Desilication of TS-1 zeolite for the oxidation of bulky molecules

A series of modified TS-1 samples have been produced by desilication of the original TS-1 (4 wt.% Ti) using a chemical treatment with NaOH. Desilicated TS-1 zeolites exhibit a large BET surface area together with a well-developed mesoporosity. The hierarchical catalysts from desilication of TS-1 zeolite show a good catalytic activity for the oxidation of small molecules and a significantly higher activity for the oxidation of bulky molecules.     

陶瓷膜反应器中环己酮氨肟化的催化剂失活机制与再生

基于陶瓷膜反应器开发出无有机溶剂的环己酮氨肟化新工艺,探讨TS-1催化剂失活机制。采用XRD及Rietveld全谱拟合、FT-IR、N₂吸附-脱附、TGA/DSC、GC-MS等手段对TS-1分子筛的骨架结构、晶胞参数、比表面积和有机物种类进行了表征分析。结果表明,无有机溶剂的环己酮氨肟化反应过程中,存在硅流失的现象,但TS-1骨架完整,晶胞参数未明显变化;环己酮、环己酮肟及反应副产物等吸附在TS-1催化剂的表面及孔道内,使比表面积下降52.6%、孔体积减少了41.6%,是造成TS-1失活的主要原因,空气氛围中于600℃煅烧3 h,可以恢复催化剂的活性。     

苯一步法制苯酚反应中TS-1催化剂失活研究

考察了TS-1催化剂在过氧化氢氧化苯一步法制苯酚反应中的催化效果,研究表明在反应初期TS-1具有较高的反应活性,但易失活;采用XRD、SEM、微结构分析、TG-DTA多种方法分析反应前后TS-1的性质,表明反应前后其骨架结构未发生变化,失活催化剂晶型晶貌未发生明显改变,在TG由线中320℃附近有失重;失活催化荆可通过焙烧再生,其活性基本得到恢复,表明反应中催化剂的失活是由羽产物积碳所导致的暂时性失活.     

纳米TS-1分子筛的合成及环己酮肟化反应性能

采用预晶化后补充硅源的合成方法,在模硅物质的量比0.15条件下,合成晶粒尺寸300 nm的TS-1分子筛。考察模板剂用量和预晶化时间对分子筛合成的影响,并采用XRD、SEM、TEM、UV-vis和N2吸附-脱附对分子筛进行表征,通过环己酮肟化反应考察分子筛催化性能。结果表明,相对于传统法合成的TS-1分子筛,采用预晶化补硅法合成的TS-1分子筛具有较大的比表面积和介孔体积,而且其非骨架钛含量减少,能够有效地提高环己酮肟化反应的转化率、选择性和催化剂寿命。     

变温陈化法制备TS-1分子筛及其催化性能

通过变温陈化步骤,采用水热结晶法制备TS-1分子筛。改变陈化步骤,得到一系列粒径不同的TS-1分子筛,并探究粒径对丙烯醇环氧化反应催化性能的影响。采用FT-IR、UV-Vis、BET、XRD和SEM等表征TS-1分子筛催化剂晶相,结果表明,不同条件制得的TS-1分子筛具有相同的MFI结构,Ti大部分以骨架钛形式存在,也有少量锐钛矿相Ti O2存在。随着反应温度的升高,TS-1粒径逐渐增大。通过后续催化反应发现,TS-1分子筛催化剂的催化活性改变不大,这可能是由于催化剂中活性位点的数目变化不大。从催化剂分离实验可以看出,随着粒径的增大,催化剂回收率从82.4%增至95.3%。     

低成本TS-1分子筛的制备及其苯酚羟基化性能研究

以四丙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,采用较低碱浓度水解成胶和较高模板剂浓度晶化的新工艺合成了低成本的TS-1分子筛,并优化了合成条件。样品的XRD和FT-IR表征证明,Ti原子成功进入分子筛的骨架中。结果表明,在水解成胶碱浓度为8%左右、晶化模板剂浓度20%时合成的TS-1分子筛,其催化苯酚羟基化反应中,苯酚的转化率达到20.56%。该合成在保证TS-1分子筛高催化活性的基础上,模板剂四丙基氢氧化铵（TPAOH）的用量明显降低,从而大大降低合成成本。     

