基于PF-LBM模型的自然对流影响枝晶生长模拟

基于二元合金枝晶生长的相场模型,建立耦合流场、温度场和溶质场等物理外场的多元合金相场模型,模拟了单晶粒和多晶粒在自然对流作用下的生长,观察了枝晶凝固过程中的枝晶形貌、流场以及溶质场的变化.研究发现:温度梯度和浓度梯度改变引起自然对流,使枝晶整体的对称性遭到破坏,上游枝晶尖端生长受到促进,生长速度大于下游,水平方向枝晶尖端生长速度介于上下游之间,二次枝晶臂生长速度、浓度与一次枝晶臂基本相同,能量起伏和结构起伏使枝晶受到的影响更加明显.此外,随着各向异性强度增加,枝晶尺寸变大,生长速度加快,主枝晶臂变细,内部凹陷变明显,尖端变尖锐,二次枝晶臂间距增大.当单晶粒各向异性强度为0.05时,出现明显的“颈缩”现象,多晶粒在各向异性强度为0.03时,出现明显“颈缩”现象.     

枝晶生长的相场法数值模拟

利用一个简单的相场模型,对过冷熔体中枝晶的生长形貌进行数值模拟,定性分析各向异性强度、无量纲潜热及扰动因子等对枝晶形貌的影响.结果表明,枝晶主干生长速度随着各向异性强度的增大而增大,并且枝晶结构强烈依赖于各向异性强度;随着无量纲潜热的增大,晶体生长过程中枝晶结构特征愈加明显;扰动对枝晶结构特征有一定的影响,随着扰动因子的增加,枝晶间竞争生长加剧.     

强制对流作用下溶质枝晶生长的CA-LBM模拟

应用一个二维的元胞自动机(cellular automata, CA)-格子玻尔兹曼方法 (lattice Boltzmann method, LBM) 耦合模型,对合金等温凝固过程中溶质枝晶在强制对流作用下的生长规律进行了模拟研究.该耦合模型采用CA方法模拟枝晶生长,同时采用基于分子动理论的LBM模拟枝晶生长过程中的流场和浓度场.应用该模型模拟分析了过冷度和成分等因素对Al-Cu合金在纯扩散和对流作用下单枝晶的生长规律的影响.结果表明,在纯扩散条件下,模拟的枝晶稳态生长尖端速度、半径、Peclet数和过冷度的关系与Lipton-Glicksman-Kurz (LGK)模型的预测结果吻合良好.对流作用下枝晶的生长形貌呈现出了不对称性,枝晶的生长在上游方向得到促进,而在下游方向受到抑制.合金成分和初始过冷度等因素会对枝晶形貌和生长动力学产生影响.     

过冷熔体枝晶生长的相场法数值模拟

利用相场法模拟纯物质过冷熔体中的枝晶生长过程,研究各向异性强度、过冷度、扰动等对枝晶生长的影响.结果表明,扰动会促发侧向分枝的形成,但不影响枝晶尖端的稳态生长行为;随着各向异性强度的增大,枝晶尖端生长速度加快,枝晶结构特征愈加明显;过冷度的增加,枝晶尖端稳定性遭到破坏,甚至出现分叉.讨论网格步长对模拟结果的影响,指出在兼顾精度与效率的同时应优先选取粗网格.     

合金凝固过程中等轴枝晶生长的数学模型

在枝晶晶粒的尺度上，从同时满足溶质守恒与热平衡的原则出发，提出了合金凝固过程中等轴枝晶生长的数学模型。该模型由４个相互联系的微分方程组成，可通过计算机求解，为模拟枝晶合金凝固组织的形成过程奠定了初步基础。     

工艺因素对灰铸铁中γ枝晶生长形貌的影响

试验研究了灰铸铁中γ枝晶的生长形貌及工艺因素的影响作用。发现γ枝晶按其生长形貌特征可分为外生柱状枝晶、发达等轴枝晶和短粗的不发达的内生等轴枝晶三种基本类型。浇注温度对枝晶生长形貌影响较为显著，高温浇注易获得外生柱状枝晶；接近初晶凝固温度浇注易获得内生等轴枝晶，１３００℃左右浇注易获得发达等轴枝晶，且其相应的抗拉强度最高．铸型条件主要影响枝晶数量、晶臂间距和次生晶臂长度。铁水用硅基孕育剂进行孕育处理，对γ枝晶的生长形貌影响不大。     

