Localized Operations for Distributed Minimum Energy Multicast Algorithm in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

To explore the advantages of power saving offered by the wireless multicast advantage property, we consider the case of source-initiated multicast traffic. Current research activity for the minimum energy multicast (MEM) problem has been focused on devising efficient centralized greedy algorithms for static ad hoc networks. In this paper, we consider mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that use omnidirectional antennas and have limited energy resources. We propose the design and initial evaluation of the distributed minimum energy multicast (DMEM) algorithm for MANETs that attempts to reduce as much as possible the total RF energy required by the multicast communication. Several localized operations are presented for the DMEM algorithm, in which each node requires only the knowledge of and distances to all neighboring tree nodes. Through extensive simulation studies, we show that these operations are very efficient both in terms of energy saving and operation overhead     

Genetic algorithms with immigrants schemes for dynamic multicast problems in mobile ad hoc networks

In this paper, the problem of dynamic quality-of-service (QoS) multicast routing in mobile ad hoc networks is investigated. Lots of interesting works have been done on multicast since it is proved to be a NP-hard problem. However, most of them consider the static network scenarios only and the multicast tree cannot adapt to the topological changes. With the advancement in communication technologies, more and more wireless mobile networks appear, e.g., mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In a MANET, the network topology keeps changing due to its inherent characteristics such as the node mobility and energy conservation. Therefore, an effective multicast algorithm should track the topological changes and adapt the best multicast tree to the changes accordingly. In this paper, we propose to use genetic algorithms with immigrants schemes to solve the dynamic QoS multicast problem in MANETs. MANETs are considered as target systems because they represent a new generation of wireless networks. In the construction of the dynamic network environments, two models are proposed and investigated. One is named as the general dynamics model in which the topologies are changed due to that the nodes are scheduled to sleep or wake up. The other is named as the worst dynamics model, in which the topologies are altered because some links on the current best multicast tree are removed. Extensive experiments are conducted based on both of the dynamic network models. The experimental results show that these immigrants based genetic algorithms can quickly adapt to the environmental changes (i.e., the network topology changes) and produce high quality solutions following each change.     

Adaptive two-way uniform partition for multicast routing problem with separate paths in ad hoc networks

Finding a near-optimal routing solution for multicast requests is a challenge for supporting different multicast applications including video and group communications over wireless ad hoc networks. A heuristic partitioning algorithm for solving the multicast routing problem with separate paths in ad hoc networks is presented. We consider scheduling a set of multicast requests which may have a source node with multiple destinations respectively through a wireless network. Our heuristic method for partitioning arbitrary routing requests is both effective in finding a near-optimal solution, and efficient to solve large multicast requests. Our simulation shows that the average overall latency reduces up to 38%. We also find that the handling scales up well from 8 nodes to 64 nodes.     

基于WMPLS的无线自组网组播路由机制

将多协议标签交换(MPLS)技术与无线自组网组播机制相结合可以把MPLS在分组转发以及支持服务质量、流量工程等方面的技术优势引入到无线自组网组播路由协议设计中,具此提出了一种基于MPLS技术的组播协议设计方案——标签交换转发组播协议(Label-Switching Forwarding multicast routing protocol,以下简称LSF组播协议)。     

Distributed Algorithms for Constructing Approximate Minimum Spanning Trees in Wireless Sensor Networks

While there are distributed algorithms for the MST problem, these algorithms require relatively large number of messages and time; this makes these algorithms impractical for resource-constrained networks such as ad hoc wireless sensor networks. In such networks, a sensor has very limited power, and any algorithm needs to be simple, local, and energy efficient for being practical. Motivated by these considerations, we design and analyze a class of simple and local distributed algorithms called Nearest Neighbor Tree (NNT) algorithms for energy-efficient construction of MSTs in a wireless ad hoc setting. We assume that the nodes are uniformly distributed in a unit square and show provable bounds on the performance with respect to both the quality of the spanning tree produced and the energy needed to construct them. In particular, we show that NNT produces a close approximation to the MST, and they can be maintained dynamically with polylogarithmic number of rearrangements under node insertions/deletions. We also perform extensive simulations of our algorithms. We tested our algorithms on both uniformly random distributions of nodes, and on a realistic distributions of nodes in an urban setting. Simulations validate the theoretical results and show that the bounds are much better in practice.     

