基于多模型比选耦合的降水预测

变化环境下水文时间序列的模拟预测难度不断加大,以往研究大多聚焦在模型的不同组合尝试与应用探索,但缺乏针对不同组合模型适用性与稳定性的系统研究。选择经验模态分解（empirical mode decomposition,EMD）、总体平均经验模态分解（ensemble empirical mode decomposition,EEMD）、改进的总体平均经验模态分解（modified ensemble empirical mode decomposition,MEEMD）和变分模态分解（variational mode decomposition,VMD）4种常用的分解算法,与多元线性回归（multivariable linear regression,MLR）、随机森林（random forest,RF）、BP神经网络（back propagation,BP）、卷积神经网络（convolutional neural networks,CNN）和长短期记忆神经网络（long short-term memory,LSTM）5种具有代表性的模型结合,构建20种基于“分解-预测-重构”模式的组合模型,并以华北地区密云、官厅两流域年和汛期降水为例,进行模型适用性与稳定性综合对比分析。结果表明：单一模型对密云流域年降水和汛期降水的预测结果优于官厅流域,但整体预测结果均不理想;结合分解算法后的组合模型预测结果明显优于单一模型,且该预测结果存在正负误差抵消现象,因此有助于进一步提高组合模型的整体预测精度;与基于EMD系列的分解算法相比,VMD算法对模型预测精度提升效果最显著,组合模型适用性和稳定性整体上表现为VMD-MLR＞VMD-LSTM＞VMD-BP＞VMD-CNN。     

基于VMD-LSTM的河流流量预测方法

为了提高径流预测的精度,文中提出了一种基于变分模态分解算法（VMD）的长短期记忆神经网络（LSTM）预测模型。文中通过对沙里寨水文站2010年至2019年的流量数据进行预测,并与其他模型对比预测效果。结果表明,VMD-LSTM模型能够有效提高径流的预测稳定性和精度。     

基于机器学习方法的湖泊表层总氮组合预测模型

地表水体水质参数具有高度非线性和非平稳性特征。为提高水质预测的精度,以鄱阳湖湖区4个在线水质自动监测站总氮(TN)为例,引入变分模态分解(VMD)方法处理原始TN数据,得到具有不同频域的模态分量,对其中变化复杂的各高频分量,采用长短时记忆神经网络模型(LSTM)进行预测,并引入混沌麻雀搜索优化算法(CSSA)对LSTM模型的超参数进行自动率定;对周期性变化的各低频分量,采用多元线性回归模型(MLR)进行预测,再将上述各分量预测结果叠加得到水体TN的预测结果,最终提出了一种新的水质组合模型VMD-CSSA-LSTM-MLR(VCLM),并与3种单一模型LSTM、支持向量回归(SVR)和BP神经网络进行对比,验证了VCLM模型的效果。提出的模型可以作为湖区在线水质监测和水环境综合管理的有效工具。     

基于WD-COA-LSTM模型的月降水量预测

为进一步提高月降水量预测精度,提出了基于小波分解（WD）和郊狼优化（COA）算法的长短期记忆神经网络（LSTM）降水量预测模型（WD-COA-LSTM）。首先用小波分解对时间序列进行预处理,消除序列的非平稳性,得到1个低频序列和3个高频序列;然后通过郊狼优化算法对神经网络（LSTM）模型进行参数优化;最后将各子序列预测值叠加得到月降水量预测值。将提出的模型应用于洛阳市栾川县白土镇和洛宁县故县镇两个雨量站的月降水量预测中,并与LSTM、COA-LSTM、WD-LSTM模型预测结果进行对比。结果表明：提出的WD-COA-LSTM模型的预测精度最高,说明小波分解和郊狼优化算法能有效加强LSTM模型预测的精度和泛化能力,为月降水量的预测提供了一种新的途径。     

基于VMD的抽水蓄能机组振动参数演化预测

提出了一种基于移动最小二乘响应面和变分模态分解（Variational mode decomposition,VMD）的抽水蓄能机组振动参数演化预测方法。首先利用移动最小二乘响应面建立抽水蓄能机组振动参数实时评估模型。然后利用VMD将复杂非线性的机组振动参数时间序列分解若干个平稳分量时间序列。其次对每个分量进行特性识别,根据其不同属性,分别采用LS-SVM或GM（1,1）对每个分量进行预测。最后重构每个分量的预测值获得原始时间序列最终的预测结果。实例分析表明,该方法能较准确地预测机组振动参数演化趋势。     