Effect of sodium ions in synthesis of titanium silicalite-1 on its catalytic performance for cyclohexanone ammoximation

Titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) has been hydrothermally synthesized with tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) as the template in the presence of various amounts of Na⁺, characterized by inductively coupled plasma, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultro-violet-visible spectroscopy and studied in cyclohexanone ammoximation. The characterization results show that with the increase of Na⁺ concentration in the synthesis, both the crystal sizes of TS-1and extra framework Ti increase but framework Ti decreases. The addition of Na⁺ below 3 mol-% of TPAOH in the synthesis does not influence the catalytic properties with above 98% conversion of cyclohexanone and 99.5% selectivity to cyclohexanone oxime. However, at the concentrations of Na⁺≥3 mol-% of TPAOH in the synthesis, the catalysts are deactivated faster with the increase of Na⁺ addition, which can be attributed to more high molecular weight byproducts deposited in the large TS-1 particles and the loss of the frame-work titanium. The results of this work are of great importance for the industry.     

以水玻璃和三氯化钛为硅源和钛源合成介孔TS-1沸石及其催化性能研究

采用水玻璃为硅源、三氯化钛为钛源,在四丙基氢氧化铵（TAPOH）和阳离子聚合物共模板的条件下,成功地合成了介孔TS-1沸石。采用X-射线衍射、N2-物理吸附、扫描电镜、透射电镜、红外光谱和紫外光谱对合成的介孔TS-1沸石进行了表征。结果表明,合成的样品具有很好的结晶度和良好的四配位骨架Ti,并且沸石晶体内存在丰富的介孔结构。对大分子二苯基硫醚和二苄基硫醚的氧化实验结果显示,与微孔TS-1相比,含有介孔的TS-1沸石具有更好的催化性能。     

无机原料制备TS-1分子筛及其催化环己酮氨氧化

分别以硅溶胶和白炭黑为硅源、三氯化钛为钛源合成了TS-1分子筛。采用XRD、FT-IR、SEM、TEM和低温N2吸附-脱附等方法表征,表明两种无机硅源均可制备结晶度较好和晶体结构完整的TS-1分子筛。将制备的TS-1分子筛用于催化环己酮氨氧化,结果表明,在优化反应条件下,硅溶胶制备的TS-1分子筛具有比白炭黑制备的TS-1更好的催化性能。     

In-situ 31P MAS NMR probing of the active centers in Ti silicalite molecular sieve

The investigation of the active centers in titanium zeolite was conducted by a probe reaction, the oxidation of trimethylphosphine. The different sites of TS-1 zeolite can be clearly distinguished through ³¹P solid-state MAS NMR spectra of adsorbed trimethylphosphine. The results showed that only the trimethylphosphine bound to the coordinate-unsaturated framework Ti sites and the distorted tetrahedral Ti sites of TS-1 zeolite could be easily oxidized by urea hydrogen peroxide. Diffuse Reflectance UV–Vis and ²⁹Si MAS NMR spectra further confirmed that the titanium peroxide species (TiOOH), which is formed through the solid–solid interaction between urea–H₂O₂ and TS-1 zeolite, could be catalytic active centers during the oxidation of trimethylphosphine.     

Regeneration of Lamina TS-1 Catalyst in the Epoxidation of Propylene with Hydrogen Peroxide

The deactivation and regeneration of the lamina titanium silicalite (TS-1) catalyst for the epoxidation of propylene with dilute H₂O₂was investigated in a fixed-bed reactor. In the scale-up experiment, the dosage of the lamina TS-1 catalyst is 2. 5 kg, after 1000 h reaction the catalyst still exhibits good performance and further increases the reaction time, the conversion of H₂O₂begins to decrease. TG and BET analyses of the deactivated catalysts show that the main species occluded within the zeolite pore are propylene oxide oligomers, and these species occupying the active Ti site and blocking the pores of the lamina TS-1 are the main reason for the deactivation of catalyst. The deactivated catalyst can be regenerated by different regeneration methods. The activity of deactivated catalysts regenerated by dilute H₂O₂or heat treatment by using air or nitrogen as a calcination media can be fully recovered, but a decline in propylene oxide (PO) selectivity of the regenerated catalyst has been observed during the first hours of reaction. However, water vapor treatment of the deactivated catalyst can improve the PO selectivity with the same activity as that of the fresh lamina TS-1 catalyst.     

