搅拌槽中垂直列管外壁表面传热系数的模拟计算

使用计算流体力学(CFD)软件CFX对搅拌槽内垂直列管外壁的温度场进行了数值模拟,根据温度分布计算了不同高度处列管外壁的局部表面传热系数和列管外壁的平均表面传热系数. 搅拌槽直径D=500 mm,4组对称垂直加热列管兼作挡板,搅拌桨为四斜叶桨(PBT),以甘油为工作物料,计算中雷诺数为232. 研究结果表明,背向流体的列管外壁的局部表面传热系数最小,在同一列管、相同位置、不同离底高度下的最大局部表面传热系数与最小局部表面传热系数之比达到6.23;列管外壁各点局部表面传热系数沿轴向的分布差别很大,在同一离底高度、同一列管的不同位置,其最大与最小值之比达4.48,且均随着轴向离底高度的增加而减小;每根列管外壁的平均表面传热系数的最大与最小值之比为2.35,将4根列管外壁的平均表面传热系数模拟结果与文献进行了比较,发现二者基本吻合.     

高粘度流体在机械搅拌槽中的传热

研究了高粘度牛顿流体和非牛顿流体在螺杆-导流筒、螺杆-导流筒-直管组两种搅拌体系中的传热行为。结果表明,设置导流筒和直管组后,对夹套侧的传热膜系数α_j没有明显影响,导流筒侧和直管组直管外侧的传热膜系数α_d和α_c都较α_j大,传热面积比夹套增加一倍左右,从而增强了搅拌槽的传热能力。在所有几何因素中,搅拌桨径 d和导流筒内径 D_(ti)对传热膜系数影响最大。搅拌桨的转向对传热无明显影响。分析了传热关联式中 Re的方次的变化情况。用因次分析和回归分析得到的夹套、导流筒和直管组传热面的传热关联式和文献结果吻合甚好。     

螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳程局部传热及流阻

文中对螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳侧局部传热、局部流速及阻力性能进行了实验研究,测量结果表明,其壳侧局部传热膜系数与点速度是沿换热器的径向距离增大而增大,且局部传热膜系数的变化规律与相应点速度变化规律相一致。所取6个测量位置点分布较为均匀,基本上反映了换热器局部相应换热及流场分布规律。同时文中归纳出换热器壳侧的平均努塞尔准数Nu与雷诺准数Re的关联式及流动阻力系数f与雷诺准数Re的关联式,为换热器的实际运用提供了参考依据。     

搅拌槽中高粘度液体的传热研究

本文应用内外螺带-锚、双螺带-锚及螺带-螺旋轴-锚三种组合桨,研究了牛顿流体及假塑性流体,在层流域及过渡流域的传热关联式。分别获得了三种组合桨的传热膜系数关联式。为了得到三种组合桨的传热膜系数的通用关联式,本文采用了传热膜系数与单位质量功之间的关联。     

氯乙烯转化器反应温度测试研究

研究了氯乙烯转化器列管内传热原理,给出了列管内反应温度的径向分布计算公式,确定了测温管径和热电偶套管径的计算方法、常见转化器列管所对应的测温管径和热电偶套管外径的最佳范围。     

水平管外降膜传热性能的数值模拟及实验研究

采用数值模拟和实验方法,研究了水平管降膜蒸发器换热管间为柱状流时管外降膜传热性能。利用Fluent软件对管外液体流动和传热过程进行模拟,得到液膜表面速度、管外壁面局部传热系数的分布规律,分析了喷淋密度和管间距对传热性能的影响,最后对比了数值模拟结果和实验数据。结果表明:液柱的冲击和管底液体汇聚产生的扰动明显提高了传热性能;传热系数最大值出现在液柱冲击换热管形成的滞止区,在换热管下半周传热系数变化较小,传热性能比较稳定;管外传热系数随着喷淋密度的增加而增大;当轴向无量纲距离L在-0. 3～0. 3区域时增加管间距对管外传热有利,但在0. 4～0. 5和-0. 5～-0. 4区域时传热系数随着管间距的增大而减小。实验结果验证了数值模拟的可靠性。     