基于优化VMD与GRU的混凝土坝变形预测模型

为提高大坝变形预测精度,基于“分解-重构”思想,采用变形信号处理技术对实测变形加以时频分解,并结合深度学习网络对分解信号分项预测再重构,提出一种基于优化变分模态分解(VMD)与门控循环单元(GRU)的混凝土坝变形预测模型。该模型使用灰狼优化算法(GWO)优化的VMD把原始数据分解为一组最优本征模态分量(IMF),利用GWO优化的GRU网络对每个IMF分量进行滚动预测,通过叠加各个分量的预测结果得到位移序列预测结果,解决了VMD人工选择参数导致分解效果差及GRU人工选择参数影响训练速度、使用效果及鲁棒性等问题。工程实例预测结果表明,该模型的预测误差小,具有良好的预测精度与稳健性。     

基于MEA-BPNN-EEMD的水文径流模拟方法研究

为获得水文径流模拟的标准模型,基于思维进化算法优化(MEA)误差反向神经网络模型(BPNN)模型构建MEA-BPNN模型,并将计算结果与遗传算法优化BPNN模型(GA-BPNN)与BPNN模型进行对比,并将EEMD算法求解的径流分量作为模型输入参数。结果表明:MEA-BPNN模型预测精度最高,同时在5—10月的丰水期模拟精度高于枯水期,在丰水期采用连续滚动预报,而在枯水期采用同期预报的预报方式可保证MEA-BPNN模型最高的精度。     

基于小波分解的AVOA-DELM月径流时间序列预测模型及应用

为提高月径流时间序列预测精度,提出小波分解(WD)-非洲秃鹫优化算法(AVOA)-深度极限学习机(DELM)组合预测模型,并应用于云南省丫勒水文站月径流预测。利用WD对月径流时序数据进行分解,以获得更具规律的子序列分量;通过AVOA优化DELM隐含层神经元数,建立WD-AVOA-DELM模型对各子序列分量进行预测,将预测结果加和重构得到最终月径流预测结果。同时构建基于支持向量机(SVM)、BP神经网络两种预测器的WD-AVOA-SVM、WD-AVOA-BP、AVOA-DELM、AVOA-SVM、AVOA-BP作分析对比模型。结果表明：WD-AVOA-DELM模型对丫勒水文站月径流预测的平均绝对百分比误差为3.02%,预测误差远小于WD-STOA-SVM、WD-AVOA-BP模型,预测精度较AVOA-DELM、AVOA-SVM、AVOA-BP提高1个数量级以上,具有较好的预测效果。WD能科学降低径流序列的复杂性,提高预测精度;AVOA能有效优化DELM关键参数,提高DELM网络性能。     

基于SMA-LSSVM的径流中长期预测

径流中长期预测对防洪减灾和提高水资源利用效率极为重要。为解决预测模型参数对预测精度的影响,提出一种基于黏菌算法(SMA)优化LSSVM的径流中长期预测模型。首先,选取5个标准测试函数,对比在不同维度条件下SMA和PSO算法的仿真结果;其次,利用SMA优化LSSVM的惩罚参数和核参数,并构建LSSVM、PSO-LSSVM对比模型;最后,通过漫湾水电站水库入库月径流和莺落峡水文站月径流预测实例对各模型进行验证。结果表明,SMA-LSSVM模型相比LSSVM、POS-LSSVM模型,对漫湾站月径流预测的均方误差分别降低了29.26%、7.42%,对莺落峡站月径流预测的均方误差分别降低了32.61%、6.61%,预测精度更高。提出的SMA-LSSVM模型综合预测性能更好,也为中长期径流预测提供了一种新方法。     

基于VMD-LSTM-ARMA模型的径流预测

为了提高径流预测的精度,提出了一种用以解决径流预测等问题的组合预测模型,此模型由变分模态分解(VMD)、长短期记忆网络(LSTM)和自回归移动平均(ARMA)组成。为了降低入库流量的复杂度,利用VMD算法将径流数据分解为3个不同频率的模态分量。低频的模态分量继承了数据的时间特性,可以通过构建LSTM预测模型处理;而2个高频序列是平稳的时间序列,可以通过搭建ARMA预测模型处理。将3个子序列的预测结果进行叠加,最终得到径流的预测结果。采用湘江支流的东江水文站2020年的逐小时流量数据进行流量预测,对比试验和其他算法结果表明：所构建的模型可以有效提高水文预报的精度。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。