微生物采油过程中鼠李糖脂的快速定量分析

在微生物采油过程中对驱油性能进行追踪、监测和评价非常重要,生物表面活性剂的快速定量分析成为一个重要的技术支持。为快速定量测定低浓度的鼠李糖脂,通过对苯酚硫酸法、排油圈法、高效液相色谱质谱联用法进行优化,分别得到了测量鼠李糖脂的标准曲线。结果表明：苯酚硫酸法最佳的酸化时间为1 h、酸化温度为80℃,该法可快速测定质量浓度为100～1000 mg/L的鼠李糖脂,吸光度（A）与鼠李糖脂质量浓度（c）的关系为A=7.465×10^-4 c+0.047,线性关系良好（R²=0.9939）;排油圈法可以快速粗略测定浓度为20～500 mg/L的鼠李糖脂,鼠李糖脂质量浓度—排油圈直径标准曲线的R²小于0.95,误差较大;高效液相色谱质谱联用法可以准确测定1～150 mg/L的鼠李糖脂,吸收峰面积S与c的关系为S=3085.4c-2201.4,R²=0.9993,线性关系良好。苯酚硫酸法、排油圈法可用于鼠李糖脂现场快速定量分析,高效液相色谱质谱联用法可用于室内精确定量分析。图7表1参20     

鼠李糖脂应用于三次采油的实验研究

该文通过对具有不同ＨＬＢ值的三种生物表面活性剂进行对比实验，确定出鼠李糖脂为三次采油最佳的生物表面活性剂，在此基础上根据鼠李糖脂的分子结构特征，应用反离子与之匹配的原理，经过一系列的实验，最后筛选出两个最佳的配方，即Ｉ，Ⅱ号配方，Ｉ号配方：鼠李糖脂与十二烷基磺酸钠浓度的比值为４０００：１，Ⅱ号配方：鼠李糖脂与转化剂和助表面活性剂浓度的比值为５００：１：１０，它们均可把油水界面张力降到２×１０＾－２     

驱油用低界面张力生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂体系的研究

应用反离子协同效应原理，用０．２％－１．０％鼠李糖脂配制成功两种低界面张力生物表面活性剂驱油体系。配方１使用鼠李糖脂原样，配方２使用部分转化为离子型的鼠李糖脂，油水界面张力均降至２×１０（－２）ｍＮ／ｍ，耐温１５－８０℃。配方２的室内驱油率比水驱高出３５％。     

鼠李糖脂液-固界面润湿改性机制

生物表面活性剂为一种特定微生物代谢产生的具有表面活性的物质,通过在岩石表面的吸附来达到改变 其润湿性的目的,而润湿改性机制对油藏提高采收率至关重要。通过接触角的测定、洗油砂评价、液-固界面自 由能计算及分子动力学模拟等方法,研究了鼠李糖脂表面活性剂与疏水SiO₂ 表面间的相互作用,并对其吸附特 性和润湿改性机制进行了阐释。结果表明,鼠李糖脂可快速改善亲油玻片表面的润湿性。经10%鼠李糖脂溶液 浸泡12h后,亲油玻片的接触角从111.6°降至32.7°。鼠李糖脂溶液对油砂的最佳洗油有效加量为30%,洗油效 率可达84.83%,原油黏附功降低了98.4%。通过液-固界面自由能计算得到去离子水与鼠李糖脂溶液作用后的亲 油玻片间的自由能为-140.2mJ/m²,远低于去离子水与原始亲油玻片间的自由能（-52.1mJ/m²）。分子模拟计算 结果表明,鼠李糖脂分子主要通过氢键这一强作用力吸附在亲水SiO₂ 表面,其与亲水界面的吸附结合能达到 29.7 eV;而鼠李糖脂分子与疏水SiO₂ 表面的作用力为静电力和范德华力等弱作用力,导致其与疏水界面的吸附 结合能仅为12.2eV。结合液-固界面自由能和分子模拟计算结果推测,鼠李糖脂分子相较于原油极性分子具有 更强的界面竞争吸附能力,从而使其易于锚定到亲水表面、最终替换油性分子,达到提高洗油效率的目的。研究 结果可为构建以鼠李糖脂为主的生物润湿调控驱油体系提供理论支撑。     

