两类拍卖的收益等价性和均衡投标价格排序

以收益等价原理为基础,在独立私人估价模型假设下将四类基本拍卖形式与两类全支付拍卖形式进行对比研究.依据买者的均衡期望收益、卖者的均衡期望收益和均衡期望报价这三个指标,给出了排序关系.得出了报价虽然不同,但不同拍卖形式中买卖双方期望收益等价的结论.并将收益等价原理用于均衡策略的求解.     

三类风险投标者共存下的一级价格拍卖

许多拍卖文献在研究投标者的投标策略时,假设所有投标者要么是风险中性的,要么是风险规避的.但是,在实际投标中,可能风险中性、风险规避和风险爱好的投标者同时存在.针对1级价格密封式拍卖,假设3类风险投标者共存,通过引入"风险指标"度量3类风险投标者的风险态度,给出了投标者的对称均衡投标策略,推广了经典的独立私人估价模型;此外,说明各类风险偏好的投标者的"风险指标"不仅对自己的报价有正向影响,而且对其他风险偏好的投标者的报价有交叉影响.     

拍卖采购合同及议价谈判机制设计

考虑采购商在多个潜在供应商中选择1名获胜者来提供单物品或服务,并且供应商存在不可见努力的情况,设计了两阶段采购机制.该机制先实施关于合同的拍卖阶段,再执行可能的议价谈判阶段.分析的基本结论是,在对称信息情况下,存在系统最优的质量标准和努力水平;不对称信息下,投标者将在拍卖阶段报价自己的真实成本.在不对称信息的谈判阶段,存在包含重新确定的价格、质量和努力水平的惟一议价均衡,此均衡将实现对称信息下的分配效率——系统最优.从采购商的利益出发,给出了采购商选择采取谈判策略或者采用拍卖阶段合同的条件.     

IPO询价中的最优报价策略与净抑价

提出IPO净抑价的概念.利用统一价格份额拍卖的分析方法,在机构投资者同质且风险中性假设的前提下,以其期望效用最大化为目标,研究机构投资者在IPO事前申购总量确定情况下的最优报价策略,并推导出均衡时的IPO发行价格和IPO净抑价的表达式.最后得到了线性均衡报价策略要严格占优于非线性均衡报价策略,且机构投资者需求隐藏程度与IPO净抑价正相关以及净抑价必然存在的结论.     

一种信息优势的比较和拍卖机制研究

以目前网上拍卖和多物品拍卖为背景,从"信息优势"的角度研究了一个拍卖信息从隐藏、部分隐藏、逐步过渡为公开等5种具体情形的两异质物品序贯拍卖问题,分析和比较了各种情形下竞标人的占优报价和拍卖方的期望收入,探讨了信息优势对估价和拍卖效率的影响,得到了一些有关拍卖机制设计和信息策略选择的有价值结论,并结合网上拍卖和招投标管理等给出了相关机制设计的建议.     

电力市场竞价上网的拍卖机制设计

竞价上网是电力行业实现市场化的基础条件,竞价机制设计是深化市场化改革亟需探讨的议题。基于离散多物品逆向拍卖的理论框架对电力市场竞价上网的交易机制进行建模,在考虑需求状态、市场结构和报价区间等现实情形下刻画出统一价格（UPA）和差别价格（DPA）两种常用竞价机制下发电厂商的均衡报价策略,并从期望收益和生产效率两个视角进行机制比较。结果表明：（1）在低需求状态下,两种机制的市场均衡价格均为未被调用的最高效率发电厂商（机组）的边际成本;在高需求状态下,UPA存在多重纯策略均衡,DPA出现混合策略均衡。（2）在需求确定（较短报价区间）的情形下,DPA比UPA更可能形成更低的均衡价格;在需求不确定（较长报价区间）的情形下,对称发电厂商在两种机制下具有相同的期望收益。（3）两种机制在生产效率方面的比较是不确定的,具体取决于模型参数和UPA多重均衡的选择。本文的研究结论为完善电力竞价上网交易机制和深化电力体制改革提供理论基础和决策借鉴。     

