热能设备火灾危险性实例分析

在分析有机热载体炉常见事故的基础上,建立了有机热载体锅炉房火灾危险度分析数学模型。根据工程实际,计算出其火灾危险度计算。计算结果表明采用安全对策措施后,能有效的降低车间的火灾危险性等级。研究结果用于指导有机热载体锅炉房消防安全管理水。     

液氨储罐的火灾爆炸危险性分析与控制

采用危险度分析法、池火灾伤害数学模型分析法、事故树分析法对液氨储罐区火灾爆炸事故的危险性进行定性和定量评价,从不同角度对危险源的危险性进行全方位描述。从而得出清晰、准确、全面的评价结论,并且以此制定液氨储罐区火灾、爆炸危险的控制措施。     

液化石油气储罐的火灾、爆炸危险性分析与评价

介绍了液化石油气的理化特性及火灾爆炸危险性，简单分析了液化石油气储罐使用过程中的危险性，运用危险度评价法、事故树评价法对液化石油气储罐的危险性进行了评价，根据评价结果，提出了防止液化石油气储罐火灾、爆炸的安全技术和安全管理措施。     

湿法煤气化厂房的火灾危险性及其防火防爆措施分析

针对湿法煤气化工艺的特点,分析了水煤浆、高压纯氧及粗煤气等物料的火灾危险性,讨论了煤气化厂房在生产中的火灾危险因素,计算了粗煤气泄漏后发生爆炸或形成喷射火时的影响范围,提出了湿法煤气化厂房所应采取的控制点火源、防止产生爆炸性混合气体、及时发现和处理事故等防火防爆措施,以及寒冷地区封闭的煤气化厂房所应采取的泄压及通风措施。     

铅酸蓄电池极板车间的火灾危险性类别确定及安全对策措施

铅酸蓄电池生产企业的极板车间在蓄电池充电过程中有易燃易爆气体氢气产生，这给确定车间的火灾危险性类别带来了一定的复杂性。文章首先分析了铅酸蓄电池产生氢气的原因，然后通过定量计算，介绍了两种确定极板车间火灾危险性类别的方法，最后针对氢气可能引起的火灾、爆炸危险提出了相应的安全对策措施。     

三光气车间通风量的计算

按照"安徽省三光气及其光气化产品生产安全暂行规定",对某农药公司新建项目三光气生产车间的通风装置进行了设置,对光气计量槽、生产车间以及事故状态通风量进行了计算,为通风风机合理选型提供依据。     

化验室的防火安全探讨

化验室是化验分析人员进行分析、检验、科研等项工作的场所,潜在的火灾危险性较大。本文根据其火灾特点,总结了火灾爆炸事故的预防措施与技术。     

浅谈塑料薄膜油墨车间设计中危险因素处理

通过了解生产醇溶性塑料薄膜油墨车间的工艺火灾爆炸危险性因素,提出相关工艺改进措施,车间采取固定式水喷淋冷却系统,选用通风机,以防止易燃、有毒气体在车间中聚集,保证安全生产。导出易燃液体输送过程中产生的静电,预防危险事故的发生。     

某液化气总站火灾爆炸危险性分析及安全对策

针对某液化气总站的安全问题,首先探讨了液化石油气站储罐失效后的主要事故类型,并对常用的危险性分析方法进行了简单介绍。利用事故树分析法对某液化气总站进行了火灾和爆炸危险性分析,根据危险性分析的结果对该液化气总站提出了相应的安全对策。     

石油化工企业火灾危险性及防火对策

石油化工企业从原料、中间体甚至产品都具有较大的火灾危险性,发生火灾爆炸事故几率高.因此,分析化工企业存在的火灾危险性,采取相应的预防对策,足化工企业安全工作的一项重要内容.文章分析了石油化工企业存在的火灾危险性.并对防火对策进行了探讨.     