A Polynomial Time Solution to Minimum Forwarding Set Problem in Wireless Networks under Unit Disk Coverage Model

Network-wide broadcast (simply broadcast) is a frequently used operation in wireless ad hoc networks (WANETs). One promising practical approach for energy-efficient broadcast is to use localized algorithms to minimize the number of nodes involved in the propagation of the broadcast messages. In this context, the minimum forwarding set problem (MFSP) (also known as multipoint relay (MPR) problem) has received a considerable attention in the research community. Even though the general form of the problem is shown to be NP-complete, the complexity of the problem has not been known under the practical application context of ad hoc networks. In this paper, we present a polynomial time algorithm to solve the MFSP for wireless network under unit disk coverage model. We prove the existence of some geometrical properties for the problem and then propose a polynomial time algorithm to build an optimal solution based on these properties. To the best of our knowledge, our algorithm is the first polynomial time solution to the MFSP under the unit disk coverage model. We believe that the work presented in this paper will have an impact on the design and development of new algorithms for several wireless network applications including energy-efficient multicast, broadcast, and topology control protocols for WANETs and sensor networks.     

Reliable and Energy-Efficient Routing for Static Wireless Ad Hoc Networks with Unreliable Links

Energy efficient routing and power control techniques in wireless ad hoc networks have drawn considerable research interests recently. In this paper, we address the problem of energy efficient reliable routing for wireless ad hoc networks in the presence of unreliable communication links or devices or lossy wireless link layers by integrating the power control techniques into the energy efficient routing. We consider both the case when the link layer implements a perfect reliability and the case when the reliability is implemented through the transport layer, e.g., TCP. We study the energy efficient unicast and multicast when the links are unreliable. Subsequently, we study how to perform power control (thus, controlling the reliability of each communication link) such that the unicast routings use the least power when the communication links are unreliable, while the power used by multicast is close to optimum. Extensive simulations have been conducted to study the power consumption, the end-to-end delay, and the network throughput of our proposed protocols compared with existing protocols.     

无线自组网络基于遗传算法的多播路由算法

随着无线自组网络技术的发展,多播应用日益广泛。文章研究无线自组网络多插路由问题,针对已有算法在时延约束多播路由树费用优化方面的不足,提出基于遗传算法的多播路由算法。该算法首先通过Dijkstra算法得到源节点到每个接收节点间的最多K条路径;其次给这些路径编号,进行编码,设计遗传操作;最后,进行遗传迭代运算找到费用全局优...     

Energy-efficient topology control in wireless ad hoc networks with selfish nodes

In wireless ad hoc networks there is no fixed infrastructure or centralized controller to enforce cooperation between nodes. Therefore, nodes may act selfishly in running network protocols for conserving their own energy resources. In this paper, we consider the “topology control (TC) game” as the problem of creating an energy-efficient topology in wireless ad hoc networks in the presence of selfish nodes. We define a new TC game in which nodes are able to dynamically adjust their transmission power in a per-packet manner, and try to minimize their energy usage through considering both traffic load and transmission power parameters. After analyzing the problem, we propose several algorithms to find stable topologies in an environment composed of selfish nodes, using two types of global and local connectivity information. Finally, we evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms by simulations. Our simulation results show that using appropriate local information can interestingly result in more efficient topologies than global information.     