鼠李糖脂应用于三次采油的实验研究

该文通过对具有不同ＨＬＢ值的三种生物表面活性剂进行对比实验，确定出鼠李糖脂为三次采油中最佳的生物表面活性剂。在此基础上根据鼠李糖脂的分子结构特征，应用反离子与之匹配的原理，经过一系列的实验，最后筛选出两个最佳的配方，即Ⅰ、Ⅱ号配方。Ⅰ号配方：鼠李糖脂与十二烷基磺酸钠浓度的比值为４０００∶１；Ⅱ号配方：鼠李糖脂与转化剂和助表面活性剂浓度的比值为５００∶１∶１０，它们均可把油水界面张力降至２×１０－２ｍＮ／ｍ。其中，Ⅱ号配方的耐温为８０℃，抗盐度为２００００ｍｇ／Ｌ，且重复性好。     

酯类油的应用动态

酯类油具有良好的综合性能,介绍了酯类油在生物降解润滑油、合成发动机油、驱动系统用油、金属加工油和动压力轴承油等方面的新应用.为了提高酯类油的抗水解性能,开发了一种新型的多元酸酯,其抗水解性能优于多元醇酯.     

鼠李糖脂发酵液与OP类非离子表面活性剂复配驱油体系的研究

生物表面活性剂是微生物的代谢产物，具有化学方法难以生成的化学基团，性能良好，生产成本低，环境污染小。鼠李糖脂是生物表面活性剂的一种。     

乳化剂和破乳剂

TQ423.99 JSH9804501用来自糖蜜的绿脓杆菌GS3制备生物表面活性剂~Biosurfaetant produetion by Pseudomonas aerugi-nosa GSs from molasse:〔刊,英〕/Patel RM…//Letr.APpl.Mierobiol一1997,25(2)一91~94 绿脓杆菌GS3分别在糖蜜中生长并以玉米浆作伯碳及氮源时,产生了鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂。生长96h后,培养基上层清液的鼠李搪浓度为。.24g/L,可将原油的界面张力从21mN/m降到0.47mN/m。此鼠李糖脂能与正烷烃、芳族化合物、原油及橄榄油形成稳定的乳液。这些研究表明,可再生、相对廉价及易得的资源,可用于重要的生物工艺。(127…     

鼠李糖脂发酵液与OP类非离子表面活性剂复配驱油体系的研究

生物表面活性剂是微生物的代谢产物，具有化学方法难以生成的化学基团，性能良好，生产成本低，环境污染小。鼠李糖脂是生物表面活性剂的一种。等效烷烃扫描研究表明，对于高石蜡基特征的大庆脱气脱水原油，鼠李糖脂发酵液界面活性虽然较高，但单独使用时难以形成超低油水界面张力的驱油体系。根据ＨＬＢ值的可加合性和分子结构匹配性原理，将鼠李糖脂发酵液与ＯＰ类非离子表面活性剂复配，筛选出具有较低油水界面张力的驱油体系：０．６％（ｗｔ）发酵液＋０．４％（ｖ）ＯＰ５＋１．０％（ｗｔ）ＮａＯＨ，该体系４５℃恒温下与大庆脱气原油的界面张力小于５×１０－２ｍＮ／ｍ。模拟驱油实验表明，在水驱原油效率５８．６５％的基础上可再提高驱油效率１５．７５％（ＯＯＩＰ）。     

生物表面活性剂解水锁的室内研究

优选出4种目前最有应用前景的生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂、槐糖脂、脂肽和大豆卵磷脂,用它们以及鼠李糖脂与石油磺酸盐的复配物进行了解除水锁性能实验,通过正交实验优选出复配体系配方。通过采用自行设计的一套毛管自吸实验装置测试岩心自吸的能力,探讨了低渗陶瓷岩心在自吸不同表面活性剂溶液时,自吸量与时间平方根的关系,以及自吸孔隙体积与时间平方根的关系,对自吸量与时间平方根的关系曲线和自吸孔隙体积与时间平方根的关系曲线进行拟合,得到岩心自吸速率拟合回归方程,利用推导出的毛管自吸力远大于液体自身重力时的毛细管自吸力公式,计算出岩心毛细管自吸力。实验结果表明,加入生物表面活性剂可以有效降低低渗岩心的毛细管自吸力,其值最大可降低78.49%。     

