污水处理厂提标改造措施选择与工程实践

通过提标改造和扩建,某污水处理厂的处理能力从2.5×104 m3/d提高至5.0×104m3/d,出水水质由一级B标准提高至一级A标准。通过将常规A2/O工艺改造为倒置A2/O工艺、优化工艺运行、局部改造和增加深度处理设施等措施,对BOD5、SS、NH3-N和TP的去除率分别达到95.0%、96.2%、82.1%和90.4%,出水水质达到一级A标准。详细介绍了提标改造内容及采取的措施,可为类似工程的设计提供参考。     

CAST法处理啤酒废水的工艺设计与应用

介绍了CAST法处理啤酒废水方案选择的依据、工艺流程、设计要点、工艺参数、运行效果和经济指标。该工艺处理效果稳定,出水可达到排放标准(COD为25～96mg/L,去除率为95%～98%;BOD5为19～30mg/L,去除率为97%～98%;SS为46～70mg/L,去除率为88%～93%),单位投资为1100～1500元/(m3·d),占地为0.60～0.96m2/(m3·d),运行费用为0.56～0.72元/m3,总成本为0.75～0.97元/m3。     

间歇曝气连续回流生物膜工艺处理农村生活污水

针对农村生活污水的特点,在厌氧—3级好氧/缺氧生物膜工艺的基础上开发出间歇曝气连续回流生物膜工艺,并考察了该工艺的实际处理效能。系统实际处理量为48 m3/d,HRT为1.5 d,水解酸化段的水力负荷为0.88 m3/(m3·d),填料装填率为60%;接触氧化段的水力负荷为4.57 m3/(m3.d),填料装填率为75%。系统稳定运行6个月的结果表明:该工艺对COD、BOD5、NH3-N、TP和SS的平均去除率分别为74.8%、83%、51.4%、60.3%和81.8%,以上指标的平均出水浓度分别在57、14.3、19、2.48、24 mg/L以下,达到了天津市农村污水处理厂排水标准(DB 12/356—2008)的要求,可作为农业灌溉等农业生产性用水。     

涟水县薛行化工集中区污水处理厂升级改造工艺设计

涟水县化工集中区污水处理厂总规模为1×104m3/d,一期设计规模为2 500 m3/d,原工艺出水水质不能达到《江苏省化学工业主要水污染物排放标准》(DB 32/939—2006)一级标准,因此实施了升级改造,采用气浮/内循环微电解/芬顿/混凝沉淀/A2O工艺/活性炭过滤器/ClO2消毒工艺,介绍了该工程的概况、工艺流程、设计参数。改造后,运行效果良好,出水水质达到了一级标准。     

朝阳市中水回用工程设计

朝阳中水回用工程设计规模为10×104m3/d,采用"MBBR+反应沉淀过滤"工艺,出水水质达到一级A标准后用于电厂循环冷却,其中1×104m3/d尾水再经"CMF+臭氧"工艺深度处理达到杂用水水质标准后用于燕都新城杂用。污泥深度脱水采用电渗透工艺,污泥含水率可由80%降至60%以下。介绍了该工程的设计参数、工艺流程及其设计特点,供相关工程参考。     

内置生物硝化区用于Carrousel氧化沟提标改造研究

将Carrousel氧化沟工艺与生物膜工艺相结合而形成新型复合式Carrousel氧化沟。研究了主沟道底部曝气量、隔板填料区出水量、污泥回流比对COD、NH+4-N、TN去除效果的影响,以期获得较佳的运行参数。结果表明,在进水量为136 m3/d、水力停留时间为7.1 h、主沟底部曝气量为22 m3/h、隔板区底部曝气量为16 m3/h、隔板区出水量为4 m3/h、污泥回流比为100%的条件下,出水COD、NH+4-N、TN浓度均能达到一级A标准,去除率分别为87.4%、95.7%、61.7%,具有较好的去除污染物效果。     

