沉积物呈碱性,以砂砾为主,湖周浅水区总有机碳含量高于湖心区,重金属迁移转化能力弱,主要以残渣态为主,可氧化态含量最低。同时,剑湖表层沉积物中Cd和Cu以人为富集为主,Pb和Zn以自然富集为主,重金属均处于轻微或中等风险程度。湖周浅水区富集程度高于湖心区,而湖心区生态风险高于湖周浅水区。     

巢湖表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征及其污染评价

以巢湖表层沉积物为研究对象,利用BCR连续提取法研究了沉积物中Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Cd、Zn、V和Pb等8种重金属元素的分布特征,同时运用潜在风险指数法和地累积指数法综合评价了巢湖沉积物中重金属的生态风险。结果表明,巢湖沉积物中的重金属含量在空间上表现出东西高、中间低的分布特征。巢湖表层沉积物中Cr、Co、Ni、V和Cu 5种重金属都主要以残渣态为主,Zn和Cd主要以弱酸提取态为主,Pb以可还原态为主,同时,Co和Cu 2种元素的可交换态及可还原态含量占有较高比例,具有潜在危害性。相关性分析显示,Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn和Cd 6种重金属元素的来源和分布可能具有相似性,Co和V 2种重金属元素具有相似的地球化学行为且其主要来源可能与其他几种重金属不同。潜在生态风险指数评价结果表明,巢湖表层沉积物中8种重金属元素构成的生态危害顺序为:Cd>Pb>Co>Cu>Ni>Zn>V>Cr,Cd具有高的生态危害等级,其他7种重金属元素均为低生态危害等级。地累积指数法评价结果表明:巢湖沉积物重金属元素的富集程度为Cd>Zn>Pb>Co>Cu>V>Ni>Cr,Cr属于清洁级别,Co、Cu、V和Ni处于轻度污染水平,Zn和Pb处于偏中度污染,Cd达到了重污染水平。     

山东省城市污水处理厂污泥重金属污染特征及风险评价

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)和原子吸收光谱仪重点研究了山东省城市污水处理厂污泥中重金属Cu、Cd、Ni、Pb、Mn、Zn和Cr的污染特征,并对其做了潜在生态风险评价。结果表明:(1)山东省城市污水处理厂污泥呈现高有机质、高氮、高磷和高钾的特点,具有较好的利用价值。(2)污泥中的Mn占重金属总量的质量分数最高,Zn、Cu和Cr占重金属总量的质量分数较高,Cd占重金属总量的质量分数最低。不同城市的重金属浓度大体表现为淄博市济南市枣庄市青岛市烟台市。(3)污泥中生态危害指数最高的重金属为Cu、Cd和Ni;污泥中重金属的复合生态危害指数表现为淄博市济南市枣庄市青岛市烟台市,淄博市和枣庄市城市污水处理厂污泥的重金属潜在生态风险均为中等,其余城市的重金属潜在生态风险均为轻微。Cu和Cd是污泥重金属潜在生态风险的主要贡献因子。(4)对重金属进行主成分分析,第1主成分主要反映了Cu、Ni和Cd的富集程度;第2主成分主要反映了Pb的富集程度;第3主成分主要反映了Zn和Mn的富集程度。     

应用化学提取法评价大气颗粒物中重金属的生物有效性

以广州市楼顶降尘为研究对象,在分析其粒度分布和重金属总量的基础上,采用单一化学提取法(DWLP、TCLP)和多级化学提取法(SEP)研究了大气颗粒物中4种重金属元素的生物有效性.结果表明:样品中96%以上颗粒小于100 μm,其中10 μm和2.5 μm以下颗粒分别占33%和11%.大气颗粒物中重金属含量很高,Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd的平均含量分别为362.43、1 033.81、830.32和5.80 mg/kg,是广东省环境土壤背景值的17～64倍.单一提取法中,TCLP的提取效率明显高于DWLP,表明pH值是影响大气颗粒物中重金属释放的主要因素.SEP法结果显示,Zn和Cd的生物可利用态比例远高于Cu和Pb.经DWLP和TCLP法提取后,颗粒物中重金属的总含量有不同程度的降低,生物可利用态所占比例明显增加.通过综合分析,发现SEP比其他两种方法更适用于评价大气颗粒物中重金属的生物有效性.     

长荡湖沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

为明确长荡湖重金属污染特征及生态风险,于2018年9月至2019年8月采集长荡湖入湖河流、湖泊水体及表层沉积物样品,分析8种重金属(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Hg)含量,采用正定矩阵因子(PMF)模型和主成分分析多元线性回归(PCA-MLR)模型对湖泊重金属污染来源进行解析,评估长荡湖沉积物重金属污染程度及风险等级。结果表明,8种重金属有7种超出江苏省土壤环境本底值,秋季长荡湖沉积物中重金属含量普遍较低。Cr、Cd、Zn和Ni的分配系数较高,现阶段不易从沉积物中释放到水体中,但由于Cd多为可交换态且在沉积物中含量较大,因此仍具有从沉积物中释放到水体中的潜力;Cu、As和Hg的分配系数较低,具有从沉积物中释放到水体中的潜力。Hg、Cd、As和Cu污染来源中农业生产占比最高,Pb和Zn交通污染占比最高,Ni自然来源占比最高,Cr工业活动占比最高。长荡湖春季和夏季受重金属污染程度更高,Cd和Hg的生态风险较高,需重点关注。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.