Study on fire smoke flow characteristics in the ventilation network and linkage control system in coal mines

In coal mining, smoke flow from tunnel fires can easily cause a large number of deaths in the ventilation network. But the optimal smoke flow path control methods and automatic control system were lacked. In order to improve the efficiency of fire emergency rescue, the control mechanism and regional linkage control system for fire induced smoke flow in ventilation network was studied. Based on a ventilation system in coal mines, different fire scenarios for smoke flow were analysed using ventilation simulation software (VSS). Smoke flow control methods were simulated under different ventilation modes, a contrastive analysis was conducted for the respective effects and the optimal smoke flow path control methods were confirmed in different fire scenarios. A new type of ventilation facility, regional monitoring sub-stations and remote linkage control platforms were developed for smoke control. A reliability evaluation model for the control system was established by Bayesian network. The failure of the linkage control is 98.9%, the monitoring sub-station is 64.4%, the sub-station communication is 43.9%; thus, a double insurance of the control process must be realised. Since its application, the proposed regional linkage control system has been repeatedly tested through fire drills, and good results have been obtained.     

Influence of longitudinal fire location on smoke characteristics under the tunnel ceiling

The critical ventilation velocity is almost the most well‐investigated fire phenomenon in the tunnel fire research field whereas previous studies have always investigated it when the fire source is distant from the downstream tunnel exit. Fortunately, a recent study provided a set of data on the critical ventilation velocity for tunnel fires occurring near tunnel exits by small‐scaled experiments, nevertheless, with a lack of further analysis. To demonstrate the relationship of the critical ventilation velocity and the distance between the fire and tunnel exit more explicitly and detailedly, a quantitative and graphical study was carried out and a correlation was presented in this paper. Inspired by this, a set of small‐scaled experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of different longitudinal fire locations on maximum smoke temperature under the tunnel ceiling. Results show that unlike the critical ventilation velocity, the maximum smoke temperature was not obviously affected by longitudinal fire location. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Repeatability assessment of large‐scale fire experiment involving water spray system in a forced ventilated compartment

Repeatability of large‐scale fire test remains a key issue for code validation process. Most of the large‐scale experimental studies are based on single experiment, and the influence of repeatability is barely considered in the test analysis process. Due to the substantial cost, reproducing several trials of a given large‐scale fire scenario is not often performed. In the framework of the OECD PRISME 2 project, this topic has been identified, and a specific large‐scale fire test has been reproduced twice in the final goal of assessing the level of repeatability. The scenario is an oil pool fire in an enclosure mechanically ventilated and during which a water spray system is activated. The analysis consists in identifying a set of variables on which metrics is applied in order to quantify the levels of discrepancy between the two tests. A set of 27 variables are selected such as they characterize the whole fire scenario (the fire source, the gas phase, walls, the ventilation network, and the water spray system). The analysis points out that the repeatability levels are different depending on the type of variable. The gas temperature or species concentrations are more repeatable than gas pressure or air flow rate. In addition, a new methodology is proposed in comparing, for each physical variable, the variations due to repeatability (ie, the precision) and the uncertainty. A new metric is proposed helping modelers in code validation process.     

石油储罐消防安全设计

消防系统分为灭火系统和安全疏散系统。随着人们对火灾安全重视度的提高及科技的不断发展,我们在灭火系统设计,设备研究,疏散软件研发及性能化防火等方面都有了很大的提升。其目的就是为了确保消防设施在工业企业中能真正有效的应用,起到预防,灭火,减少损失的作用。石油化工企业在生产过程中存在着一系列的安全问题,因为其生产过程中常伴随着高温、高压、氧化、还原或临氢等化学反应。如果遇到操作不当或失误,引起的火灾和爆炸的危险性比非化工企业要大,容易发生更为严重的安全事故。根据多起消防火灾案例及消防法规,结合国内外油品防火设计思路,我们从石油储罐的危险性研究和消防系统布置为主进行了合理化设计。     

Experimental and numerical analysis of fire scenarios involving two mechanically ventilated compartments connected together with a horizontal vent

