温度对GMZ膨润土的膨胀性能影响研究

在25℃,40℃,60℃和90℃的蒸馏水中对高庙子(GMZ)膨润土进行了膨胀性能试验.由于在试验条件下渗透膨胀占主导地位,GMZ膨润土的膨胀性能随温度的升高而增大,其中最大膨胀率随温度线性增加,而膨胀力随温度呈指数增加.压实GMZ膨润土的膨胀性能可用em=KpD-3表示.N2吸附试验结果表明温度对GMZ膨润土的表面分维...     

高庙子膨润土GMZ001三向膨胀力特性研究

为研究高庙子钠基膨润土GMZ001的三向膨胀力特性,改进了三向胀缩仪,扩大了该仪器膨胀力的测量范围,进行了一系列不同干密度和不同初始吸力的三向膨胀力试验。研究结果表明:①在所研究的干密度、含水率范围内,竖向(平行于压实方向)膨胀力、水平(垂直于压实方向)膨胀力均主要与干密度有关,初始吸力对其没有明显影响。②水平膨胀力与竖向膨胀力之比随干密度的增大而减小;当干密度较小时,竖向膨胀力与水平膨胀力基本相等;当干密度大于1.6 g/cm3时,水平膨胀力与竖向膨胀力之比变化很小,其值稳定在0.78左右。③初始吸力、干密度均会显著影响膨胀力随时间变化曲线的形状;对于高吸力高干密度试样,其膨胀力–时间关系曲线在中间一段出现"平台"。④相同初始吸力下,膨胀力变化速率随干密度的增大有所增加,但不同干密度试样的膨胀力变化速率的差异随时间逐渐缩小;相同干密度下,尽管初始阶段高吸力试样的膨胀力发展更快,但一段时间后低吸力试样的膨胀力变化速率会比高吸力试样的大。⑤膨胀力最终平衡时间随干密度增大有所增加,而初始吸力对平衡时间影响不大。     

GCL膨润土衬垫膨胀量对渗透性能的影响

GCL膨润土衬垫有很好的吸水膨胀性能,作为防渗材料被广泛应用在环境工程和水利工程。在上覆荷载作用下,GCL膨润土衬垫的膨胀量会受到影响。采用膨胀试验和渗透试验研究上覆荷载与膨胀量之间的关系,以及膨胀量对渗透系数的影响。结果表明,随着上覆荷载的增加,GCL膨润土衬垫膨胀量明显减小,荷载超过1000 k Pa后几乎不会发生膨胀现象。GCL膨润土衬垫膨胀量大,防渗性能低,膨胀量达到12 mm时渗透系数增大1个数量级。根据拟合得到的膨胀量与上覆荷载、膨胀量与渗透系数的关系式,计算了不同堆载高度下的膨胀量和渗透系数,GCL膨润土衬垫上部铺设0.2 m的砂土,能大大提高安全性。     

高压实高庙子膨润土GMZ01的膨胀力特征

 高放废物深地质处置中，缓冲/回填材料系统起着工程屏障、水力学屏障、化学屏障、传导和散失放射性废物衰变热等重要作用，是高放废物地质处置库长期安全性和稳定性的有效保障。前人研究表明，膨润土是理想的缓冲/回填材料。在归纳总结压实膨润土膨胀力的室内试验研究成果的基础上，采用恒体积试验法研究高压实高庙子膨润土GMZ01的膨胀力特性，该膨润土已经被确定为我国高放废物地质处置库首选缓冲材料。结果表明，高压实高庙子膨润土GMZ01膨胀力随时间的变化曲线是一条渐近线，而时间/膨胀力与时间之间存在很好的线性关系；膨胀力发展过程曲线与吸水量曲线具有明显的阶段性特征；高压实高庙子膨润土的膨胀力和干密度之间存在指数关系，干密度是影响膨胀力的一项重要的因素。所取得的膨胀力特性成果，对于高庙子膨润土膨胀性能的正确判定具有非常重要的意义。     

