单双脂肪酸甘油酯/磷脂复配对婴儿配方奶粉乳液中脂溶性营养素生物可给性的影响

以婴儿配方奶粉乳液为模型,采用体外消化模型研究单双脂肪酸甘油酯和磷脂复配对脂溶性营养素(维生素D、类胡萝卜素)生物可给性的影响。结果表明,在小肠消化过程中,单双脂肪酸甘油酯和磷脂的添加能显著提高奶粉模型乳液体系中脂溶性营养素(维生素D等)的胶束化,并有效提升其生物可给性,有利于促进脂溶性营养素的吸收效率和生物利用率,使其消化行为更为接近母乳。同时,不同组成结构单双脂肪酸甘油脂的添加均可提升脂溶性营养素的生物可给性,其中油酸结构的存在对脂溶性营养素生物可给性的提升效果最佳。     

乳液输送体系包埋海洋源脂溶性活性物质研究进展

海洋源脂溶性活性物质表现出许多潜在的有益生物学功能,如增强机体免疫力、缓解疲劳、抗氧化、改善生长发育等,然而其水溶性差、易降解、在胃肠道中损失率高等劣势降低了它们生物利用度.乳液输送体系可作为海洋源脂溶性活性物质递送载体,可以有效改善其物理化学不稳定性,提高生物利用度.文章介绍了运载海洋源脂溶性活性物质的乳液体系类型及...     

纳米乳液改善多酚性能及在食品中的应用进展

国内外研究人员一直关注植物多酚促进人体健康的潜在作用,发现在实际应用中,多酚的稳定性差、溶解性差、生物利用率低等问题亟待解决。纳米乳液递送体系粒径小、稳定性佳,是极佳的多酚递送体系,应用前景广阔。经纳米乳液包埋后的多酚可改善稳定性,提高在体内的生物利用率,表现出更佳的生物可及性、抗氧化性及抗肿瘤活性,更适合应用于食品工业。该研究结合国内外研究者的成果综述了多酚的分类及作用;多酚纳米乳液制备新技术;纳米乳包载对多酚多种性能的改善效果与作用机制。基于多酚纳米乳液需解决的首要问题提出了乳液优化方案,并阐述了多酚纳米乳液在食品工业中的现状及潜在应用,对多酚纳米乳液未来的制备方向进行展望。     

基于乳液模板法的递送体系：增强生物活性物质稳定性和生物利用度

富含生物活性物质的功能性食品和膳食补充剂可以预防和缓解许多慢性疾病。然而生物活性物质稳定性差，在生产加工和贮存过程中易受光、热和氧气作用分解失活，在进入人体胃肠道后易受酶、胃酸和胆汁盐作用转化失活，呈现出较低的生物利用度。递送系统的设计被认为是提高生物活性物质稳定性和生物利用度的良好策略。递送体系的构建方法有很多，其中乳液模板法由于制备简单、稳定性好、可为体系带来特定功能等特点受到广泛关注。因此，该文介绍了乳液模板法的基本原理和基于乳液模板法的各类食品递送体系的制备以及它们递送各类生物活性物质的应用效果，最后总结了乳液模板法的优点并提出了基于乳液模板法的递送体系的研究方向。     

乳液递送系统中活性功能因子的释放设计

乳液作为功能性食品的递送系统具有独特的传质特性。研究证实,水中分散性差、稳定性弱或生物利用率低的活性功能因子可以通过乳液系统实现其高效递送及可控释放。乳液内外两相的特征结构,及其稳定剂形成的相界面屏障是影响功能因子释放的关键因素。在消化环境或外部刺激的影响下,乳液系统可以通过其稳定机制调节内部所封装的功能因子释放。研究显示,应用乳液递送系统能够实现活性功能因子的释放设计,因而在食品及医药等领域展示出高度的应用潜力。本文对国内外相关研究成果进行归纳总结,重点综述了乳液结构、消化过程、控释作用及稳定剂与功能因子间相互作用对功能因子释放的影响,以期为相关的功能性食品研发提供参考。     