Oxidation stability of lubricating base oils

The oxidative stability of three base lubricating oils of different grades light, medium and heavy oils (B1, B2 and B3, respectively) was studied at oxidative times 50, 100 and 150 hours. The quality of base oils under investigation were evaluated on the basis of total acid number, vaporization loss, kinematic viscosity and quantity of sludge formed. Also, the chemical composition of the studied lubricating oils was achieved via capillary gas chromatography. The comparative study of the oxidative performance of the base oils showed that the higher degrees of heavy oil than light one. The increase in the oxidation time led to increases of the evaporation loss and lubricant viscosity. Analysis of a lubricant's oxidation stability therefore contributes to a better understanding of its effectiveness under normal operating conditions and its suitability for formulating automotive lubricants. The aim of this work is the study the Potential life of lubricant oils inside engine motor at different oxidative times in view of their oxidation stability.     

前处理方法对原油中金刚烷化合物定量的影响

利用色谱/质谱/质谱方法分析了准噶尔盆地不同密度原油中金刚烷化合物的含量，探讨了族组分分离法和直接进样法2种前处理方法对金刚烷化合物测定的影响。族组分分离法会造成原油中金刚烷类化合物含量损失，特别是密度相对小的单金刚烷类损失更大，但族组分分离方法有利于低熟原油中低含量、受挥发作用影响较小的双金刚烷类化合物的富集，更有利于仪器检出。族组分分离法对金刚烷异构化指标影响较小，对应用更为重要的浓度指标影响较大，因此在进行金刚烷类化合物分析时应尽量避免复杂的前处理，减少金刚烷类化合物的损失。选择直接进样法是测定正常油、轻质油和凝析油中金刚烷类化合物的最佳前处理方法，对于部分低熟原油样品可考虑使用族组分分离法进行处理。      

实沸点蒸馏对2种高酸原油腐蚀性的影响及表征

高酸原油经实沸点蒸馏后酸值会发生较大程度的损失,哪些类型的石油酸发生了损失及高酸原油腐蚀性是否同等降低却不得而知。针对这一问题,对2种典型高酸原油实沸点蒸馏前后的酸值和腐蚀性进行了考察,并对蒸馏前后高酸原油中的石油酸进行了质谱表征。结果表明：2种高酸原油实沸点蒸馏后液相腐蚀速率减小,而气相腐蚀速率明显增大,说明大分子石油酸分解成了沸点较低的小分子石油酸;2种高酸原油的气、液总腐蚀速率降低都远小于酸值的损失,说明分解生成的小分子石油酸的腐蚀性更强;2种高酸原油实沸点蒸馏前后石油酸的类型变化不大,但碳数分布变化明显,碳数越高的大分子石油酸分解越多。高酸原油的腐蚀性与酸值并非线性关系,石油酸的类型即脂肪酸和一环环烷酸含量可能是影响高酸原油腐蚀性的重要因素。     

成品油储运过程中的油气挥发及控制措施

简要介绍了成品油在储运过程中油气挥发的几种形式，阐述了降低储运过程中油气挥发应采取的措施，即对储油罐进行双重密封、设置油气系统，以减少成品油蒸发损耗和对环境的污染。     

