β-葡萄糖五乙酸酯的合成

以吡啶为催化剂,利用葡萄糖和乙酸酐的酯化反应合成了β-葡萄糖五乙酸酯,研究了合成的最佳反应条件和粗产品的结晶条件。结果表明最佳条件为：乙酸酐与葡萄糖的物质的量比为1:6,催化剂的用量为葡萄糖质量的20%,反应时间为3 h,结晶溶剂为乙醇,结晶温度为30 ℃,乙醇与粗产品的体积比为2:1;葡萄糖与醋酐的酯化收率达96%,β-葡萄糖五乙酸酯的总收率为75.2%。产品的比旋光度+4～+6°,熔点130～134 ℃,质量分数≥98%（GC）。该方法选择性好、产物收率高。     

基于广义最小变差基准的多变量控制性能评估方法

This paper is concerned with the control performance assessment based on the multivariable generalized minimum variance benchmark. An explicit expression for the feedback controller-invariant (the generalized minimum variance) term of the multi-variable control system is obtained, which is used as a standard benchmark for the assessment of the control performance for multi input multi output (MIMO) process. The proposed approach is based on the multivariable minimum variance benchmark. In com-parison with the minimum variance benchmark, the developed method is more reasonable and practical for the control performance assessment of multivariable systems. The approach is illustrated by a simulation example and an industrial application.     

浅谈液相催化加氢反应器的搅拌和换热

介绍了液相催化加氢反应器最重要的2点设计:搅拌器和换热。分析了各种搅拌器的特点、性能,并进行了互相对比,特别是对自吸式搅拌器结构特点、工作原理、性能做了详细介绍,认为自吸式搅拌器是所有搅拌器中气液传质效果最好的搅拌器,它的应用提高了加氢反应速率和氢气的利用率;对加氢反应器的换热盘管或夹套与传热板进行了比较,传热板的应用提高了传热效果,认为自吸式搅拌和高效率的传热板应用于液相催化加氢反应中是一种最新型的液相催化加氢反应器。     

密闭电石炉中心盖板下沉问题处理

分析了密闭电石炉引起电极卷铁皮、接触元件刺火、炉气温度过高等现象的原因,即水冷密封套往炉盖中心倾斜,和垂直的电极柱形成空隙。介绍了处理方法,提出了今后炉盖安装应注意的事项。     

曼型气柜检修中密封油泄漏的处理

分析了曼型气柜密封系统在检修过程中出现的密封系统密封油泄漏量大的原因,采取调整滑板活动量、主帆布U型余量、改用弹力较大滑板顶紧弹簧等措施,较好地解决了问题。     

一种提高发酵单位的SVM与RGA相结合的优化控制策略

An optimal control strategy is proposed to improve the fermentation titer, which combines the support vector machine (SVM) with real code genetic algorithm (RGA). A prediction model is established with SVM for penicillin fermentation processes, and it is used in RGA for fitting function. A control pattern is proposed to overcome the coupling problem of fermentation parameters, which describes the overall production condition. Experimental results show that the optimal control strategy improves the penicillin titer of the fermentation process by 22.88%, compared with the routine operation.     

三氯乙烯生产废水中氯代烃的脱除

以三氯乙烯生产工业废水为处理对象,采用0价铁催化还原、混凝沉淀法,对氯代烃进行脱除处理,探讨了脱氯处理效果及其反应机理。结果表明,三氯乙烯的脱氯效率大于99％,其他氯代烃脱氯效率大于90％。催化还原反应在常温、常压下进行,反应条件温和,对三氯乙烯生产废水中的氯代烃具有很好的脱除效果。     

环形喷嘴预混无焰燃烧的数值模拟(英文)

This paper reports an investigation of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) on the influence of injection momentum rate of premixed air and fuel on the flameless Moderate or Intense Low oxygen Dilution (MILD) combustion in a recuperative furnace. Details of the furnace flow velocity, temperature, O2, CO2 and NOx concentrations are provided. Results obtained suggest that the flue gas recirculation plays a vital role in establishing the premixed MILD combustion. It is also revealed that there is a critical mo-mentum rate of the fuel-air mixture below which MILD combustion does not occur. Moreover, the momentum rate appears to have less significant influence on conventional global combustion than on MILD combustion.     