乳液基递送体系对植源活性物健康效应的影响研究进展

植源活性物是指存在于植物中的具有特定健康效应的活性物质。部分植源活性物受溶解度低、胃肠道稳定性差、肠上皮细胞吸收及淋巴转运效率低、体内代谢速率快等因素影响,造成其经口摄入后健康效应发挥受限。乳液基递送体系可通过以下途径影响植源活性物的健康效应：1）改善植源活性物胃肠道溶解度和稳定性,避免活性物直接接触胃肠道环境,减少活性物的失活;2）乳液油相在胃肠道消化过程中形成胶束对脂溶性活性物起增溶作用,改善活性物在小肠处经血液或淋巴的转运吸收效率;3）调节活性物在消化道中的时滞性释放及特异性黏附行为,通过改变肠道菌群结构及功能或调控活性物释放吸收靶点等方式影响活性物与肠道菌群的互作过程。本文综述了乳液基递送体系的特点及优势,着重论述乳液基递送体系对植源活性物增溶、消化道控释吸收及与肠道菌群互作过程的影响。     

微乳液凝胶颗粒制备及其应用研究进展

亲脂性活性分子如维生素、脂肪酸和香精油等对氧、热、光等敏感,在食品加工或人体生理运输过程中易被氧化和降解,限制了其在食品工业中的应用。在可用于递送亲脂性分子的技术中,乳状微凝胶颗粒是一类相对较新的软固体颗粒递送体系,其因离散程度的大小和“智能”释放特性而引起越来越多的关注。利用微乳液凝胶颗粒包载亲脂活性分子能够显著提高其理化稳定性,并将亲脂活性分子在靶向位置有效释放以提高其生物利用度。本文通过总结国内外文献,综述了微乳液凝胶颗粒的研究进展,重点讨论了微乳液凝胶颗粒的制备、控制释放特性和主要应用。最后对目前食品脂溶性分子的微乳液凝胶颗粒传递体系的问题和发展进行分析和展望,旨在为微乳液凝胶颗粒的应用提供参考。     

多层乳液递送系统的应用及研究进展

乳液因具有独特的传递特性,常被用作活性成分的递送系统。多层乳液因其多层结构而形成较厚的界面层从而提高递送载体抵抗外界压力的能力,延长脂质的消化时间,从而有效保护活性成分,并可以通过界面层的合理设计达到缓慢释放活性成分的目的。该文从多层乳液的构建原理、界面层的特性及影响界面层稳定性方面进行详细介绍,并对近年来多层乳液在食品及相关行业的应用进展进行综述,以期为活性成分递送提供新思路。     

食品运载体系包埋维生素E的研究进展

维生素E是具有抗氧化活性等多种生理活性功能的脂溶性维生素，但是脂溶性限制了其在水溶性体系为主流的食品体系中的应用，并降低了其生物利用度。利用脂质体、纳米颗粒、乳液、微胶囊和环糊精包合物等食品运载体系可以改变维生素E的溶解性。选用恰当的运载体系，并对体系原材料筛选并加以适当修饰或改性能够有效提高维生素E的稳定性和生物利用率。本文概述了不同食品级运载体系对维生素E的包埋方法、负载特性和产品功能方面的研究和应用进展，为开发性能优良的运载体系，提高维生素E的稳定性和生物利用率提供有益的指导。     

壳聚糖基营养递送体系的构建及其在食品中的应用研究进展

壳聚糖是天然存在的碱性多糖,具有优异的生物相容性、生物可降解性、低毒性和易于制备等特点,已广泛应用于构建各类营养成分及生物活性物质的递送体系。壳聚糖基营养递送体系主要通过交联法、干燥法、层层自组装法、凝聚法、共价接枝法、微流控法及生物合成法等方法构建而成。壳聚糖可与碳水化合物、蛋白质及脂质体复配结合,形成的复合载体可获得更加优异的性能,拓宽其在食品包装材料、生物活性物质缓释以及益生菌包埋等方面的应用范围。此外,本文进一步分析了壳聚糖基营养递送体系在食品工业实际应用时的障碍与局限性,以期为壳聚糖基递送载体在赋予食品新的功能特性、开发新的食品配料以及营养素强化中的应用提供重要参考。     

Interfacial design of protein-stabilized emulsions for optimal delivery of nutrients