一次交易中的讨价还价策略及其博弈分析

对于市场中的一次性交易,定义了买者的讨价还价策略—“得寸进尺”战略,分两种情况建立了该策略下卖者之间的博弈模型,分别给出了处在信息不对称状态下的买卖双方交易的均衡价,相应地探讨了该均衡价对买卖双方的利与弊。     

基于双边减排成本信息不对称的排污权二级交易市场拍卖机制研究

本文构建了一个基于双边减排成本信息不对称的排污权二级交易市场拍卖模型,分析了统一价格、歧视价格及混合拍卖机制下卖方收益、排污权价格波动及排污权供给量差异,在此基础上给出了排污权二级交易市场最优拍卖机制,并进一步讨论了相关参数对最优拍卖机制的影响。结果表明：从收益最大化角度来看,最优的拍卖机制为歧视价格拍卖机制,但考虑到价格波动及排污权供给量等其他因素,排污权二级市场交易应选用混合拍卖机制。风险偏好变化对混合拍卖机制下卖方收益及价格波动的影响存在不确定性,当风险偏好超过某一阈值时,随着风险偏好程度增大,需求隐蔽效应占主导,收益及价格波动增大;相反,当风险偏好小于某一阈值时,随着风险偏好程度增大,竞争效应占主导,收益及价格波动减小。价格变动的供给影响系数对卖方收益的影响随买方参与人数的不同而不同。当买方参与人数较小时,需求隐蔽效应占主导,竞争效应不明显,随着价格变动的供给影响系数增大,混合拍卖机制下卖方的收益不断增加;当买方参与人数较大时,卖方收益同时受到需求隐蔽和竞争效应影响,随着价格变动的供给影响系数增大,收益呈先增大后减小趋势。随着价格变动的供给影响系数增大,价格波动呈先增大后减小趋势。     

增价拍卖中投标者跳跃报价的收益效应研究

跳跃投标是增价拍卖一种普遍现象,而跳跃投标是否会带来投标方的期望收益的增加是一个值得关注的问题。通过运用博弈论方法,分别寻找单物品和多物品拍卖两种情形下的跳跃报价均衡,计算出跳跃报价均衡下的投标方期望收益,并将其结果与非跳跃报价情形进行比较,给出了投标方希望通过跳跃出价改善其期望收益的一般条件。     

多物品网上拍卖的最优设计

考虑网上拍卖与传统拍卖相比的特性,包括竞标者随机到达,末尾抢标效应,拍卖平台的存在和收费,以及多物品多批次,系统地研究多物品网上拍卖中的一些重要问题.结果表明,竞标者估值离差越大的商品越适合通过拍卖来进行销售,但前提是网络用户基础必须要达到一定规模;在统一分析框架下,分别求解了卖者最优的公开保留价格和隐藏保留价格,并证...     

基于信号博弈的卖方欺诈行为分析

本文主要基于信号博弈的卖方欺诈行为进行研究，假设拍卖中可能存在欺诈型和诚实型两种卖家，其中欺诈行为有概率发生在第二价格拍卖中：欺诈型卖方冒充竞拍者递交仅次于最高价的报价从而获得额外收益。两种卖家根据各自效用选择拍卖形式：第一价格或者第二价格。而竞买者将卖者的选择作为信号，更新对卖方类型的判断，然后制定报价策略。这是一个买卖方信号交叉影响的过程。考虑到拍卖过程中买方价值相关性，本文在建立模型中参考了关联价值原理。针对该模型进行分析，得出了不同情况下的买卖方策略，并且研究了买方报价、买方判断、卖方收益三者之间的关系。文中利用贝叶斯公式对双方的策略选择问题进行预测，与单纯的概率分布方法相比，更具实践价值。     