缺氧／好氧强化生物絮凝＋生物膜过滤处理生活污水

研究了缺氧/好氧强化生物絮凝 生物膜工艺对生活污水CODCr、NH3-N、TN、TP、浊度的去除效能和机理。试验结果表明:缺氧、絮凝池的最佳HRT之比为3.6/2.4h;絮凝池最佳DO为0.5mg/L;最佳流量为4.0m3/d。在最佳工艺运行参数条件下,CODCr、NH3-N、TN、TP、浊度的平均去除率分别为95.05%、44.91%、39.43%、63.46%、71.03%,出水CODCr、SS达到《城镇污水厂污染物排放标准》一级(B)标准,TP接近达标。     

旋流澄清/涂膜硅藻土过滤处理电镀废水

为解决传统化学沉淀砂滤工艺的金属沉淀物固液分离不完全、出水COD难以达标的问题,将旋流澄清与硅藻土预涂膜技术相结合,开发出一种新型的处理中小规模电镀废水的后处理技术。电镀废水总铬、总铜、总氰化物浓度分别为6. 72、18. 40、22. 10mg/L,COD为240mg/L,在处理水量为100m3 /d、阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)投量为3mg/L、硅藻土预涂膜过滤强度为12. 5m3 /(m2·h)的工艺条件下,对总铬、总铜、总氰化物去除率分别达到93. 3%、97. 4%、99. 9%。和传统沉淀砂滤相比,在取得较高的重金属离子去除率的同时,出水COD为60mg/L,达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)的一级标准。     

水解/接触氧化/气浮工艺处理印染废水

以青岛市某印染废水处理工程为例,介绍了水解/接触氧化/气浮工艺处理印染废水的工艺设计参数、处理效果、工程投资和运行成本.该工程处理水量为300m3/d,进水COD、BOD5和色度分别为644mg/L、151 mg/L和688倍.运行结果表明,对COD、BOD5和色度的去除率分别为88%、92%和95%,相应的出水水质分别为78 mg/L、12 mg/L和31倍,达到<纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准>(GB 4287-1992)的一级排放标准,处理费用为1.01元/m3.该工艺具有运行费用低、处理效果好、操作管理方便等优点.     

两级A/O生物滤池与微絮凝过滤组合处理二级出水

针对西北地区低C/N值城镇污水处理厂二级出水,采用两级A/O生物滤池与微絮凝过滤组合工艺强化脱氮除磷效果。结果表明,生物膜形成后,在溶解氧、水力负荷、流量分配比分别为4 mg/L、1.2 m3/（m2·h）、70%∶30%的条件下,该工艺对COD、NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为85%、94%,出水平均浓度分别为19.86、0.48 mg/L,达到《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838—2002）Ⅲ类水标准;对TP的去除率为75%,平均出水TP浓度为0.22 mg/L,达到Ⅳ类水标准;对TN的去除率为72%,平均出水TN浓度为6.77 mg/L,远低于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918—2002）一级A排放标准。组合工艺在保证COD去除效果的基础上实现了脱氮除磷。     

Removal of phosphate,magnesium and calcium from swine wastewater through crystallization enhanced by aeration

In order to confirm the possibility of removing P04-P, Mg and Ca from swine wastewater through artificial crystallization by aeration, laboratory and pilot scale experiments were carried out using actual swine wastewater. The pH of swine wastewater increased up to approximately 8.5 with continuous aeration, and a large part of the soluble PO4-P, Mg and Ca was crystallized. The ingredients of the crystals were estimated as MAP and HAP according to their mole ratio of NH4-N, PO4-P, Mg and Ca. The sedimentation speed of crystals in swine wastewater was about 3 m h(-1), and over 90% of them had settled after standing 1 h. A pilot scale reactor with the dual functions of crystallization by aeration and settling was operated continuously using actual swine wastewater, with aeration conditions of HRT 4.1 h and 26m3 airh(-1) m(-2) cross section (18m3 air h(-1) m(-3) volume). During 50 days of operation, pH at the aeration column held stable at 8.0, and 65% of PO4-P, 51% of Mg, and 34% of Ca were removed.     