Proteins are often used as ingredients in food emulsions, as their amphiphilic structures provide electrostatic and steric stabilization. Significant attention has recently been directed at understanding how the composition and structure of oil-water interfaces change during digestion and how these can be manipulated to enhance the delivery of nutrients contained within the oil droplets. These efforts have necessitated the development of more sophisticated in vitro digestion models of greater physiological relevance and increased efforts in research to identify the role of the various digestive parameters on interfacial dynamics. The changes occurring at the oil-water interface will affect the adsorption of gastro-intestinal lipases and, ultimately, affect lipid digestion. The composition of a protein-stabilized oil droplet changes continuously during digestion, because of proteolysis and the formation of peptides with different affinities for the interface. In addition, natural bio-surfactants such as phospholipids and bile salts, other surface- active molecules present in foods, and the products of lipolysis (i.e. mono and diglycerides, lysophospholipids), all compete for access to the interface, and contribute to the dynamic changes occurring on the surface of the oil droplets. A better understanding of how to tailor the composition of oil droplet surfaces in food emulsions will aid in optimizing lipid digestion and, as a result, delivery of lipophilic nutrients. This review focuses on the physico-chemical changes occurring in protein-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions during gastric and small intestine digestion, and on how interfacial engineering could lead to differences in fatty acid release and the potential bioavailability of lipophilic molecules.     

Emulsion design for the delivery of β-carotene in complex food systems

β-Carotene has been widely investigated both in the industry and academia, due to its unique bioactive attributes as an antioxidant and pro-vitamin A. Many attempts were made to design delivery systems for β-carotene to improve its dispersant state and chemical stability, and finally to enhance the functionality. Different types of oil-in-water emulsions were proved to be effective delivery systems for lipophilic bioactive ingredients, and intensive studies were performed on β-carotene emulsions in the last decade. Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable, and emulsions with intact structures are preferable in delivering β-carotene during processing and storage. β-Carotene in emulsions with smaller particle size has poor stability, and protein-type emulsifiers and additional antioxidants are effective in protecting β-carotene from degradation. Recent development in the design of protein-polyphenol conjugates has provided a novel approach to improve the stability of β-carotene emulsions. When β-carotene is consumed, its bioaccessibility is highly influenced by the digestion of lipids, and β-carotene in smaller oil droplets containing long-chain fatty acids has a higher bioaccessibility. In order to better deliver β-carotene in complex food products, some novel emulsions with tailor-made structures have been developed, e.g., multilayer emulsions, solid lipid particles, Pickering emulsions. This review summarizes the updated understanding of emulsion-based delivery systems for β-carotene, and how emulsions can be better designed to fulfill the benefits of β-carotene in functional foods.     

Nanoscale Nutrient Delivery Systems for Food Applications: Improving Bioactive Dispersibility,Stability, and Bioavailability

There has been a surge of interest in the development of nanoscale systems for the encapsulation, protection, and delivery of lipophilic nutrients, vitamins, and nutraceuticals. This review article highlights the challenges associated with incorporating these lipophilic bioactive components into foods, and then discusses potential nanoscale delivery systems that can be used to overcome these challenges. In particular, the desirable characteristics required for any nanoscale delivery system are presented, as well as methods of fabricating them and of characterizing them. An overview of different delivery systems is given, such as microemulsions, nanoemulsions, emulsions, microgels, and biopolymer nanoparticles, and their potential applications are discussed. Nanoscale delivery systems have considerable potential within the food industry, but they must be carefully formulated to ensure that they are safe, economically viable, and effective.     

Designing emulsion droplets of foods and beverages to enhance delivery of lipophilic bioactive components – a review of recent advances

Lipophilic bioactive compounds such as lipids, vitamins and phytochemicals serve important antioxidant, functional, nutritional and structural roles in the human body. Colloidal systems such as emulsions are particularly suitable matrices for the protection and delivery of these compounds. This article summarises the principal lipophilic bioactives important for human health and challenges associated with their delivery. It discusses the compositional and physical characteristics of emulsions in relation to bioactive delivery, and chemical stability aspects to consider when engineering efficient emulsion delivery systems. The literature shows that aspects such as oil type, droplet size, interfacial composition and solubilisation capacity impact bioactive availability and that their effects are bioactive specific. Therefore, emulsions must be tailored to the bioactives delivered. Much of the present knowledge is based on in vitro studies, and more data from animal and human models are required to better understand the relationship between emulsion characteristics and bioavailability of lipophilic bioactives.     