MAIN FACTORS CONTROLLING THE COMPOSITIONAL VARIABILITY OF SEEPAGE OILS FROM TRUJILLO STATE,WESTERN VENEZUELA

The organic geochemistry of eighteen samples of seepage oils from Trujillo State, Western Venezuela, was investigated. These oils are probably derived from the predominantly marine Cretaceous La Luna Formation which is near peak maturity for oil generation. A range of biomarkers (n-alkanes, acyclic isoprenoids, phenanthrene and alkyl-phenanthrenes, as well as dibenzothiophene and alkyl-dibenzothiophenes) were analysed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The seepage oils have been modified as a result of water washing and biodegradation. A first group of samples were slightly biodegraded with the partial loss of n- and iso-alkanes. Other samples fall into two groups: those that are moderately degraded, with partial depletion of acyclic isoprenoids; and those that are severely altered, as indicated by the partial or total absence of hopanes. One objective of this work was to evaluate the factors influencing the compositional differences of the three samples sets. In-situ measurements, together with the interpretation of the geochemical data, suggest that diverse factors were responsible for these variations. These included different degrees of alteration due to biodegradation and water washing, as well as differences in flow rate towards the surface.     

热重诺亚克法--一种新型的润滑油蒸发损失测定方法

润滑油的蒸发损失对润滑油来说是很重要的指标。近年来一种新的测定润滑油蒸发损失的方法——热重诺亚克法已经被建立起来，它利用热重仪来模拟经典诺亚克法的操作条件对润滑油的蒸发损失进行测定。通过对16种基础油、3种成品油进行蒸发损失测定，并与经典诺亚克法结果进行比较表明，此法可测定蒸发损失在0～30％的基础油和全配方润滑油，其结果等同于经典诺亚克法。     

高温链条油的研制与应用

以高性能酯类油为基础油,开发了全合成型高温链条油,产品具有高温热氧化安定性好、蒸发损失低、高温结焦少及抗磨性能好的优点,特别适用于双轴拉伸聚酯(BOPET)及双轴拉伸聚丙烯(BOPP)等苛刻工况下使用.     

Concentrations of vanadium and nickel and their ratio in heavy oil asphaltenes

Trends in the vanadium and nickel concentrations in asphaltenes of heavy oils from different oilfields, in which the total content of these metals vary from 0.0049 to 0.1795 wt %, have been studied. It has been shown that as the vanadium and nickel content in heavy oils increases, vanadium concentrates faster than nickel in asphaltenes. In heavy oils, asphaltenes contain approximately 40–90% of total vanadium and 25–75% of total nickel. The summed concentration of vanadium and nickel in heavy oil asphaltenes can reach 1 wt %.     

热重法测定烟炱含量及其应用

根据内燃机油中的烟炱在高温下与氧气结合而引起失重的原理，利用热重仪来测定内燃机油中烟炱含量，并用此法对行车试验油进行了监测。此法可测定新油及旧油中的烟炱含量，准确性、重复性较好。     

EFFECTS OF HEATING RATE AND PARTICLE SIZE ON THE PRODUCTS YIELDS FROM RAPID PYROLYSIS OF BEECH-WOOD

Effects of pyrolysis temperature (300-1000 ^°C), heating rates (100, 500, 1000, and 10,000 ^°C/s), and particle sizes (53-63,104-120,177-270, and 270-500 urn) on the yields and formation rates of tar, light oils, total gases, and char from pyrolysis of beech-wood under 1 atm helium pressure were studied. Wood particles were pyrolyzed in strips of stainless steel wire mesh in a captive sample apparatus; and yields of products were measured in weight percent of original wood as a function of temperature for different heating rates and particle sizes. The overall weight loss achieved from pyrolysis of this wood was about 90%. The total yields of tar and light oils from pyrolysis of this wood accounted for up to 80% of the original wood above 400 ^°C. Due to the post-pyrolysis reactions of tar and light oils, the tar and light oils yields go through a maximum with pyrolysis temperature for all particle sizes and most heating rates studied here. As particle size increases from 53-63 μm to 270-500 μm the maximum tar yield decreases from 53% to about 38%. The maximum tar yield also decreases with increasing the heating rate from 70% at 100 ^°C/s to 48% at 10,000 ^°C/s heating rate. Theses results indicate that as the intra-panicle post-pyrolysis cracking reactions of tar increases at higher heating rates and with larger particles the tar yield decreases. Tar was also analyzed with GPC for the effects of above pyrolysis parameters on the tar molecular weight. The tar average molecular weight. remains relatively constant (M