半弧面斜叶桨的流体力学性能与氧传质特性

氧传质系数是气液搅拌反应器设计的关键参数,研究新型搅拌桨的氧传质性能对气液两相搅拌反应器的强化有着重要的意义。本文实验研究了气体分布器、搅拌转速、气量对氧传质系数、搅拌功耗及气含率的影响,结果表明,氧传质系数随搅拌转速和气量的增加而增加;并建立了氧传质系数与搅拌功耗和表观气速的经验公式,为进一步放大应用提供了基础。采用欧拉-欧拉多相流模型及群体平衡模型对半弧面新型斜叶桨进行了计算流体力学（CFD）数值模拟研究,模拟研究了不同结构、搅拌转速、气量下的流体力学性能和氧传质系数,模拟计算结果与实验值的相对偏差在20%以内;这为研究这一半弧面新型斜叶桨提供了一种可靠的数值模拟方法;优化了半弧面新型斜叶桨的结构,提高了搅拌釜的氧传质效率。     

搅拌反应器内相际传质行为 2.反应器结构特性研究

系统地研究了搅拌反应器中挡板、搅拌桨型、通气管分布器及位置等结构因素对氧气－水体系功率准数Ｋ和容积传质系数ＫＬａ的影响规律。实验结果表明：在搅拌过程中挡板的作用在于提高湍动,改善两相混合状态;相对于其它的三种桨型,六叶盘式透平平桨能够形成较高的液相湍流和气液接触界面;通气管分布器的适宜直径为桨径的０．５～１倍,适宜位置应在桨叶下方。     

水平管外壁液膜流动状态及其对传热的影响

采用智能化薄膜厚度测试仪对水平管外液膜流动状态进行了研究 ,得到液膜厚度的几率分布和平均厚度 .液膜的平均厚度不仅随液体负荷的增加而加大 ,而且与管外壁不同角度有关 ;液膜的波动状态受制于液体负荷与管径的共同影响 .定义了量纲 1波高 ,并通过实验数据回归得到量纲 1波高的经验关系式 .还进行了初步的传热实验 ,得到水平管外蒸发侧传热膜系数随量纲 1膜厚和量纲 1波高的变化 ,为进一步揭示蒸发侧传热的决定因素提供实验依据     

402—C改造引起成品Bi变化的原因分析

简述402-C改造扩能后,其管内因液膜厚度的减薄,传热效果的变化,而使成品缩二脲(以后简写为Bi)增加。其后由于列管内、外壁垢层的生成,使Bi降低的定性原因分析。     

搅拌槽内多层组合桨对液-液分散特性的影响

以水-煤油及水-环己烷为体系,研究Rushton涡轮桨(RT),半椭圆管涡轮(HEDT)及翼形轴流式桨(CBY)的6种不同组合桨的液-液分散特性。测定了不同输入功率时分散相体积分率沿轴向及径向的分布。结果表明:当搅拌槽内液位与槽径之比达1.5,在相同输入功率时,三层桨的液液分散性能优于两层桨,功率准数较低的CBY组合桨在输入功率0.8kW/m~3时,槽内的轴向及径向分散相体积分率达到稳定的均匀分布。而功率准数较大的RT组合桨需要在输入功率1.8kW/m~3才能达到槽内分散相的均匀分布。     

固-液搅拌槽的分散性能

在直径为0.478 m的立式搅拌槽中,采用高岭土和水为物料,比较了四斜叶、六直叶涡轮等8种桨的固-液分散性能及搅拌功率(P)、桨组合形式对分散性能的影响规律. 结果表明,8种桨中分散效果最好的是六直叶涡轮桨和四斜叶桨,分散速率最快的是两叶CBY桨;分散速率与P1.08成正比;分散前期,搅拌功率增加,相对分散效果Y随之提高,当Y达到0.999以上,提高搅拌功率对搅拌效果几乎不起作用;采用分散速率较快(两叶CBY桨)与分散效果较好(四斜叶桨)的双桨组合,更适于连续操作过程.     