This work deals with an experimental and numerical investigation of a fire scenario involving two rooms mechanically ventilated and connected together with a horizontal vent. The objective is to improve the understanding of the physical phenomena and to assess the capability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulations to predict flow field for such a fire scenario. The study is based on a set of large‐scale fire experiments performed in the framework of the OECD PRISME‐2 project in the DIVA multi‐room facility of the Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN) and of numerical simulations performed with the ISIS CFD code. The fire scenario consists of two rooms, one above the other, mechanically ventilated and connected to each other with a horizontal vent of 1 m². The fire is a heptane pool fire located in the lower room. The analysis focuses on the coupling between the burning rate, the flow at the vent, and the configuration of the mechanical ventilation. Several regimes of combustion are encountered from well‐ventilated steady fire to under‐ventilated unsteady and oscillatory fire. The results show that the burning rate is controlled by both the mechanical ventilation and the downward flow from the vent. The numerical simulations highlight the specific pattern of the oxygen concentration field induced by the downward flow at the vent.     

A numerical study on the effects of naturally ventilated shaft and fire locations in urban tunnels

In more and more tunnels, natural ventilation mode with vertical shafts has been gradually employed. However, there are few studies investigating the influences of fire and shaft positions on natural ventilation performance currently. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of the transverse distance from fire source to tunnel sidewall, the longitudinal distance from fire source to shaft, and the transverse distance from shaft to sidewall on natural ventilation effectiveness in a tunnel fire by using Fire Dynamics Simulator. The typical characteristic parameters of smoke, such as mass flow rate, temperature distribution, and velocity vector were analyzed; besides, the phenomenon of plug‐holing was discussed. The results have shown that the mass flow rate of gas exhausted by the shaft decreases slightly with the increase of longitudinal distance from fire source to shaft. When the longitudinal distance from fire source to shaft is constant, changing the transverse distance from shaft to sidewall will have a more obvious effect on the effectiveness of exhausting smoke than changing the transverse distance from fire source to sidewall; in addition, the phenomenon of plug‐holing is more serious when the shaft is close to the sidewall.     

盐酸储罐泄露事故定量分析

在分析化学品泄露影响因素的基础上,利用泄露数学模型对工程项目中盐酸储罐的泄露事故进行了定量分析计算,模拟计算出泄露的基本事故后果数据,并提出了相应的预防泄露控制措施。计算结果用于指导化工企业对危化品液体泄露进行安全监控和应急救援等,以提高企业的安全管理水平。     

Fire calorimetry relying on the use of the fire propagation apparatus. Part II: burning characteristics of selected chemical substances under fuel rich conditions

The paper focuses on the detailed characterization of ventilation controlled fires of industrial products that are likely to govern accidental fire scenarios in fire resistant enclosures. Results regarding under‐ventilated fires of substances that are not polymers are presented to illustrate the capability of the fire propagation apparatus (FPA) to qualify such types of fires. Based on results from heptane fire tests in both well‐ and under‐ventilated fire conditions, a set of recommendations was previously provided in order to check the validity of the experimental results. The application of these recommendations is illustrated for the selected liquid substances containing hetero‐atoms. It emerges that the fire propagation apparatus assesses quite easily the performance of well‐controlled fires in both well‐ and under‐ventilated conditions. Another major outcome of our work is that the potential of the FPA has the capability to address fire issues outside the conventional use of the equipment, in particular to qualify the burning behaviour of chemicals on the full spectrum of ventilation conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

石油库站着火爆炸事故的应急处置研究

由于油料特殊的物化性质,在库站储存、收发过程中极易造成火灾、爆炸事故,从而导致重大人员伤亡及财产损失。论文针对油罐火灾、罐(槽)车火灾、输油管线破裂火灾、加油站火灾及电器火灾五种事故形式,在深入分析其各自特点的基础上,提出了切实可行的应急处置方案,为石油库站火灾事故应急抢险方案制定、具体实施提供了重要参考。