Potential biological fate of ingested nanoemulsions: influence of particle characteristics

Edible nanoemulsions have great potential for utilization in the food and beverage industries to encapsulate, protect, and deliver lipophilic functional components claimed to have health benefits ("nutraceuticals"), such as carotenoids, flavonoids, phytosterols, polyunsaturated lipids, and oil-soluble vitamins. Nanoemulsions have a number of possible advantages over conventional emulsions for these applications, including high optical clarity, high stability to particle aggregation and gravitational separation, and increased bioavailability of lipophilic substances. Nevertheless, there are concerns about the potential risks associated with ingestion of nanoemulsions due to their ability to alter the behavior of bioactive components within the gastrointestinal tract. At present, there is still a relatively poor understanding of the biological fate of nanoemulsions in the human GI tract, which is holding back the rational design and application of nanoemulsion-based delivery systems for lipophilic bioactive components. This article provides a brief review of the current status of the formation, properties, and potential biological fate of food-grade nanoemulsions. In particular, it focuses on the influence of particle characteristics, such as size and interfacial properties, on the digestion and absorption of lipid nanoparticles.     

Fabrication of ultrafine edible emulsions: Comparison of high-energy and low-energy homogenization methods

Emulsions containing ultrafine droplets (r < 100 nm) have a number of potential advantages over conventional emulsions for the encapsulation and delivery of lipophilic substances in foods and beverages: high optical clarity; high physical stability; increased bioavailability. These ultrafine emulsions can be fabricated from high-energy or low-energy homogenization methods, which each have advantages and limitations. In this study, we compared a high-energy method (microfluidization) with a low-energy method (spontaneous emulsification) for forming oil-in-water emulsions from food-grade ingredients (medium chain triglycerides and Tweens). The influence of surfactant type (Tween 80, Tween 85, and Tween 80/Tween 85) and surfactant-to-oil ratio (SOR = 0.1–5) on the formation of emulsions was examined. Both the low- and high-energy methods were able to produce emulsions with ultrafine droplets (r < 100 nm). The microfluidization method required high-energy inputs and dedicated equipment, but could produce ultrafine emulsions at much lower surfactant-to-oil ratio (SOR < 0.1). On the other hand, the spontaneous emulsification method only required simple mixing, but it needed much higher surfactant-to-oil ratios (SOR > 0.5) to produce droplets with r < 100 nm. This study has important implications for the development of food-grade delivery systems to encapsulate lipophilic substances, such as flavors, colors, vitamins, and nutraceuticals.     

载姜黄素纳米乳液的制备及体外模拟消化特性研究

为提高姜黄素的水溶性和生物可利用度，本研究以选择性水解大豆蛋白为乳化剂，构建了稳定的姜黄素纳米乳液运载体系，对纳米乳液的制备过程中均质压力的影响进行研究，并对纳米乳液的粒径、Zeta-电位、浊度、微观结构以及胃肠消化特性进行表征。结果表明，姜黄素的溶解度与油相有显著关系（P<0.05），溶解度从大到小分别为中链甘油三酯（MCT）>菜籽油>玉米油>橄榄油>大豆油。以50 MPa为均质压力，制备得到的乳液平均粒径最小（265.00±4.14 nm）、Zeta-电位绝对值较大（-30.77±0.71 mV）、浊度最低。分别以菜籽油和MCT为油相制备得到载姜黄素纳米乳能抵抗胃蛋白酶的消化，在胃部保持一定的界面张力使乳液维持原有形态，而在小肠中消化，游离脂肪酸释放率达60%。将菜籽油和MCT以不同比例进行复配，发现随着菜籽油比例的增加，姜黄素的生物可利用度和保留率显著降低，其中，以菜籽油:MCT=3:7为油相的乳液具备与以纯MCT为油相的乳液几乎相同的姜黄素生物可利用度和保留率，接近70%。研究结果对封装和释放高亲脂性功能成分的传递系统的设计具有重要指导意义。     

营养载运体系研究进展

载运体系在药物输送方面已有广泛的应用,营养物质也有望通过载运提高其稳定性和生物利用度,这一研究具有广阔的发展前景。本文概述一些常见的营养物质载运体系,如脂质体、微胶囊、纳米球、胶束、囊泡、树枝状聚合物等的结构、制备及其在营养物质载运方面的研究进展。