Flooding in wireless ad hoc networks

In an ad hoc network, each host assumes the role of a router and relays packets toward final destinations. This paper studies efficient routing mechanisms for packet flooding in ad hoc wireless networks. Because a packet is broadcast to all neighboring nodes, the optimality criteria of wireless network routing are different from that of the wired network routing. We show that the minimum cost flooding tree problem is similar to MCDS (Minimum Connected Dominating Set) problem and prove the NP-completeness of the minimum cost flooding tree problem. Then, we propose two flooding methods: self-pruning and dominant pruning. Both methods utilize the neighbor information to reduce redundant transmissions. Performance analysis shows that both methods perform significantly better than the blind flooding. Especially, dominant pruning performs close to the practically achievable best performance limit.     

Extended Dominating Set and Its Applications in Ad Hoc Networks Using Cooperative Communication

We propose a notion of an extended dominating set where each node in an ad hoc network is covered by either a dominating neighbor or several 2-hop dominating neighbors. This work is motivated by cooperative communication in ad hoc networks whereby transmitting independent copies of a packet generates diversity and combats the effects of fading. We first show the NP-completeness of the minimum extended dominating set problem. Then, several heuristic algorithms, global and local, for constructing a small extended dominating set are proposed. These are nontrivial extensions of the existing algorithms for the regular dominating set problem. The application of the extended dominating set in efficient broadcasting is also discussed. The performance analysis includes an analytical study in terms of approximation ratio and a simulation study of the average size of the extended dominating set derived from the proposed algorithms.     

无线自组织网络中构造2-连通k-支配虚拟主干网的近似算法

在无线自组织网络中,经常选取一些节点形成虚拟主干网,用以支持路由和区域监视等任务。由于无线网络自身存在误码率高、易受干扰等弱点,虚拟主干网需要具有一定的容错性。已经有研究者提出使用k-连通k-支配集合在无线自组织网络中构造容错虚拟主干网,并通过模拟实验评估了算法的性能。近年来,Wang Feng等人设计了常数近似算法用来构造2-连通虚拟主干网。本文将设计一个常数近似算法用以在无线自组织网络中构造一个2-连通k-支配虚拟主干网。     

一种能量高效的Ad hoc无线网络广播算法

广播在Ad hoc无线网络中有着广泛的应用,而Ad hoc网络节点资源、网络资源严重受限,广播引起的广播风暴问题加剧了资源的消耗。提出了一种能量高效的无冲突的广播策略,该策略利用所有两跳邻节点的剩余能量和度等信息选择前向转播节点,并将前向转播节点分为相互不干扰的独立子集,统一为独立子集设置退避时间,避免冲突的发生。该策略平衡了网络中节点的能量消费、延长了网络寿命,同时减少了广播延迟和转播冗余,确保了广播的可达性。仿真结果也表明提高了广播的效率。     

移动自组网中基于移动预测和概率的能量有效组播路由算法

移动自组网中节点的使用寿命很大程度上依赖于电池能量的有效利用．通过研究移动节点能量的剩余和使用情况，提出了一种新的关于节点能量估价函数PCF（power cost function）计算方法，能够较好地反映当前节点的能耗值．并且结合PCF提出一种基于移动预测和概率构造能量有效组播树M-REMiT（an algorithm based on mobility prediction and probability for refining energy-efficient multicast tree）的分布式算法，在节点移动的情况下，利用概率优化方法减少一棵组播树的总能量消耗，延长了组播树中每个节点的使用寿命．模拟结果显示这个组播算法比以前相关的算法具有更好的性能．     

一个新的分布式最小连通支配集近似算法

在计算机网络中广泛使用广播来解决一些网络问题,设计有效的广播算法是一项重要的课题。文中提出一种分布地计算网络最小连通支配集的近似算法并给出了它的正确性证明。它只需要网络节点具有局部的网络状态信息,可伸缩性强。通过此算法可以在网络中自动形成一个虚拟骨干网,从而可为网络中的广播和路由操作提供一个有效的通信基础。模拟结果表明,文中提出的算法求得的连通支配集小,能较好地应用于一般网络以及移动自组网络中。     