气体添加剂对热脱硝过程影响的实验和建模研究

An experimental study of thermal DeNOx process with different additives was performed in an electricity- heated tubular flow reactor, showing that CO is less effective to lower the optimum temperature than H2 and CH4. The maximum NO reduction is lowered with H2 added, while it is hardly affected by CO or CH4. The temperature window is widened appreciably with CH4 added, while it is narrowed slightly by H2 or CO. The disadvantage of CH4 is that it causes CO emission due to its incomplete oxidation, and the maximum conversion of CH4 to CO is more than 50%. In general, the calculation using a detailed chemical kinetic model predicts most of the process features reasonably well. The analysis on reaction mechanism shows that the effects of these additives on NO reduction are achieved principally by promoting the production of &;#8226;OH radical.     

雷丸的中性金属蛋白酶的分离纯化、酶学性质及体外驱虫活性

A neutral metalloprotease was purified from the cultured mycelia of Laccocephalum mylittae, an effective medicinal fungus widely used in anthelmintic therapy. The protease was purified to homogeneity with 31.85-fold purification and a final yield of 21.76%. The subunit molecular weight of the protease is about 40000 estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The optimum reaction pH and temperature are 7.5 and 50ºC, respectively. The protease activity is largely enhanced by Ca2+, but highly inhibited by tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), a metal-chelator, suggesting that the enzyme is a metalloprotease. The Michaelis-Menten constan Km and Vmax value for casein substrate are 6.09 mg&;#8226;ml－1 and 21.32 μg&;#8226;min－1&;#8226;ml－1, respectively. In vitro anthelmintic tests of the protease exhibit distinct lethal effects on the third stage larvae (L3) of Ascaris suum. Scanning electron microscopy and SDS-PAGE analysis indicates that the proteolysis of larvae proteins caused by this protease may relate to the anthelmintic activity of L. mylittae.     

气相抽提与生物通风技术对比研究微生物对苯、甲苯、对二甲苯(BTX)的降解

土壤污染是比较广泛的一种污染.土壤中最严重的污染物是石油类物质的污染,其中苯系化合物(BTX)是最难降解的一类污染物,在治理土壤石油污染中,土壤原位修复中的土壤气相抽提法(SVE)是近年来国外常用的一种方法,随后与微生物降解相结合,产生了生物通风(BV)技术.本文通过实验计算出土壤中污染物BTX的去除作用,生物的降解率分别达到20%、34.4%和38.40%.     

Treatment of air polluted with high concentrations of toluene and xylene in a pilot-scale biofilter

Air biofiltration is now under active consideration for the removal of the volatile organic compounds from air polluted streams. In order to investigate the performance of this newly developed technology, a biofiltration pilot unit was operated for a continuous period of 8 months. The biofilter column was packed with commercially conditioned peat. At start-up, the filter bed was inoculated with four species of microorganisms. The resulting biofilter was fed with air contaminated with toluene, xylene or a mixture of toluene and xylene. The maximum elimination capacities attained were 165 g m⁻³ h⁻¹ for toluene, 66 g m⁻³ h⁻¹ for xylene and 115 g m⁻³ h⁻¹ for the mixture of toluene and xylene. These specific performances exceed the values published in the technical and commercial literature for similar processes. Xylene isomers were degraded in decreasing order of reactivity, m-xylene, p-xylene, o-xylene. In the case of air polluted with a toluene and xylene mixture, it was noticed that the metabolism of toluene biodegradation was inhibited by the presence of xylene. Characterization of the biofilm microbial populations after several weeks of operation showed that the dominant strains among the isolated culturable strains from the biofilm, even if different from the initially inoculated strains, had at least one physiological property favoring degradation of aromatic organic rings. The performance of the biofilter was found to be dependent on the temperature of the filter media and the pressure drop through the bed. Finally, a steady state mathematical model was tested in order to theoretically describe the experimental results. This model is used to illustrate the operating diffusion and reaction regimes at steady state for the case of each pollutant. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

隔壁塔用于苯、甲苯、二甲苯分离的控制

在稳态模拟的基础上,研究了用于苯、甲苯、二甲苯分离的隔壁塔的控制策略和动态特性。动态模拟中采用继电反馈法和Tyreus-Luyben准则进行PID参数整定,在Aspen Dynamic平台上,对比分析了DB/LSV、DV/LSB、LB/DSV和LV/DSB 4种典型组成控制策略的动态特性,并重点考察了LV/DSB基础上的温度控制、温度组成联合控制和温度组成串级控制策略。结果表明,当出现进料组成或流率干扰时,隔壁塔具有很好的可控性,调节时间TS最短至2.97 h,产品质量要求与设定值之间的摩尔最大偏差A最低至0.0015。     