盐碱演化环境下高压实GMZ膨润土膨胀变形特性

高放射性废物深地质处置库中,混凝土材料在地下水和辐射热的长期耦合作用下,不断衰解生成高碱性物质,进而影响高压实膨润土的膨胀变形特性,危及处置库运行安全。针对中国北山处置场地下水特征对缓冲/回填材料高压实高庙子(GMZ)膨润土变形特性的影响,分别配制北山地下水(BSW)、早期混凝土衰解液(YCW)和后期混凝土衰解液(ECW),开展了盐碱演化环境下高压实GMZ膨润土的一维膨胀变形试验,获取了初试干密度(1.50,1.60,1.70,1.80 g/cm³)和上覆荷载(0.1,0.2,0.4 MPa)对膨润土变形的影响规律。结果表明：随着BSW、YCW和ECW 3种溶液相继入渗,高压实膨润土的稳定膨胀变形率不断增加,但增加值逐渐减小;当YCW和ECW入渗时,稳定膨胀变形率的增加值随干密度增加而减小,随荷载增大而减小。基于压汞试验结果,阐明了盐碱演化环境下高压实膨润土持续膨胀的微观机理。研究成果可为中国处置库缓冲/回填材料的选择和工程屏障设计提供依据。     

砂-膨润土混合物膨胀力影响因素的研究

在放射性废料地质处置中，砂－膨润土混合物可用作缓冲回填材料，因而引起了人们对其性能的更加关注。通过室内试验，初步研究了砂－膨润混合物在不同含水量（4％－17．9％）、膨润土含量（10％－50％）和干密度（1．35－1．84g/cm^2）状态下的膨胀性能。通过对试验结果的分析，获得了一些有意义的结论。试验研究表明：砂－膨润土混合物的膨胀性能取决于其干密度、膨润土含量和含水量。含水量小于塑限含水量时，其膨胀稳定后的影响因素的分析中，使用蒙脱石的填充率这一参数来描述膨胀力。把粘土矿物含量、干密度的影响都统一到蒙脱石填充率对膨胀力的影响，建立了蒙脱石密度与膨胀力的函数关系。     

盐溶液对膨润土-砂混合物膨胀性能的影响

利用自制固结仪,开展膨润土-砂混合物在蒸馏水及不同浓度的NaCl、KCl和CaCl2溶液下的膨胀变形试验,研究盐溶液浓度和阳离子交换反应对混合物膨胀变形的影响.试验表明,试样在蒸馏水与不同浓度的NaCl溶液下可用同一条em-pe曲线表示,表明NaCl主要通过渗透吸力的作用影响混合物的膨胀变形.K+、Ca2+主要通过置换...     

新型膨润土遇水膨胀建筑密封材料研究

遇水膨胀类建筑密封材料产品有橡胶类和膨润土类2大系列，分析遇水膨胀类建筑密封材料的特点、存在的不足及其研究现状。我国膨润土资源丰富，为膨润土类遇水膨胀型建筑密封材料防（止）水技术的应用提供了资源基础。提出一种新型膨润土遇水膨胀建筑密封材料的制备方法。     

初始含水率对膨润土膨胀特性的影响

为了获得初始含水率对膨润土膨胀特性的影响规律,进行了不同初始含水率条件下无荷膨胀率、有荷膨胀率和膨胀力室内试验。试验结果表明:中等膨胀势膨润土在吸水饱和过程中无荷膨胀率、有荷膨胀率逐渐增大,且经历快速膨胀期、缓慢膨胀期和膨胀稳定期3个阶段。初始含水率越小,快速膨胀期历时越短,膨胀速率越快。随着初始含水率的增加,膨润土的无荷膨胀率、有荷膨胀率和膨胀力均呈减小趋势,且无荷膨胀率、有荷膨胀率线性递减,而膨胀力与初始含水率呈现良好负指数关系。     

新型膨润土遇水膨胀建筑密封材料的研究

遇水膨胀类建筑密封材料产品有橡胶类和膨润土类2大系列,分析遇水膨胀类建筑密封材料的特点、存在的不足及其研究现状。我国膨润土资源丰富,为膨润土类遇水膨胀型建筑密封材料防(止)水技术的应用提供了资源基础。提出一种新型膨润土遇水膨胀建筑密封材料的制备方法。     