相场法模拟中取向与热扩散参数对Ni-Sn合金枝晶形貌的影响

利用相场模型与温度场进行耦合的控制方程来模拟Ni-Sn二元合金凝固过程中的枝晶生长情况。依据热力学定律、自由能泛函与熵泛函原理,建立Ni-Sn合金相场和温度场耦合的模型。用相场法模拟合金在非均匀温度下枝晶生长过程和枝晶生长形貌的情况。对形成的图像进行对比,研究各向异性强度参数与热扩散参数对枝晶生长形貌和生长速度的影响。模拟研究表明：在非均匀温度场下,当各向异性强度参数增大时,枝晶的生长速度会随之增大,并且二次支臂的生长数量也会增加。此外,当热扩散参数增大时,枝晶的生长速度会随之减小,枝晶主干变细,并且二次支臂的生长数量会有明显减少。     

枝晶生长的介观尺度三维数值模拟

为预测合金介观组织的形成与演变,提出了改进的三维元胞自动机(CA)模型。该模型采用枝晶形状函数,简化描述介观区域的枝晶生长轮廓;利用基于Euler角的空间坐标转换,描述随机晶向的多晶粒生长;采用Hash表加速算法,耦合了溶质场计算,采用数值算法处理固液界面的溶质再分配。该模型可模拟大范围随机取向的多晶粒生长过程,并具有较高的计算效率。模拟结果表明:不同模拟区域和网格剖分尺寸对晶粒体积的分布规律没有明显影响;较快冷却速度下,存在溶质富集和枝晶偏析。对Al4Cu合金的砂型和金属型试样的显微组织分别进行模拟,结果与实验符合较好。     

强磁场对Al-4.5％Cu合金枝晶生长行为影响的初步研究

以Al-4.5%Cu合金为对象进行了稳恒强磁场对枝晶生长行为影响的初步研究,发现10 T的强磁场明显影响了Al-4.5%Cu枝晶定向生长组织.生长速度R在5,10,20μm/s时,无磁场的条件下形成规则的树枝晶的组织,施加10 T强磁场后,界面淬火枝晶组织变得不规则,在随后的凝固过程中树枝晶组织几乎消失,形成接近胞晶形态的组织.磁场强度达到4 T以上后,枝晶间距明显增加.施加强磁场后宏观组织细化,晶粒增多,形成定向凝固下的等轴晶组织的特殊现象.随着生长速度的增加,磁场的作用逐渐减弱.     

Al-Si合金枝晶生长相场法模拟影响因素

采用相场法技术,确定了噪声、初始晶核半径、各向异性及过冷度等因素对枝晶生长形貌模拟的影响规律.结果表明:在保证初始晶核不被熔化的前提下,初始晶核半径r0的大小不影响模拟结果;随着界面各向异性系数的增大,枝晶尖端生长速度以线性方式增大,而枝晶尖端半径以抛物线方式减小;过冷度越小,枝晶的生长越困难,越不能出现二次枝晶.相场法模拟影响因素对枝晶生长形貌模拟有重要的影响.     

各向异性影响非等温凝固过程的相场法模拟

采用相场法,模拟Ni-Cu二元合金非等温凝固时各向异性系数对晶体生长行为的影响.结果表明,各向异性系数越大,二次枝晶越发达,枝晶生长速度越快.潜热的释放,致使固相区温度比液相的高,而且在二次枝晶生长速度最快的固/液界面处的温度最高.固/液界面温度的升高,使过冷度降低,晶体的生长受到抑制,生长速度出现波动.     

Fe-C二元合金凝固过程强制对流作用下柱状晶生长行为的数值模拟

文章在前期建立的微观元胞自动机模型的基础上,耦合动量传输模型、质量传输模型和热量传输模型,建立了考虑流体流动的宏微观多尺度二维枝晶生长数学模型CA-FVM。并采用CA-FVM模型研究了强制对流作用下Fe-0.82C二元合金凝固过程枝晶生长规律。数值模拟表明:强制对流明显地改变了枝晶生长规律,靠近强制对流入口处枝晶生长受抑制作用较明显,枝晶生长较慢,远离强制对流入口处枝晶受抑制作用较弱,枝晶生长较快。同时,随着强制对流强度的增加,枝晶生长受熔体流动的影响更加明显,加剧了枝晶的非对称生长。     

Rapid growth of primary dendrite in highly undercooled copper-antimany alloy

The droplets of Cu-11wt.%Sb hypoeutectic alloy have been rapidly solidified during containerless processing in a 3 m drop tube. The undercooling and cooling rates are estimated, and both play a dominant role in the dendritic growth of primary Cu phase. Undercoolings up to 200 K (0.16TL, where TL is the liquidus temperature) have been obtained in the experiment. With the increase of undercooling, the microstructural evolution of primary Cu phase proceeds from remelted dendrites to the equiaxed grains. A coarse dendritic grain microstructure can form in the undercooling range of 61～102 K and at cooling rates of 1.35×102～2.66×103 K/s. The segregationless solidification of Cu-11wt.%Sb hypoeutectic alloy occurs when undercooling is more than 176 K. The growth of primary Cu phase is mainly controlled by solute diffusion.     