Electricity generation from swine wastewater using microbial fuel cells

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) represent a new method for treating animal wastewaters and simultaneously producing electricity. Preliminary tests using a two-chambered MFC with an aqueous cathode indicated that electricity could be generated from swine wastewater containing 8320 +/- 190 mg/L of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) (maximum power density of 45 mW/m2). More extensive tests with a single-chambered air cathode MFC produced a maximum power density with the animal wastewater of 261 mW/m2 (200 omega resistor), which was 79% larger than that previously obtained with the same system using domestic wastewater (146 +/- 8 mW/m2) due to the higher concentration of organic matter in the swine wastewater. Power generation as a function of substrate concentration was modeled according to saturation kinetics, with a maximum power density of P(max) = 225 mW/m2 (fixed 1000 omega resistor) and half-saturation concentration of K(s) = 1512 mg/L (total COD). Ammonia was removed from 198 +/- 1 to 34 +/- 1 mg/L (83% removal). In order to try to increase power output and overall treatment efficiency, diluted (1:10) wastewater was sonicated and autoclaved. This pretreated wastewater generated 16% more power after treatment (110 +/- 4 mW/m2) than before treatment (96 +/- 4 mW/m2). SCOD removal was increased from 88% to 92% by stirring diluted wastewater, although power output slightly decreased. These results demonstrate that animal wastewaters such as this swine wastewater can be used for power generation in MFCs while at the same time achieving wastewater treatment.     

曝气生物滤池处理高档卷烟纸生产废水

采用混凝沉淀/曝气生物滤池(BAF)组合工艺对卷烟纸生产废水进行处理,处理水量为2 000～3 400 m3/d,混凝沉淀出水COD为120～400 mg/L,色度为2～4倍。经BAF工艺处理后的出水COD<100 mg/L,去除率稳定在50%～80%,色度<4倍。工程运行实践表明,采用混凝沉淀/BAF组合工艺处理高档卷烟纸生产废水稳定可行,具有良好的经济效益和环境效益。     

Application of electrooxidation process for treating concentrated wastewater from distillery industry with a voluminous electrode

Experiments in a laboratory scale were carried out to reduce color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in distillery wastewater by using electrooxidation processes. A cylindrical electrochemical reactor constructed in an axial configuration with 0.2m diameter and 0.35 m height was employed in this study. Two materials including graphite particles and titanium sponge were used as the voluminous anodes. A cathode made from Ti/RuO(2) was placed 0.04-0.05 m above the upper level of anode particles. Effect of parameters including initial pH of wastewater (1-5), time of dilution, current intensity (1-10A), type of additive (H(2)O(2) and NaCl), and additive concentration were investigated. The results indicated that the anode made from titanium sponge showed a higher potential to treat wastewater than the another one. The treatment in acidic condition (pH=1) provided the maximum oxidation of organic pollutants in wastewater. The presence of additives can promote the reduction of COD and color in wastewater approximately 89.62% and 92.24%, respectively. The maximum current efficiency was reached at the first 30 min and decreased slightly as electrolysis time proceeded due to the formation of passivation on the electrode surface. The energy consumption was obtained in the range of 2.82-4.83 kWh/kgCOD or 24.08-28.07 kWh/m(3) wastewater depending upon the concentration of additive. The kinetics of COD reduction was the pseudo first-order reaction with a fast rate constant of 6.78 min(-1).     

Application of a membrane bioreactor for treating explosives process wastewater

A bench-scale anoxic membrane bioreactor (MBR) system, consisting of a bioreactor coupled to a ceramic cross-flow ultrafiltration module, was evaluated to treat a synthetic wastewater containing alkaline hydrolysis byproducts (hydrolysates) of RDX. The wastewater was formulated the same as hydrolysis wastewater and consisted of acetate, formate and formaldehyde as carbon sources and nitrite and nitrate electron acceptors. The MBR system removed 80-90% of the carbon sources, and approximately 90% of the stoichiometric amount of nitrate, 60% of nitrite. The reactor was also operated over a range of transmembrane pressure, temperature, suspended solids concentration, and organic loading rate to maximize treatment efficiency and permeate flux. Increasing the transmembrane pressure and temperature did not improve flux significantly. Increasing mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) concentration in the bioreactor decreased the permeate flux significantly. The maximum volumetric organic loading rate was 0.72 kg COD/m3/day. The maximum food-to-mass ratio was 0.50 kg N/kg MLVSS/day and 1.82 kg COD/kg MLVSS/day. Membrane permeate was clear and essentially free of bacteria, as indicated by heterotrophic plate count. Permeate flux ranged between 0.15 and 2.0 m3/m2 day and was maintained by routine backwashing every three days. Backwashing with tap water containing chlorine bleach every fourth or fifth backwashing was able to restore membrane flux to its original value.     

