益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

人体益生菌功能的研究进展

益生菌是对宿主健康有益的活的微生物,大量研究结果表明益生菌在消化道、免疫和呼吸系统等诸多健康方面发挥了作用,近年来随着益生菌的基础研究和应用发展的加快,相关科研成果丰富。本文就近些年益生菌在临床研究等方面的新进展进行了综述。     

益生菌在儿科的临床应用

微生态制剂又称微生态调节剂或生态制品,是指根据微生态学原理,利用正常微生物成员或其促进物制备的制剂,它具有直接补充微生物或促进宿主有益微生物生长,维持或调整微生态平衡,达到防治疾病、增进宿主健康的作用.微生态制剂包括益生菌(Probiotics)、益生元(Prebiotics)和合生元(Synbiotics)三大类,根据联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)制定的《食物中益生菌健康及营养评价指南,2001年》,益生菌是指给予一定数量的、能够对宿主健康产生有益作用的活的微生物[1].益生元是指一种不被宿主消化的食物成分,它能选择性地刺激一种或几种肠内有益菌的活性或生长繁殖,起到增进宿主健康的作用.     

益生菌--你所不知道的好细菌

益生菌,即对生命有益的菌群,通过摄取适当的量,对食用者的身体健康发挥有效作用。一般认为,益生菌是定植于宿主肠道内,通过改善宿主肠道菌群生态平衡而提高宿主健康水平和健康状态的活菌,包括细菌和真菌。     

畜禽用益生菌的研究进展

随着经济生活水平的提高和兽牧业的发展,如何吃到"放心肉"成为人们关注的话题。益生菌是一类适量服用后能够调节宿主肠道菌群有助于宿主健康的活的微生物,可以改善兽禽产品质量。本文从兽牧业的应用角度,介绍益生菌的概念由来、益生菌菌株特点及种类、对宿主的益生作用,最后对益生菌未来的发展方向进行展望。旨在让人们全面了解益生菌在兽牧业生产中不可忽视的优点及其替代抗生素的可能性。     

益生菌对大鼠血脂和免疫功能影响的实验研究

目的 研究益生菌对大鼠血脂和免疫功能的影响.方法 用高脂饲料喂养大鼠,以洛伐他汀阳性对照物,以不同种益生菌喂养实验组大鼠,在实验开始前和实验开始后30 d时检测各组大鼠血清TC、TG和免疫指标,与对照组比较.结果 益生菌喂养组大鼠与对照组大鼠比较,益生菌喂养组大鼠血中TC及TG均明显低于对照组(P＜0.01),免疫指标明显高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 益生菌明显降低益生菌喂养组大鼠血中的TC、TG,而且提高益生菌喂养组大鼠的免疫功能.     

Cox-2mRNA和T细胞亚群测定在胆管癌中的临床意义

恶性肿瘤可通过多种途径来影响机体的免疫功能,使荷瘤宿主呈现不同程度的免疫抑制状态,这种状态又常和肿瘤的发展相关.     

乳酸菌与人体微环境之间相互关系的研究

肠道微生物在人体健康方面起着重要的作用,良好的肠道微生态环境是维持人体健康的重要因素,随着对肠道微生物越来越多的关注和研究,人们发现益生菌在肠道菌群和宿主健康之间有着复杂的关系。大量的研究发现乳酸菌作为益生菌在人体肠道微生态平衡、疾病防治和保健中起着至关重要的作用。     

益生菌预防早产

背景：早产可引起60％～80％的新生儿死亡。存活的婴儿可发生终身的并发症。在存在母体感染的情况下，早产的风险为30％～50％。益生菌为活微生物，给予足量益生菌，有益于宿主健康。业已证明，益生菌可取代和杀死病原体，并通过干扰导致早产的炎性级联反应，调节免疫应答。妊娠期间，用局部治疗恢复正常阴道菌丛和酸度而无全身作用，可能优于其他预防早产的方法。     

肝胆胰恶性肿瘤患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的变化及临床意义

机体的免疫情况与恶性肿瘤的发生和发展有着密切的联系.当宿主的免疫功能低下或受到抑制时,肿瘤发生率高;且肿瘤一旦发生又可通过其产生的免疫抑制因子进一步抑制机体的防御功能.在抗肿瘤免疫中,细胞免疫尤其是T淋巴细胞的作用更为重要.T淋巴细胞参与机体的抗肿瘤免疫应答,其亚群的数量是反应机体免疫功能的重要指标.本文应用流式细胞仪检测肝胆胰恶性肿瘤患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的数量,以了解这部分患者的免疫功能情况.     