Development of neuronal polarity: GAP-43 distinguishes axonal from dendritic growth cones

Outgrowth of distinct axonal and dendritic processes is essential for the development of the functional polarity of nerve cells. In cultures of neurons from the hippocampus, where the differential outgrowth of axons and dendrites is readily discernible, we have sought molecules that might underlie the distinct modes of elongation of these two types of processes. One particularly interesting protein is GAP-43 (also termed B-50, F1 or P-57), a neuron-specific, membrane-associated phosphoprotein whose expression is dramatically elevated during neuronal development and regeneration. GAP-43 is among the most abundant proteins in neuronal growth cones, the motile structures that form the tips of advancing neurites, but its function in neuronal growth remains unknown. Using immunofluorescence staining, we show that GAP-43 is present in axons and concentrated in axonal growth cones of hippocampal neurons in culture. Surprisingly, we could not detect GAP-43 in growing dendrites and dendritic growth cones. These results show that GAP-43 is compartmentalized in developing nerve cells and provide the first direct evidence of important molecular differences between axonal and dendritic growth cones. The sorting and selective transport of GAP-43 may give axons and axonal growth cones certain of their distinctive properties, such as the ability to grow rapidly over long distances or the manner in which they recognize and respond to cues in their environment.     

Selective localization of messenger RNA for cytoskeletal protein MAP2 in dendrites

For nerve cells to develop their highly polarized form, appropriate structural molecules must be targeted to either axons or dendrites. This could be achieved by the synthesis of structural proteins in the cell body and their sorting to either axons or dendrites by specific transport mechanisms. For dendrites, an alternative possibility is that proteins could be synthesized locally in the dendritic cytoplasm. This is an attractive idea because it would allow regulation of the production of structural molecules in response to local demand during dendritic development. The feasibility of dendritic protein synthesis is suggested both by the existence of dendritic polyribosomes and by the recent demonstration that newly synthesized RNA is transported into the dendrites of neurons differentiating in culture. However, to date there has been no demonstration of the selective synthesis of an identified dendrite-specific protein in the dendritic cytoplasm. Here, we use in situ hybridization with specific complementary DNA probes to show that messenger RNA for the dendrite-specific microtubule-associated protein MAP2 (refs 3-5) is present in dendrites in the developing brain. By contrast the mRNA for tubulin, a protein present in both axons and dendrites is located exclusively in neuronal cell bodies.     

The tumour suppressor Hippo acts with the NDR kinases in dendritic tiling and maintenance

Precise patterning of dendritic fields is essential for neuronal circuit formation and function, but how neurons establish and maintain their dendritic fields during development is poorly understood. In Drosophila class IV dendritic arborization neurons, dendritic tiling, which allows for the complete but non-overlapping coverage of the dendritic fields, is established through a 'like-repels-like' behaviour of dendrites mediated by Tricornered (Trc), one of two NDR (nuclear Dbf2-related) family kinases in Drosophila. Here we report that the other NDR family kinase, the tumour suppressor Warts/Lats (Wts), regulates the maintenance of dendrites; in wts mutants, dendrites initially tile the body wall normally, but progressively lose branches at later larval stages, whereas the axon shows no obvious defects. We further provide biochemical and genetic evidence for the tumour suppressor kinase Hippo (Hpo) as an upstream regulator of Wts and Trc for dendrite maintenance and tiling, respectively, thereby revealing important functions of tumour suppressor genes of the Hpo signalling pathway in dendrite morphogenesis.     

相场法在凝固数值模拟中的应用

研究了相场方法在纯物质凝固生长过程中计算模拟的应用．通过选取不同过冷度和各向异性系数进行纯物质镍的技晶生长模拟,最后采用加入非平衡扰动的方式,进行了侧向分技生长的模拟．模拟结果表明,模拟中过冷度和各向异性强度需要耦合考虑;非平衡扰动在模拟中不影响尖端生长速度．     

树枝状CdS纳米结构的合成及光学性质

分别以丙烯基硫脲和五水氯化镉为硫源及镉源,利用水热法合成了树枝状CdS复杂纳米结构,利用X射线衍射谱、场发射扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、高分辨电子显微镜和电子衍射等对产物的形貌和结构进行表征.利用室温荧光光谱和紫外-可见光吸收谱对产物的光学性质进行研究.结果表明,所得产物是六方晶系的CdS,并且树枝状CdS是单晶.研究了不同硫源和镉源对产物形貌的影响,同时对树枝状CdS复杂纳米结构的形成机制进行了探讨.     

稳态胞晶生长控制方程的解析解及其传输行为

建立了稳态胞晶生长温度场数学模型.通过在复数域内应用分离变量法对控制方程进行求解,得到了问题的解析解.讨论了在某些特定情形下的能量传输特性.