不锈钢生产废水的处理回用与重金属资源化利用

介绍了某工业园区不锈钢废水处理及重金属资源化工艺设计方案。针对不锈钢废水酸度高、pH值波动大、氟离子含量高、重金属浓度高、COD低的特点,采用CaCO3滤床/分级沉淀/过滤的废水处理工艺,实现50%的废水回用率和镍铬等重金属的资源化。该工艺对废水中COD、总铬、总镍、总铁和氟的去除率分别为67.3%、99.7%、99.8%、99.8%及97.0%。出水水质达到《钢铁工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 13456—92)和《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)的一级标准,回用水水质达到不锈钢企业的用水要求。水回用及重金属资源化后的收益为4.02元/m3。     

广东蓝天制药厂废水处理工程设计

广东蓝天制药厂工业废水的设计最大排放量为200 m3/d(10 m3/h),属于小型工业废水处理工程。该厂的工业废水流量虽小,但水质成分较复杂,主要含有糖类、有机酸、苷类、蒽醌、木质素、生物碱、单宁、蛋白质、淀粉及其水解产物。采用物化混凝/水解酸化/生物接触氧化工艺进行处理,介绍了工艺流程、构筑物设计参数和运行效果等,出水水质可达到广东省《水污染物排放限值》(DB 44/26—2001)第二时段一级标准。     

Anaerobic treatment of real textile wastewater with a fluidized bed reactor

Anaerobic treatability of a real cotton textile wastewater was investigated in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR) with pumice as the support material. The immobilized biomass or attached volatile solids level on the support material was 0.073 g VSS/g support material at the end of the 128-d start-up period. During the operation period, real cotton textile wastewater was fed to the anaerobic FBR both unsupplemented (in Stages 1 and 2) and supplemented (with synthetic municipal wastewater in Stage 3 and glucose in Stages 4-6). The effect of operational conditions such as organic loading rate (OLR), hydraulic retention time (HRT), influent glucose concentration as the co-substrate, etc. was investigated to achieve the maximum color removal efficiency in the reactor. Results indicated that anaerobic treatment of textile wastewater studied was possible with the supplementation of an external carbon source in the form of glucose (about 2g/l). The corresponding maximum COD, BOD(5) and color removals were found to be around 82%, 94% and 59%, respectively, for HRT of around 24h and OLR of 3 kg COD/m(3)/d. Further increase in external carbon source added to real textile wastewater did not improve the color removal efficiency of the anaerobic FBR reactor.     

南通某污水处理厂的改造实践

南通某污水处理厂一期处理规模为2×104m3/d,占地约2.85 hm2,于2008年建成,主要处理工业集中区内经过预处理达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)三级标准的化工废水(5 000 m3/d),以及由污水处理厂北部三个乡镇的印染废水和生活污水组成的综合废水(15 000m3/d)。对现状处理工艺存在的问题进行了具体分析,对各处理单元的处理能力进行校核,并提出了改造方案。改造工程实施后取得了预期效果,出水水质达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级B标准。     

冷轧废水深度处理及回用工程

将冷轧过程产生的含油废水、脱脂平整废水、酸碱废水、生活污水、循环水排污水分流处理后收集,采用电催化氧化/MBR/反渗透进行深度处理并回用,处理水量为50 m3/h。工程实践表明,在实施有效预处理的条件下,出水水质优于《钢铁工业给水排水设计手册》中工业新水水质指标,废水处理成本为3.47元/m3,出水全部回用到循环水系统中,可节约工业新水消耗量为17×104 m3/a。