Probiotics in intestinal and non-intestinal infectious diseases--clinical evidence

There is increasing evidence that certain probiotic strains can be useful in improving human health. The use of probiotics has received attention as a natural way of restoring body's normal microbiota, and an alternative and inexpensive way of preventing or treating infectious diseases without side effects. The best-documented clinical application of probiotics comes from trials on the treatment of gastrointestinal infections, mainly infectious diarrhoea. The enhancement of local as well as systemic immune responses by probiotics also offers new opportunities for probiotics in preventing infections at distal mucosal surfaces, such as those in the oral cavity, respiratory and urogenital tracts. The underlying mechanisms of probiotics are still unclear, but may include strengthening of the non-immunological gut barrier, interference with pathogen adhesion and growth inhibition, and the enhancement of the local mucosal immune system in the gut, as well as of the systemic immune response.     

Probiotics and nutraceuticals: non-medicinal treatments of gastrointestinal diseases

The demonstration that immune and epithelial cells can discriminate between different microbial and bioactive plant species has extended the known mechanism(s) of action of nutraceuticals and probiotics beyond simple nutrition and/or antimicrobial effects. The progressive unravelling of these plant and bacterial effects on systemic immune and intestinal epithelial cell function has led to new credence for the use of probiotics and nutraceuticals in clinical medicine. Level I evidence now exists for the therapeutic use of probiotics in infectious diarrhea in children, recurrent Clostridium difficile-induced infections and post-operative pouchitis. Additional evidence is being acquired for the use of probiotics in other gastrointestinal infections, irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. Not all individual probiotic strains have the same efficacy, and future clinical trials may focus on multistrain preparations agents with known efficacy. The use of nutraceuticals and probiotics as therapeutic agents for gastrointestinal disorders is rapidly moving into clinical usage. Scientific studies are providing mechanisms of action to explain the therapeutic effects, and randomized controlled trials are providing the necessary evidence for their incorporation into the therapeutic armamentarium.     

Prebiotics and probiotics; modifying and mining the microbiota

A new era in medical science has dawned with the realization of the critical role of the “forgotten organ”, the enteric microbiota, in generating a variety of functions which sustain health and, when disrupted, lead to disease. Central to this beneficial interaction between the microbiota and man is the manner in which the bacteria contained within the gut “talk” to the immune system and, in particular, the immune system that is so widespread within the gut itself, the gut-associated (or mucosa-associated) lymphoid system. Into this landscape come two new players: probiotics and prebiotics. While many products have masqueraded as probiotics, only those which truly and reproducibly contain live organisms and which have been shown, in high quality human studies, to confer a health benefit can actually claim this title. Several human disease states have benefited from the use of probiotics, most notably, diarrheal illnesses, some inflammatory bowel diseases, certain infectious disorders and, most recently, irritable bowel syndrome. Prebiotics promote the growth of “good” bacteria and, while a variety of health benefits have been attributed to their use, prebiotics have been subjected to few large scale clinical trials.     

嗜酸乳杆菌抗肿瘤作用的研究进展

嗜酸乳杆菌（Lactobacillus acidophilus）是机体肠道、生殖道内重要的益生菌之一,与人体健康息息相关。近年来研究发现,该菌在免疫调节中发挥重要作用,并显示出抗肿瘤特性。本文综述了嗜酸乳杆菌对多种癌症的抑制作用,如乳腺癌、胃癌、结肠癌、直肠癌、宫颈癌等,以及对其机体免疫系统的调节、促进肿瘤细胞凋亡、抗炎等抗肿瘤作用机制。本综述为嗜酸乳杆菌抗肿瘤研究、新型抗肿瘤药物的开发和生物防治肿瘤技术的发展提供思路。     

Probiotics: Isolated bacteria strain or mixtures of different strains? Two different approaches in the use of probiotics as therapeutics

Probiotics are cultures of beneficial bacteria from the healthy gut microflora that improve the balance of the intestinal milieu by modifying the intestinal microflora and suppressing enhanced inflammatory responses. Probiotics are currently the subject of intense and widespread research as functional foods since they are known to induce health benefits, may be used as pharmaceutical preparations, and have achieved a "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) status. Lactobacillus strains can also be genetically engineered for use in oral immunotherapeutic applications, such as vaccination and delivery of immunoregulatory substances. In the present review we evaluate the two different approaches to the therapeutic use of probiotics. We also focus on recent findings in the field of molecular biology and genetics of the intestinal immune response related to the microflora and intestinal ecology, in order to understand the mechanisms of action of probiotics and their present indications in gastrointestinal diseases. Finally, with a view to future perspectives we provide some examples of probiotics that are being assessed and have great potential in improving the health of animals and man.     