多层桨搅拌槽内的液-液分散特性

在直径为0．476m的椭圆底圆柱形搅拌槽内,以水／航空煤油及水／环己烷为实验体系,研究了Rushton涡轮式搅拌桨(RT-6)、六半椭圆管涡轮式搅拌桨(HEDT)、折叶轴流式搅拌桨及翼形轴流式搅拌桨(CBY)的6种不同组合桨的液-液分散特性,用取样法测定了分散相体积分数的轴向分布及体系澄清时间。结果表明,组合桨中的底桨在液-液分散中发挥了主要作用。单位体积输入功率相同时,底桨为CBY的组合桨进行液-液分散后,液滴的平均滴径最小,体系澄清时间较长;底桨为HEDT的组合桨的分散效果次之;底桨为RT-6的组合桨因滴径分布较宽,虽然平均滴径最大,但澄清时间也较长。     

Characterisation of three different impellers using the LDV-technique

A characterisation of three commonly used impellers was made in this study by measuring local mean velocities and the fluctuations of these velocities with the LDV technique. The data was used to estimate volumetric flow, velocity fluctuations and turbulent intensity in the impeller region of the tank. The impellers investigated were a high flow impeller, a pitched blade turbine and a Rushton turbine. The cylindrical vessel used was made of Perspex, had a dished bottom (DIN 28013), was equipped with four baffles and had an inner diameter of 0.45 m. It was found that the bulk velocities could be scaled with the tip-speed of the impeller (ND). The flow rate at constant impeller speed increased in the order high flow impeller — Rushton turbine — pitched blade turbine. The corresponding order for the turbulence fluctuation is: high flow impeller — pitched blade turbine — Rushton turbine. The velocity profile of the flow out from the high flow impeller was furthermore, not as smooth as could be expected.     

Gas recirculation rate and its influences on mass transfer in multiple impeller systems with various impeller combinations

Both the numerical and experimental approaches were used to study the effects of the gas recirculation and non‐uniform gas loading on the mass transfer rate for each impeller in a multiple impeller system. By combining the calculated gas velocity and local gas holdup, the gas recirculation rate around each impeller was estimated. The local mass transfer coefficients for systems equipped with various combinations of the Rushton turbine impeller (R) and pitched blade impeller (P) were determined by using the dynamic gassing out method. It is found that the Rushton turbine impeller has to be served as the lowest impeller in order to have a better gas dispersion and to give a higher overall K_La for a multiple impeller gas‐liquid contactor. The upper pitched blade impeller always enforces the circulating flow around the Rushton turbine impeller just beneath it and gives a higher overall average mass transfer rate. However, the system equipped with only the pitched blade impellers results in a much lower mass transfer rate than the other systems owing to the poor gas dispersion performance of the pitched blade impeller.     

多层桨搅拌槽内的微观混合特性

在直径0.476 m的多层桨搅拌槽内,采用平行竞争反应工作体系,就不同的多层桨型组合、进料时间、搅拌转速及进料位置对产物分布的影响规律进行了系统的实验研究,并采用涡旋卷吸模型就加料位置等操作条件对产物分布的影响进行了模拟计算,模拟值与实验值吻合. 结果表明,对于多层桨搅拌体系,在液面处加料时产物分布主要由上层桨的桨型决定,底层桨的排出流区加料时主要由底层桨的桨型及功率决定. 卷吸模型能够较好地描述搅拌槽内的微观混合过程.     