圆饼状高压实膨润土膨胀力各向异性特征研究

针对作为我国缓冲/回填材料的高压实高庙子膨润土,采用自主研制的膨胀力-渗透性一体化测试仪器开展膨胀力试验,分别测定圆饼状试样的轴向膨胀力和径向膨胀力发展规律,研究试样初始干密度、初始吸力和尺寸效应对其膨胀力各向异性特征的影响。试验结果显示,轴向膨胀力和径向膨胀力均随着试样初始干密度的增加呈指数增大,膨胀力各向异性特征愈加显著。轴向膨胀力和径向膨胀力均随着试样初始吸力的增加而呈减小趋势;相同初始吸力条件下,径向膨胀力均大于轴向膨胀力,但是膨胀力各向异性系数随着初始吸力增大而不断减小。试样尺寸对膨胀力有显著影响,增加试样高度,轴向膨胀力不断增加,径向膨胀力增加到某一数值后不再随高度增加,膨胀力各向异性系数随着试样高度的增加逐渐减小。最后,基于膨润土膨胀机理、压实效应和尺寸效应,分析了膨胀力各向异性特征的形成机理。     

高庙子膨润土膨胀力时效性试验研究

针对高庙子膨润土在不同含水率和不同干密度条件下膨胀力时效性进行了试验研究。首先采用静力压实法将3种不同含水率的高庙子膨润土粉末压实为两种不同密实状态的试样,随后在保持压实试样的体积和含水率不变的条件下,分别静置0,1,7,15,30和90 d,最后采用膨胀仪对完成静置试样的膨胀力进行量测;同时结合静置过程,完成了部分试样的扫描电镜（SEM）试验。试验结果表明：高庙子膨润土的膨胀力随静置时间的增长不断减小,且前期减小明显,后期逐渐趋于稳定;膨胀力的时效性与试样初始条件有关,试样含水率和干密度越大,膨胀力随静置时间的衰减越明显,即时效性越强。SEM试验结果表明,静置90 d后,高庙子膨润土内的蒙脱石发生了水化,集合体分解,颗粒相互黏结,微观孔隙结构趋于均质化,呈现点阵式的絮状结构;试样静置过程中不同微观结构层次之间的水分重分布导致的蒙脱石水化是高庙子膨润土静置过程中膨胀力降低的主要内在原因。     

Experimental investigation into temperature effect on hydro-mechanical behaviours of bentonite

The bentonite barrier of underground repositories for high-level radioactive waste will be hydrated by the groundwater while it is subjected to high temperatures due to the radioactive decay of the wastes.These changes of temperature affect the hydraulic and mechanical responses of bentonite,which has important effects on design and performance of repositories.The temperature influence on the hydro-mechanical behaviour of bentonite was studied in this paper by experiments,which were carried out with the Spanish FEBEX bentonite compacted at dry densities expected in the repository (from 1.5 to 1.8 Mg/m 3 ).The dependence of the swelling strains of bentonite on the temperature has been measured from 30°C to 90°C.At high temperatures the swelling capacity of clay slightly decreases.Also,a clear decrease of swelling pressure as a function of temperature was observed for the same dry densities.Nevertheless,the deformation of bentonite is more dependent on the stress than the temperature.An increase in the permeability of water saturated bentonite with temperature has also been detected.The water retention curves of bentonite compacted at different dry densities were determined under isochoric conditions and in the range of temperatures from 20°C to 120°C.For a given density and water content,the suction decreases as the temperature increases at a rate,which is larger than the one predicted on the basis of water surface tension changing with temperature.Mechanisms related to the physico-chemical interactions that take place at microscopic level,in particular the transfer of interlayer water to the macropores triggered by temperature,seem to explain qualitatively the experimental observations.     

Swelling pressure characteristics of compacted Chinese Gaomiaozi bentonite GMZ01

Gaomiaozi bentonite (GMZ01) has been decided upon as the first option for use as buffer/backfill materials in the deep disposal of high-level radioactive waste in China. The basic functions of the materials used in the waste repositories request among others a sufficient swelling pressure and low hydraulic conductivity in order to provide long-term stability to the barrier system under environmental pressure and behavior of the waste loads. As such, it is necessary to investigate the influence of initial dry density on the swelling properties of Gaomiaozi bentonite (GMZ01) in order to achieve better design of buffer/backfill materials. In this study the swelling pressure of GMZ01 has been studied and analyzed by multi and one-step wetting constant volume tests with five different dry densities (1.15, 1.35, 1.50, 1.60 and 1.75 mg/m³). Results show that swelling pressure changes with time nonlinearly, while there is a linear relationship between time/swelling pressure and time. Curves of swelling pressure and the amount of absorbed water varying with time can be classified into typical phases. For the GMZ01 tested here, the initial dry density is an important factor influencing the swelling pressure. The results show that there is an exponential relationship between swelling pressure and dry density. Moreover, comparison was done between the experimental swelling pressure results of used GMZ bentonite in this study and other bentonites cited in literature: (i) other GMZ׳s and (ii) different types of bentonites proposed as buffer/backfill materials (i.e., MX80, Kunigel, Montigel, and Calcigel). The effect on the microstructure of the density and the wetting under the constant volume condition (after the swelling pressure test) has been investigated by studying the results of pore size distribution for GMZ01 by using the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) test and the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) photos. Finally, two different theoretical concepts were used to estimate the swelling pressure (the modified DDL and thermodynamics approaches). The results of the two methods show that the swelling pressure results compare relatively well with the experimental data for the GMZ bentonite.     