益生菌对早产儿胃肠动力及免疫功能的影响

目的探讨益生菌对早产儿胃肠动力及免疫功能的影响。方法将39例早产儿随机分为治疗组和对照组,对照组给予常规人工喂养,治疗组加服益生菌(双歧三联活菌散剂)14 d。观察两组早产儿呕吐、胃潴留、腹胀等情况及血T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+)水平变化。结果治疗组早产儿呕吐、胃潴留、腹胀的发生率分别为19.2%、11.5%、7.7%,明显低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗组治疗后的CD4+、CD4+/CD8+升高,CD8+下降,与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),CD3+治疗前后差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);对照组上述指标治疗前后差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论益生菌能减轻早产儿的消化道症状,改善胃肠动力,可提高早产儿机体免疫功能。     

Genomics can advance the potential for probiotic cultures to improve liver and overall health

The concept of probiotics has evolved immensely since it was first proposed a century ago. There are numerous potential health benefits attributed to certain probiotic bacteria, from preventing gastrointestinal (GI) infections to stimulating the immune system. Recent evidence is now quite compelling for a role of probiotics in enhancing liver health. Liver injury is on the rise worldwide with non-alcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD) the fastest rising liver problem, due largely to the rise in obesity and type II diabetes. A damaged liver can progress to more serious conditions such as steatohepatitis and cirrhosis, and the intestinal microflora are believed to play a large role in this progression. When the intestinal microbial flora is high in facultative microbes, particularly the Enterobacteriaceae, and low in anaerobes such as bifidobacteria, higher levels of ammonia, endotoxins and other compounds enter the blood stream. This results in direct liver damage and also indirectly from pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha. Probiotics have been shown to modulate the intestinal microflora and decrease the urease producing gram negatives and increase the anaerobic population. While results have been obtained with current probiotic strains, more effective strains could be obtained if all the characteristics bacteria use to survive and compete successfully in the intestine were known. The genomics era is now providing the tools to more effectively understand probiotic interactions in the intestine. This will lead to a new generation of exciting probiotics in the future.     

大肠癌术后肠道粘膜免疫功能的改变

目的 探讨大肠癌手术前后肠道粘膜免疫功能的变化,评估常规大肠癌手术对患者肠道粘膜免疫功能的影响,了解术后使用肠道益生菌制剂治疗肠道粘膜免疫功能紊乱的疗效.方法 将大肠癌患者随机分为两组(实验组和对照组).对照组:患者常规实施大肠癌根治术;实验组:患者常规实施大肠癌根治术,并于手术后可以进食起开始补充肠道益生菌制剂.两组均于术前,术后第一次排便,排便后5天,术后1月,4次抽静脉血检测血清CRP及TNF-α的含量,同时留取粪便检测分泌型免疫球蛋白(SIgA)含量.结果 ①两组患者术后第一次粪便SIgA含量与术前相比均明显减少(ρ＜0.05),术后第二次粪便SIgA含量较术后第一次并未明显增多(ρ＞0.05),实验组术后1月粪便SIgA含量较术后第一、二次明显升高,且明显高于对照组(ρ＜0.05);②两组患者术后第一次血清TNF-α含量较术前明显升高(ρ＜0.05),术后第二次较术后第一次血清TNF-α含量有所降低(ρ＜0.05),术后第三次血清TNF-α含量实验组较对照组明显降低(ρ＜0.05);③两组患者血清CRP术后第一次较术前均明显升高(ρ＜0.05),术后第三次较第一次明显降低(ρ＜0.05),术后第三次较第二次也明显降低(ρ＜0.05),但实验组与对照组比较,实验组降低更明显(ρ＜0.05).结论 ①大肠癌患者手术后肠道粘膜免疫功能明显降低.②大肠癌患者术后粪便SIgA水平下降,应用肠道益生菌制剂短期内对升高SIgA效果不明显,但长期应用可显著升高SIgA水平.③大肠癌患者术后血清TNF-α和CRP水平显著升高,应用肠道益生菌制剂后可显著降低.