Formation of pyridine N-oxides using mesoporous titanium silicalite-1

Mesoporous titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) prepared by carbon-templating is significantly more active than conventional TS-1 for the oxidation of pyridine derivatives using aqueous hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. The catalytic activity is increased by the system of mesopores that helps to overcome the configurational diffusion limitations within the microporous catalyst. The use of a carbon-template for generation of secondary porosity is more effective than desilication. The desilicated catalyst is slightly more active than conventional TS-1, probably due to a decrease of the mean diffusion path length. In contrast, carbon-templated mesopores provides an efficient transport throughout the zeolite, thus preventing deactivation due to product confinement. All catalysts were characterised by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy and nitrogen physisorption. The results indicate that desilication may cause a surface densification of less catalytically active extra-framework Ti species. Carbon-templating is thus a more gentle and effective method for generating secondary porosity. Utilization of carbon-templated mesoporous TS-1 for oxidation of pyridine derivatives represents a new and environmentally friendly method to synthesise N-oxides.     

Conversion of phenol to cyclohexane in the aqueous phase over Ni/zeolite bi-functional catalysts

A series of Ni/HZSM-5 and Ni/HIM-5 bi-functional catalysts were synthesized and applied to the aqueous-phase hydrodeoxygenation(HDO)of phenol.The Ni dispersibility and particle sizes were shown to be directly related to the porosity and crystal sizes of the parent zeolites,which further influenced the catalytic performances.The large pores and small crystal sizes of the parent zeolites were beneficial for dispersing Ni and forming small Ni particles,and the corresponding Ni/zeolite catalyst exhibited a higher phenol conversion and selectivity towards hydrocarbons.Importantly,the Ni/HIM-5 bi-functional catalyst exhibited a high activity(98.3%)and high selectivity for hydrocarbons(98.8%)when heated at 220°C for 1 h and is thus a new potential catalyst for the HDO of phenolics to form hydrocarbons in the aqueous phase.     

Direct epoxidation of propylene with hydrogen peroxide over TS-1 catalysts: Effect of hydrophobicity of the catalysts

TS-1 (titanium silicalite-1) catalysts were hydrothermally synthesized in the presence of polymethylmethacrylate bead (denoted as TS-1_PMMA) and polystyrene bead (denoted as TS-1_PS) for use in the direct epoxidation of propylene with hydrogen peroxide. TS-1 catalyst was also synthesized by a hydrothermal method in the absence of polymer bead. It was revealed that TS-1_PMMA and TS-1_PS catalysts showed a better catalytic performance than TS-1 catalyst in terms of conversion of hydrogen peroxide, selectivity for propylene oxide, and yield for propylene oxide, due to their enhanced hydrophobicity. Among three catalysts, TS-1_PS with the highest hydrophobicity showed the best catalytic performance.     

ZSM-5分子筛在MTP反应中的催化性能

合成了3种不同晶粒尺寸的ZSM-5分子筛,并制得MTP催化剂,对ZSM-5分子筛催化剂在MTP反应中的性能进行系统研究。采用XRD、SEM、N2物理吸附和TGA等对ZSM-5分子筛催化剂进行表征,发现小晶粒的ZSM-5分子筛具有良好的抗积炭性能,在MTP反应中具有较高的稳定性。采用小晶粒分子筛制成的催化剂,考察反应工艺条件对催化剂催化性能的影响,结果表明,丙烯选择性随反应温度和空速提高而增加,降低反应压力和提高水醇质量比也有利于提高丙烯选择性,为调整MTP工艺的产物分布和优化反应工艺条件提供了技术依据。     