信息不对称下可分公共物品的拍卖研究

在卖者面对两个风险厌恶的信息不对称知情投标者和一个风险中性的不知情投标者的假设下,研究可分公共物品的拍卖机制设计问题。通过最大化卖者的期望收入,同时满足所有投标者的理性参与约束与知情投标者的激励相容约束,建立了最优机制设计模型;给出了知情投标者的激励相容约束成立的充要条件,并用来简化了卖者的期望收入最大化问题。当不考虑随机性的卖方期望收入最大化问题时,利用Kuhn-Tucker条件进行求解,得到对每个知情投标者都存在一个临界值。当且仅当所报告的估价大于该值时,知情投标者可分配到一定数量拍品;同时,投标者报告的估值越高,就越能获得更多数量的拍品。研究结果对股票或债券发行的机制设计有参考价值,这是因为它们可看做可分的具有公共价值的商品。     

Dynamic Matching,Two‐Sided Incomplete Information,and Participation Costs: Existence and Convergence to Perfect Competition

Consider a decentralized, dynamic market with an infinite horizon and participation costs in which both buyers and sellers have private information concerning their values for the indivisible traded good. Time is discrete, each period has length δ, and, each unit of time, continuums of new buyers and sellers consider entry. Traders whose expected utility is negative choose not to enter. Within a period each buyer is matched anonymously with a seller and each seller is matched with zero, one, or more buyers. Every seller runs a first price auction with a reservation price and, if trade occurs, both the seller and the winning buyer exit the market with their realized utility. Traders who fail to trade continue in the market to be rematched. We characterize the steady‐state equilibria that are perfect Bayesian. We show that, as δ converges to zero, equilibrium prices at which trades occur converge to the Walrasian price and the realized allocations converge to the competitive allocation. We also show the existence of equilibria for δ sufficiently small, provided the discount rate is small relative to the participation costs.     

Nonexclusive Competition in the Market for Lemons

A seller can trade an endowment of a perfectly divisible good, the quality of which she privately knows. Buyers compete by offering menus of nonexclusive contracts, so that the seller can privately trade with several buyers. In this setting, we show that an equilibrium exists under mild conditions and that aggregate equilibrium allocations are generically unique. Although the good for sale is divisible, in equilibrium the seller ends up trading her whole endowment or not trading at all. Trades take place at a price equal to the expected quality of the good, conditional on the seller being ready to trade at that price. Our model thus provides a novel strategic foundation for Akerlof's (1970) results. It also contrasts with competitive screening models in which contracts are assumed to be exclusive, as in Rothschild and Stiglitz (1976). Latent contracts that are issued but not traded in equilibrium play an important role in our analysis.     

Trial or No Trial: Supplying Costly Signals to Improve Profits*

Many software and video game firms offer free trials with limited content to help buyers assess the likely value of the goods that they may purchase. This article examines fundamental issues related to the incentives and risks for a monopoly by providing a trial. Assuming that a seller can control the mix of components in a trial, we introduce a new mechanism for buyers’ inference of using a trial. We find that a trial may enable the seller to segment the market and charge a higher price to high‐valuation buyers, but can also cause a decline in demand. Moreover, the seller forfeits partial value of a full product through providing a free trial, so the benefit is offset by this cannibalization loss. In addition to the size and content of a trial, the distribution of buyers’ prior belief also affects a trial's ability to convey information. We show that a trial can provide more information if the prior belief is more concentrated in the tails of the distribution.     

AUCTION DESIGN WITHOUT COMMITMENT

In anonymous platforms like the Internet, committing to honor the outcome of an auction is difficult since the seller can benefit by reauctioning the good. We argue that how information is processed within the auction mechanism is crucially important in such circumstances. In our model, the seller uses an intermediary to extract information from the buyers but is not tied to sell the good with terms that the mechanism proposes. Instead, she may reauction the good again via some other intermediary. There are no restrictions on how many times and through which mechanisms the good can be reauctioned. The buyers may also choose their outside option at any stage of the game. We argue that a sequentially rational seller can only implement a version of the English auction, in particular the popular version where bidders employ proxy bids. This is a consequence of the informational properties of the English action: it reveals just the right information for the seller to be able to commit to the mechanism.     

