Cerebral perfusion in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

Cerebral perfusion was evaluated in 87 subjects prospectively enrolled in three study groups—healthy controls (HC), patients with insulin resistance (IR) but not with diabetes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Participants received a comprehensive 8-hour clinical evaluation and arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In order of decreasing significance, an association was found between cerebral blood flow (CBF) and sex, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure (BP), end tidal CO₂, and verbal fluency score (R²=0.27, F=5.89, P<0.001). Mean gray-matter CBF in IR was 4.4 mL/100 g per minute lower than in control subjects (P=0.005), with no hypoperfusion in T2DM (P=0.312). Subjects with IR also showed no CO₂ relationship (slope=−0.012) in the normocapnic range, in contrast to a strong relationship in healthy brains (slope=0.800) and intermediate response (slope=0.445) in diabetic patients. Since the majority of T2DM but few IR subjects were aggressively treated with blood glucose, cholesterol, and BP lowering medications, our finding could be attributed to the beneficial effect of these drugs.     

The prevalence of cognitive impairment in an elderly Canadian population

We investigated cognitive impairment in a study of the health of the elderly population of Saskatchewan. Surveys of elderly persons living at home (n = 1267) and living in long-term care facilities (n = 990) were conducted in 1981. Cognitive impairment was assessed by a short 10-item mental status questionnaire previously validated against a clinical diagnosis of dementia in an elderly Canadian population. The prevalence of clinically significant cognitive impairment was found to increase with age and with dependence level in long-term care facilities. We estimate that 7.8% of the elderly population have cognitive impairment consistent with a clinical diagnosis of dementia. Our estimates are compared with those derived from other studies. These findings affirm the importance of dementia as a cause of dependence in the elderly and the need for long-term care facilities to deal with dementia and its consequences. Also, since at least as many persons with cognitive impairment live at home as in long-term care facilities, health care planners must direct attention to the elderly with dementia at home.     

Cerebral perfusion alterations in type 2 diabetes mellitus – a systematic review

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is related to abnormal brain structure and function, increasing the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. We systematically reviewed the published literature focusing on cerebral perfusion in patients with T2DM. Although no significant difference was found in global cerebral blood flow (CBF) between the T2DM group and the healthy control group, the regional cerebral perfusion in T2DM was significantly reduced in multiple locations, including the occipital lobe, domains involved in the default mode network and the cerebellum. The decline in regional CBF was associated with a wide range of cognitive disorders in T2DM, including learning, memory, attention, and executive processing, as well as visual function. In addition, diabetes-related biochemical indicators, such as glycated hemoglobin and insulin resistance, were negatively correlated with regional CBF. In general, these functional perfusion imaging studies indicate that decreased CBF in T2DM may be a potential cause of cognitive impairment.     

高同型半胱胺酸血症与帕金森病认知功能的相关性研究

目的探究高同型半胱胺酸血症与帕金森病认知功能相关性。方法选取我院收治的130例帕金森病患者作为试验组,同期的健康体检人员110例作为对照组,对影响认知功能的可能危险因素进行Logistic回归分析,并将轻度认知功能障碍患者、痴呆患者及健康人群血清高同型半胱胺酸含量进行对比。结果经Logisitc非条件回归分析可见,年龄、文化程度、吸烟、高血压、糖尿病、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、血清总胆固醇、血浆同型半胱氨酸为认知功能障碍的危险因素。对照组与帕金森非认知障碍组、帕金森认知障碍组的血浆同型半胱氨酸含量相比差异均具有统计学意义(t=3.45,P0.05;t=6.43,P0.05)。帕金森非认知功能障碍组与帕金森认知功能障碍组的血浆同型半胱氨酸含量相比差异具有统计学意义(t=5.23,P0.05)。结论帕金森病认知功能障碍患者同型半胱胺酸含量明显高于无认知功能障碍的帕金森病患者及健康人群,高同型半胱胺酸血症为帕金森病认知功能障碍的危险因素,可作为临床医师可靠的诊断依据。     

血清ghrelin水平与老年2型糖尿病轻度认知障碍的关系研究

目的 研究老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血清ghrelin水平与轻度认知障碍(MCI)的关系。 方法 选择自2015年5月至2017年8月在河南省人民医院内分泌科住院的59例老年T2DM患者,依据认知功能分为MCI组( n=28)和认知功能正常组( n=31),另选择同期体检健康、血糖及认知功能正常的30例老年人为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法测定各组受试者血清ghrelin水平,同时测定空腹血浆胰岛素(FINS)、空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、甘油三脂(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、身高(H)及体质量(W),并计算体质量指数(BMI)及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。 结果 (1)MCI组和认知功能正常组的血清ghrelin水平[(14.3±3.2) μg/L、(17.4±2.5) μg/L]明显低于对照组[(20.2±2.2) μg/L],差异有统计学意义( P<0.05);MCI组血清ghrelin水平明显低于认知功能正常组,差异有统计学意义( P<0.05)。(2)血清ghrelin水平与FINS、BMI、W、HbA1c和HOMA-IR呈显著负相关关系( r=-0.449, P=0.000; r=-0.483, P=0.000; r=-0.313, P=0.006; r=-0.461, P=0.000; r=-0.547, P=0.000),与TG呈显著正相关关系( r=-0.261, P=0.015)。(3)多元线性回归分析发现ghrelin、HOMA-IR、HbA1c是影响老年T2DM合并MCI的危险因素(β’=-1.051, P=0.006;β’=0.522, P=0.014;β’=0.86 2, P=0.018)。 结论 Ghrelin在老年T2DM合并MCI的发生发展中起重要作用。     