Biofiltration of waste gases in a reactor with a split‐feed

The efficiency of using different feed strategies was evaluated in the case of a gas‐phase biofilter packed with an inert carrier material. During a preliminary control‐period, the biofilter was first fed with a single downflow feed of toluene. Reactor performance and biomass distribution were evaluated. The feed was then split into two flows before entering the reactor. Different feed ratios were tested during a 6‐month period, following the preliminary control stage. Splitting the feed into equal flow rates through the upper and middle part of the biofilter (in a 50 : 50 ratio) improved the performance compared with the single‐feed period. Such a high performance could also be maintained when using a higher flow rate for the upper port than for the middle port, with a feed‐ratio of approximately 70 : 30, when more biomass was formed in the upper half of the filter bed. However, performance decreased when inverting this ratio from 70 : 30 to 30 : 70, ie when the highest flow rate was fed through the middle port of the biofilter. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Carbon-based monoliths for the catalytic elimination of benzene, toluene and m-xylene

The catalytic behaviour of Pt supported on carbon-based monoliths was studied in the low-temperature catalytic combustion of benzene, toluene and m-xylene and compared with the corresponding behaviour of Pt supported on γ-Al₂O₃ coated monoliths. Carbon-based monoliths showed a much better catalytic performance which is ascribed to the fact that the carbon surface is more hydrophobic than the γ-Al₂O₃ one, and the release of water molecules produced during the combustion is favoured.     

Scaling-up from first principles of a photocatalytic reactor for air pollution remediation

A proposal for scaling-up photocatalytic reactors is described and applied to catalytic walls coated with a thin layer of titanium dioxide and irradiated with near UV radiation. The method is exclusively based on the fundamentals of chemical reaction engineering and radiative transfer theory, without the use of adjustable parameters in going from the laboratory information to a pilot scale apparatus. Mathematical modeling has been utilized. From kinetic information obtained in experiments performed in a flat plate of , operating at steady state in a continuous, well-mixed reactor with recycle, predictions for a continuous flow, multi-annular reactor having a catalytic surface of agree very well with the validation tests. Thus, the achieved scale-up implies a change in size, shape, configuration and operating conditions of both employed reactors. Requirements to apply satisfactorily the proposed methodology are reported in detail. The root mean square error in the verification of conversion predictions for the larger scale photocatalytic reactor when compared with experimental data is less than 5.6%.     

Catalytic oxidation of benzene,toluene and p-xylene over colloidal gold supported on zinc oxide catalyst

Au was loaded (1.5 wt.%) on the supports (ZnO, Al₂O₃ and MgO) by a colloidal deposition method. For a range of low temperatures (50–300 °C), the catalytic activity of Au/ZnO was much greater than that of Au/Al₂O₃ and Au/MgO. In particular, for the Au/ZnO, the benzene conversion exceeded 80% at 150 °C. The results of catalyst characterization suggested that the high catalytic activity of the Au/ZnO might be attributed to the effects of strong metal–oxide interaction which is possibly originated from the small lattice parameter difference between Au {111} and ZnO {101} lattice planes.     

Comparison of a contactor catalytic membrane reactor with a conventional reactor: example of wet air oxidation

A wet air oxidation reaction was carried out in a gas/liquid catalytic membrane reactor of the contactor type. The oxidation of formic acid was used as a model reaction. The mesoporous top-layer of a ceramic tubular membrane was used as catalyst (Pt) support, and was placed at the interface of the gas (air) and liquid (HCOOH solution) phases.

A similar reaction was carried out in a conventional batch reactor, using a steering rate high enough to avoid gas-diffusion limitations, and exactly identical conditions than for the CMR (amount of catalyst, pressure, etc.). At room temperature, the CMR showed an initial activity three to six times higher than the conventional reactor. This activity increase was attributed to an easier oxygen access to the catalytic sites. Nevertheless, the catalytic membrane gradually deactivated after a few hours of operation. Different deactivation mechanisms are presented.