Synthesis and characterization of zirconium silicalite-1

Zirconium silicalite-1 (ZS-1) catalysts with MFI structure were prepared using a hydrothermal synthesis method. XRD, SEM, IR,²⁹Si MAS NMR, UV-VIS DRS, physical adsorption of nitrogen, and elemental analysis were then performed to evaluate its physico-chemical properties, and evidences of Zr⁴⁺ incorporation into the zeolite framework were provided : The unit cell volume of zirconium silicalite-1 increased linearly with increases in zirconium content, and the characteristic framework i.r. spectra shifted to lower frequencies as Zr⁴⁺ was incorporated into the silicalite-1 lattice. For its catalytic reaction test, liquid phase 2-butanol oxidation using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant was carried out. All of the zirconium silicalite-1 samples synthesized were active for the 2-butanol oxidation, but activities obtained using ZS-1 catalysts were lower than TS-1 catalyst. Zirconium in the zeolite frameworkwas found to be the active site for the 2-butanol oxidation.     

由煤系高岭土合成小晶粒NaY分子筛及其应用

利用不同的方法分别合成了常规尺寸和纳米NaY分子筛,并采用XRD和TEM手段对合成样品进行了表征,小晶粒分子筛其粒径小于100 nm。催化裂化试验表明,纳米分子筛可提高大分子转化能力及改善产物选择性,比常规晶粒尺寸分子筛更为优越的性能。     

Uncalcined TS-2 immobilized Au nanoparticles as a bifunctional catalyst to boost direct propylene epoxidation with H2 and O2

Developing stable yet efficient Au–Ti bifunctional catalysts is important but challenging for direct propylene epoxidation with H₂ and O₂. This work describes a novel strategy of employing uncalcined titanium silicalite-2 (TS-2-B) to immobilize Au nanoparticles as a bifunctional catalyst for the reaction. Under no promoter effects, the Au/TS-2-B catalyst compared to the referenced Au/TS-1-B catalyst delivers outstanding catalytic performance, that is, exceptionally high stability over 100 hr, propylene oxide (PO) formation rate of 118 g_PO·hr⁻¹·kg_cat⁻¹, PO selectivity of 90% and hydrogen efficiency of 35%. The plausible relationship of catalyst structure and performance is established by using multiple techniques, such as UV–vis, high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A unique synergy of Au–Ti⁴⁺–Ti³⁺ triple sites is proposed for our developed Au/TS-2-B catalyst with the higher stable PO formation rate and hydrogen efficiency. The insights reported here could shed new light on the rational design of highly stable and efficient Au–Ti bifunctional catalysts for the reaction.     

Synthesis and catalytic properties of TS-1 with mesoporous/microporous hierarchical structures obtained in the presence of amphiphilic organosilanes

Titanosilicates TS-1 with mesoporous/microporous hierarchical structures have been synthesized in the presence of an organosilane surfactant. Highly porous crystals, with regular pores of ca. 2.5–3.5 nm diameter, are obtained under hydrothermal conditions similar to those used for the preparation of conventional catalysts. The organosilane has a great influence on the textural properties of TS-1, but does not significantly affect the amount and coordination of Ti species in the framework. Mesoporous TS-1 have been used as catalysts in various oxidation reactions with an aqueous H₂O₂ and their activity has been compared with those of a conventional TS-1 and a mesoporous amorphous TiMCM-41. Data show that mesoporous TS-1 does not possess the expected properties for hierarchical catalysts, i.e. the properties of the conventional catalysts with advantages of mesoporous solids. In particular, the gain in diffusion due to intracrystalline mesopores is totally inhibited by the increase of the hydrophilic character of the zeolite, resulting from very high silanol group populations on the external surface.     

Performance of a membrane-catalyst for photocatalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds

The performance of a hybrid Sil-1/nanostructured anatase TiO₂ membrane-catalyst and a catalytic titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) membrane was evaluated for gas-phase photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of trichloroethylene. The membrane-catalyst outperformed the catalytic plate coated with a similar amount of nanostructured TiO₂ catalyst. However, the activity of the catalytic TS-membrane for PCO is low due to the insufficient number of active titanium sites in the TS-1 zeolite.