带佣金率和保留价的一级和二级价格拍卖

本文通过引入佣金率和保留价,分别讨论了一级和二级价格密封式拍卖,得到以下结论:(1)两种密封式拍卖的均衡报价随佣金率的提高而减少;(2)一级价格密封式拍卖的均衡报价随保留价的增加而增加,而二级价格密封式拍卖的均衡报价随保留价的增加而减少;(3)一级价格密封式拍卖的投标者预期收益与佣金率和保留价均呈反向变动,而二级价格密封式拍卖的投标者预期收益独立于佣金率和保留价;(4)收益等价定理仍然成立;(5)在两种密封式拍卖中,当佣金率增加时,卖方的预期收益减少,拍卖行的预期收益以及卖方和拍卖行的总预期收益可能增加也可能减少;(6)在两种密封式拍卖中,当保留价增加时,卖方的预期收益、拍卖行的预期收益以及卖方和拍卖行的总预期收益可能增加也可能减少;(7)给出了卖方的最优保留价的表达式;(8)把本文的结论与以前相应的研究工作做了比较。     

Reputation and Mechanism Choice in Procurement Auctions: An Experiment

We experimentally study the role of reputation in procurement using two common mechanisms: price‐based and buyer‐determined auctions. While buyers are bound to buy from the lowest bidder in price‐based auctions, they can choose between bidders in buyer‐determined auctions. Only the latter buyers can consider the reputation of bidders. We find that bidders supply higher quality in buyer‐determined auctions leading to higher market efficiencies in these auctions. Accordingly, buyers prefer the buyer‐determined auction over the price‐based auction, while only half of the bidders do so. A more detailed analysis of buyers' and bidders' behavior and profits provides insights into their mechanism choice.     

一类供应链的Stackelberg主从对策问题研究

本文研究了供应链中的一般订货模式和协调模式,提出了一类供应链Stackelberg主从对策问题,卖方作为主方给出最小补充期策略,买方作为从方以最优库存策略响应。考虑一致价格折扣弥补买方的库存成本增加,以及买方的库存成本合理化,建立买方需求确定下的卖方成本优化模型。最后,应用遗传算法对石油分销系统Stackelberg主从对策问题离线仿真计算,得出Stackelberg主从对策均衡解。     

An Auction Mechanism for Pricing and Capacity Allocation with Multiple Products

We consider a pricing and short‐term capacity allocation problem in the presence of buyers with orders for bundles of products. The supplier's objective is to maximize her net profit, computed as the difference between the revenue generated through sales of products and the production and inventory holding costs. The objective of each buyer is similarly profit maximization, where a buyer's profit is computed as the difference between the time‐dependent utility of the product bundle he plans to buy, expressed in monetary terms, and the price of the bundle. We assume that bundles' utilities are buyers' private information and address the problem of allocating the facility's output. We directly consider the products that constitute the supplier's output as market goods. We study the case where the supplier follows an anonymous and linear pricing strategy, with extensions that include quantity discounts and time‐dependent product and delivery prices. In this setting, the winner determination problem integrates the capacity allocation and scheduling decisions. We propose an iterative auction mechanism with non‐decreasing prices to solve this complex problem, and present a computational analysis to investigate the efficiency of the proposed method under supplier's different pricing strategies. Our analysis shows that the problem with private information can be effectively solved with the proposed auction mechanism. Furthermore, the results indicate that the auction mechanism achieves more than 80% of the system's profit, and the supplier receives a higher percentage of profit especially when the ratio of demand to available capacity is high.