A novel minimum delay maximum flow multicast algorithm to construct a multicast tree in wireless mesh networks

The construction of multicast tree within given constraints, such as delay and capacity, is becoming a major problem in many wireless networks, especially wireless mesh networks (WMN). Due to the limited capacity of the wireless node, a multicast call may be dropped if there is no multicast tree formed within the given constraints. In this paper, we propose a new multicast tree construction algorithm which has maximum traffic flow and minimum delay under capacity constraints. The problem of multicast is formulated as a Linear Programming (LP) problem with associated constraints. A cost function (CF) is defined to choose the less loaded route among the available ones. A Minimum Delay Maximum Flow Multicast (MDMF) algorithm is proposed to solve this problem using CF and associated constraints. The performance of the proposed algorithm and CF is evaluated and compared with well-known algorithms with respect to packet delivery fraction, latency, and network throughput. The results obtained show that the proposed algorithm has a lesser number of transmissions for a given CF. Moreover, the proposed algorithm has high throughput, packet delivery fraction and less latency compared to other well-known algorithms in this category.     

A scalability comparison of GST and SST MANET multicast routing algorithms

Since network resource of mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is limited due to the contention-based wireless communication channel at the medium access layer and energy of mobile nodes is constrained due to the energy-limited batteries, the scalability issue is one of main research topics in developing MANET routing algorithms. Therefore, this paper analyzes the message complexities of group shared tree (GST) and source-specific tree (SST) that are implemented in most MANET multicast routing algorithms. Simulation demonstrates that in a wireless ad hoc network where SST and GST are well maintained during the simulation, SST algorithm is able to achieve very competitive performance (i.e. less message complexity) under the multiple packet transmissions, in comparison with GST where no core selection algorithm is adopted.     

能量均衡的最小连通支配集分布式算法

在无线传感器网络路由协议中,最小连通支配集构成的虚拟骨干网是缓解广播风暴的有效方法。现有算法在构造连通支配集时,通常只考虑支配集的规模,虽然获得了较小的支配集,但也造成虚拟骨干网生命周期较短等问题。为了有效解决该问题,提出了一种能量均衡的最小连通支配集分布式算法(EB-MCDS)。仿真实验结果表明,与现有算法相比,EB-MCDS算法有效的均衡了网络能量,延长了网络生命周期20%左右。     

A knowledge-based inference multicast protocol using adaptive fuzzy Petri nets

Multicast routing protocols need a new path discovery algorithm for a newly joining node (receiver) in an ad hoc network. One issue of the approach to find the nearest forwarding node for a new node is that it may increase the distance between the source node and the new members, which results in an increase in latency time and packet loss, as compared with the shortest path algorithms. This issue is important in a high collision network. In this paper, we propose a knowledge-based inference approach for a new path discovery for multicasting. A fuzzy Petri net agent, which is a special expert system, is introduced at each node to learn and to adjust itself to fit the dynamic conditions in a multicast ad hoc network. The simulation results show that the proposed approach is up to 67.17% more efficient in the packet delivery ratio as compared with a bandwidth effective multicast routing protocol.     

Ad hoc网络中基于MCDS构建延迟定界组播转发结构*

根据无线信号传播方式的特殊性,重新定义了无线组播路由中的代价和时延函数,基于图论中最小连通支配集（MCDS）理论,提出的基于图论中点着色思想的时延定界组播转发结构的构建方法,通过求解MCDS来实现构建最小代价组播路由结构的目的,提出了组播路由时延定界的概念,并在该约束下构建MCDS。理论推导证明了该算法的正确性,与同类算法相比,较低的近似比证明了该算法的有效性,同时具有O(n)的时间复杂度和O(n)的消息复杂度,进一步证明了其高效性,具有适应于灵活多变的Ad hoc网络的优势。