盐溶液饱和高庙子膨润土的强度特性

膨润土因具有高膨胀性、低渗透性、优良的核素吸附性等性质,被选作深层地质处置库的缓冲和回填材料。为研究围岩孔隙溶液对膨润土强度的影响,将GMZ07膨润土试样在不同浓度的Na₂SO₄溶液中饱和、固结后进行直剪试验,分析溶液浓度对GMZ07膨润土抗剪强度的影响。试验结果表明,随着盐溶液浓度的增加,膨润土试样的黏聚力及内摩擦角均增大,强度显著提高。在膨润土表面分形模型的基础上,引入考虑渗透吸力的修正有效应力对试验结果进行了解释。将通过修正有效应力计算得到的GMZ07膨润土在Na2SO4溶液中的抗剪强度与实测抗剪强度进行比较,二者基本吻合,验证了考虑渗透吸力的修正有效应力的正确性。     

Effects of specimen thickness on apparent swelling pressure evolution of compacted bentonite

With the interests to see specimen thickness (h_sp) effect on apparent swelling pressure (p_s) of compacted bentonite and capture characteristics of p_s development during wetting bentonite specimens (p_s evolution, hereafter), a series of tests to measure p_s of compacted bentonite specimens with a dry density (ρ_d) range of 0.99–1.76 Mg/m³ and a specimen thickness (h_sp) range of 2–10 mm were conducted. Test results suggest: (1) p_s evolution generally has common characteristics with four feature points chronologically: peak (t_p, p_p), valley (t_v, p_v), initial equilibrium (t_ei, p_ei) and an equilibrium (t_eq, p_eq), where, t_p, t_v, t_ei and t_eq represent time (t) and p_p, p_v, p_ei, and p_eq denote p_s of the four feature points, respectively; (2) within the tested range, h_sp effect is generally minor on p_s at feature points, and p_p, p_v, p_ei, and p_eq have well correlations with specimen final dry density (ρ_df); (3) time scale for specimens with different h_sp can be well unified by a time coefficient χ_sp (=h_sp/√t).     

钠钾盐梯度循环作用下高压实膨润土膨胀力衰变特性

高放废物深地质处置库近场环境中,高压实膨润土将长期遭受含盐地下水的循环化学作用,导致其膨胀性能不断衰变。针对干密度为1.7 g/cm3的高压实高庙子(GMZ)膨润土,分别开展了0.5 mol/L和1.0 mol/L两种盐梯度、Na Cl-水-KCl和Na Cl-水不同循环路径下的恒体积膨胀力试验,探讨盐梯度循环化学作用下其膨胀力的衰变特性。结果表明:盐梯度循环作用下,膨润土膨胀力的发展与离子种类、浓度和循环次数等因素有关。盐化阶段膨胀力不断降低,淡化阶段膨胀力有所提高;低盐度梯度循环下各阶段的稳定膨胀力均高于高盐度梯度循环时的膨胀力。随着循环次数的增加,稳定膨胀力逐渐下降,入渗溶液浓度越高,降幅越大,且衰减幅度随着循环次数的增加而减小。KCl溶液的入渗会引起膨润土发生矿物相变,膨胀力显著降低;当KCl溶液浓度达到一定值时,蒙脱石的充分溶解导致膨润土丧失膨胀能力。     

Effects of mineralogy on thermo-hydro-mechanical parameters of MX80 bentonite

Thermal conductivity, water retention curve and swelling behavior of two MX80 bentonite samples were studied in the present work. The difference obtained from these two MX80 bentonite samples was then analyzed in terms of mineralogical effects （effects of the proportion of quartz and montmorillonite）. It was concluded that the mineralogical effect was significant on the thermal conductivity and the swelling capacity; on the contrary, it was negligible on the water retention property.