老年慢性失眠相关认知障碍的危险因素分析

目的探讨老年慢性失眠相关认知障碍的危险因素。方法回顾性筛选老年慢性失眠患者107例,根据蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Mo CA)评分将患者分为认知障碍组与非认知障碍组。比较两组患者一般临床资料、失眠严重程度指数(ISI)、匹兹堡睡眠质量量表(PSQI)评分、汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、焦虑量表(HAMA)评分,睡眠观念态度量表(DBAS)评分等。采用多因素logistic回归分析探讨老年慢性失眠相关认知障碍的独立危险因素。结果多因素logistic回归分析显示,主观睡眠障碍(OR=16. 064,P=0. 003)、睡眠潜伏期(OR=10. 567,P=0. 032)、习惯性睡眠效率(OR=21. 697,P=0. 006)、睡眠紊乱(OR=24. 754,P=0. 008)是老年慢性失眠患者相关认知障碍的独立危险因素。结论主观睡眠质量差、睡眠潜伏期长、习惯性睡眠效率低、睡眠紊乱严重是老年慢性失眠患者罹患认知障碍的独立危险因素。     

天津市老年高知人群轻度认知功能障碍现况调查

目的了解天津市部分老年高知人群轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)现况及其影响因素。方法采用蒙特利尔认知评估问卷(MoCA),对天津市某三甲医院体检中心来院体检的2105名老年高知人群进行问卷调查,并应用单因素及多元logistic回归分析轻度认知功能障碍的影响因素。结果 2105名天津老年高知人群平均MoCA得分为26.81±1.85,MCI检出402人,检出率为19.10%;单因素分析结果显示,性别(χ~2=21.23,P0.01)和甘油三酯异常(χ~2=5.84,P0.05)对老年人MCI的检出均有影响;多因素logistic回归分析显示,女性(OR=0.29,95%CI:0.42～0.70)、未饮用葡萄酒(OR=0.63,95%CI:0.40～0.99)、甘油三酯异常(OR=1.34,95%CI:1.09～1.71)进入回归模型(P0.05)。结论影响天津市老年高知人群MCI检出的因素中女性、未饮用葡萄酒是保护因素,甘油三酯异常是危险因素,可针对影响因素进行有针对性的预防。     

Risk factors of attempted suicide in the elderly: The role of cognitive impairment

The authors’ aim was to assess the prevalence and importance of dementia and cognitive impairment in relation to suicidal behaviour in elderly psychiatric inpatients. The level of cognitive functioning (according to the Mini Mental State Examination – MMSE) of the elderly suicidal inpatients (N=62) were compared to the general elderly inpatients (N=152). There were significant differences in cognitive functioning between the two groups, in the non-suicidal group the level of cognitive function was significantly lower. However, mild cognitive deficit or mild dementia were registered in 60% of the suicide attempters. The results indicate that not only mood disorders, but other risk factors (especially mild cognitive impairment), have a key role in developing suicidal behaviour in the elderly. Thus, in the treatment and prevention of suicidal behaviour in the elderly, it is important to apply the complex bio-psycho-social model, in which (besides adequate pharmacotherapy) psychotherapeutic approaches and procedures to enhance cognitive functioning are of outstanding significance.     

Prevalence of cognitive and functional impairment in a community sample in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at estimating the prevalence of cognitive and functional impairment (CFI) in a community sample in Ribeir?o Preto, Brazil, evaluating its distribution in relation to various socio-demographic and clinical factors. METHODS: The population was a representative sample aged 60 and older, from three different socio-economic classes. Cluster sampling was applied. Instruments used to select CFI (a syndromic category that does not exclude dementia): 'Mini Mental State Examination' (MMSE), 'Fuld Object Memory Evaluation' (FOME), 'Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly' (IQCODE), 'Bayer Activities of Daily Living Scale' (B-ADL) and clinical interviews. The data obtained were submitted to bivariate and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A sample of 1.145 elderly persons was evaluated, with a mean age of 70.9 years (60-100; DP: 7.7); 63.4% were female, and 52.8% had up to 4 years of schooling. CFI prevalence was 18.9% (n = 217). Following logistic regression analysis, higher age, low education, stroke, epilepsy and depression were associated with CFI. Female sex, widowhood, low social class and head trauma were associated with CFI only on bivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: CFI prevalence results were similar to those found by studies in Brazil, Puerto Rico and Malaysia. Cognitive and functional impairment is a rather heterogeneous condition which may be associated with various clinical conditions found in the elderly population. Due to its high prevalence and association with higher mortality and disability rates, this clinical syndrome should receive more attention on public health intervention planning.     

Does self-reported sleep quality predict poor cognitive performance among elderly living in elderly homes?

Objectives: Sleep complaints are common among elderly, especially institutionalized elderly, as they experience poorer sleep quality and higher use of sedative hypnotics, when compared to community-dwelling elderly. Recent findings suggest that there may be a relationship between poor quality of sleep and cognitive deficits. This study aimed at studying the relation between sleep quality and cognitive performance in older adults living in elderly homes.

Method: 100 elderly living in an elderly home in El Mansoura, Egypt, were recruited in this study, 50 cases with subjective poor quality of sleep and 50 controls with subjective good quality of sleep as assessed by Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). Each participant went through comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), including geriatric depression scale (GDS), assessment of cognitive function by mini mental state examination (MMSE).

Results: 52% of poor sleepers showed impaired MMSE, while only 24% of good sleepers had impaired MMSE. Both orientation and (attention and calculation) were more affected (P = 0.027 and 0.035, respectively). Linear correlation coefficient between PSQI and different variables revealed significant negative correlation with total MMSE score, attention and calculation.

Conclusion: Poor quality of sleep is related to cognitive impairment among elderly living in elderly homes and this problem should be taken in consideration among this group of elders.