同心双轴复合式搅拌釜用于牛顿流体时的功耗及混合特性

在直径0.48 m的椭圆底搅拌槽内,液位与槽径比(H/T)为0.6,采用不同粘度的牛顿流体糖浆溶液,研究了分别以CBY, 45o四斜叶桨及Rushton涡轮桨作为快速分散桨、锚式桨作为慢速桨构成的同心双轴搅拌系统,在快、慢速轴同向和异向2种旋转方式操作时的功率特性和混合性能. 结果表明,分散桨对锚式桨的功率消耗影响较大. 两轴同向旋转时,分散桨会使锚式桨的功耗降低,转速比RN增加,降低幅度也增大,RN=14时,锚式桨功率可降至单独旋转时的约10%;异向旋转时锚式桨的功率随RN增加而增加,RN=14时,锚式桨功率可增至单独旋转时的2倍左右. 但锚式桨对分散桨的功率消耗影响很小,在±5%以内. 计算同心双轴复合搅拌系统的复合功率准数和复合雷诺数关系时考虑了RN的影响,使在实验条件下不同转向及RN的功率曲线较好吻合. 混合效果同向旋转优于异向旋转,在牛顿流体中,达到相同混合效果时,CBY桨的能量消耗仅为其他2个分散桨的20%~30%.     

Study on the solid–liquid suspension behavior in a tank stirred by the long-short blades impeller

We investigated the solid-liquid suspension characteristics in the tank with a liquid height/tank diameter ratio of 1.5 stirred by a novel long-short blades (LSB) impeller by the Euler granular flow model coupled with the standard k-ε turbulence model. After validation of the local solid holdup by experiments, numerical predictions have been successfully used to explain the influences of impeller rotating speed, particle density, particle size, liquid viscosity and initial solid loading on the solid suspension behavior, i.e. smaller particles with lower density are more likely to be suspended evenly in the liquid with higher liquid viscosity. At a low impeller rotating speed (N), increase in N leads to an obvious improvement in the solid distribution homogeneity. Moreover, the proposed LSB impeller has obvious advantages in the uniform distribution of the solid particles compared with single Rushton turbine (RT), dual RT impellers or CBY hydrofoil impeller under the same power consumption.     

CFD Modeling of Turbulent Jacket Heat Transfer in a Rushton Turbine Stirred Vessel

CFD modelling of the turbulent heat transfer was performed for a stirred tank equipped with a Rushton turbine impeller and four standard baffles. Eight different turbulence models, i.e. the standard k‐?, RNG k‐?, realizable k‐?, Chen‐Kim k‐?, optimized Chen‐Kim k‐?, standard k‐ω, k‐ω SST and Reynolds stress models, were used during the modelling. In all investigated cases, the boundary flow at the vessel wall was described by the standard logarithmic wall functions. The CFD modelling values of the local heat transfer coefficient were compared with the corresponding experimental data. The best agreement was obtained for the standard k‐?, optimized Chen‐Kim k‐? and k‐ω SST models.     

Influence of impeller diameter on overall gas dispersion properties in a sparged multi-impeller stirred tank☆

The impeller configuration with a six parabolic blade disk turbine below two down-pumping hydrofoil propellers, identified as PDT + 2CBY, was used in this study. The effect of the impeller diameter D, ranging from 0.30T to 0.40T (T as the tank diameter), on gas dispersion in a stirred tank of 0.48 m diameter was investigated by experimental and CFD simulation methods. Power consumption and total gas holdup were measured for the same impeller configuration PDT + 2CBY with four different D/T. Results show that with D/T increases from 0.30 to 0.40, the relative power demand (RPD) in a gas–liquid system decreases slightly. At low superficial gas velocity V_S of 0.0078 m·s^-1, the gas holdup increases evidently with the increase of D/T. However, at high superficial gas velocity, the systemwith D/T=0.33 gets a good balance between the gas recirculation and liquid shearing rate, which resulted in the highest gas holdup among four different D/T. CFD simulation based on the two-fluid model along with the Population Balance Model (PBM) was used to investigate the effect of impeller diameter on the gas dispersion. The power consumption and total gas holdup predicted by CFD simulation were in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.