肾癌高发人群正常肾脏MSCT灌注成像研究

目的:探讨40-70岁肾癌高发人群正常肾脏MSCT灌注成像特征.方法:正常志愿者109例,采用64排多层螺旋CT对其肾脏进行平扫及灌注增强扫描,使用后处理renal tumor perfusion软件对图像进行后处理,得出正常肾脏皮髓质包括血流量(BF)、血容量(BV)、平均通过时间(MTT)及表面通透性(PS)四个灌注参数,比较同一灌注参数在皮髓质、左右侧及不同性别之间的差异.结果:受检对象除3例腹式呼吸明显,不能完成同层扫描外,其余106例均得到理想图像及数据,肾皮质与髓质BF值、BV值及PS值灌注参数值存在显著性差异(P值均＜0.01),但肾皮质与髓质MTT值无显著性差异(P＞0.05).左右侧皮质间及髓质间灌注参数无统计学差异(P＞0.05).男女皮质间及髓质间灌注参数无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:多层螺旋CT(MSCT)灌注成像在显示肾脏形态的同时,还可定量测量皮髓质的血流灌注情况,间接反映肾脏生理特征.     

兔肾积水模型的建立及SPECT和CT灌注成像

目的探索建立肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻所致肾积水的动物模型的可行性;探讨CT灌注成像对积水肾脏肾功能的评估价值。方法10周龄雄性新西兰兔50只随机分组,假手术组20只,分离左侧输尿管后直接关腹。模型组30只,选用腰大肌包埋输尿管造成左侧肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻。术前两组进行单光子发射计算机体层成像（SPECT）比较左肾功能,检验无差异后在术后3月分别行左肾SPECT、CT灌注,以病理检查为佐证,观察两组参数变化,进行CT灌注各项参数和GFR的统计学相关性分析。结果模型组建模成功达70%,呈慢性肾积水病理表现,左肾皮髓质CT灌注参数BF、BV、PS均下降,与相应GFR呈高度正相关。结论腰大肌包埋输尿管的模型制作方法具有可行性。CT灌注参数可作为肾功能状态的评定指标,具有一定的临床指导意义。     

肾脏肿瘤患者CT灌注参数与肾功能生化检测指标的相关性研究

目的:探讨肾脏肿瘤患者CT灌注参数与肾功能生化检测指标的相关性。方法:选取河北省第六人民医院2013年3月至2018年1月期间收治的35例肾脏肿瘤患者作为观察组,另选取同期来我院体检的35例健康者作为对照组,均对两组受试者实施CT灌注成像,获取等效血容量(Equiv BV)、表面渗透性(Ps)、血流量(BF)等CT灌注参数,并检测两组受试者血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)等肾功能生化指标,对比两组受试者上述指标检测结果,采用Pearson相关分析CT灌注参数与肾功能生化指标的相关性。结果:与对照组相比,观察组CT灌注参数Equiv BV、Ps、BF均降低,肾功能生化指标BUN、Scr、TC、TG水平均升高,有统计学差异(P0.05)。Pearson相关分析结果显示,CT灌注参数Equiv BV、Ps、BF与肾功能生化指标TC、BUN均呈负相关(P0.05),与Scr、TG无相关性(P0.05)。结论:肾脏肿瘤患者的CT灌注参数Equiv BV、Ps、BF均较低,BUN、Scr、TC、TG水平均较高,且CT灌注参数与BUN、TC水平呈负相关性,可作为评估肾脏肿瘤患者肾功能的辅助方法。     

MSCT评价兔VX_2乳腺种植瘤抗血管生成治疗的研究

探讨多层螺旋CT(multi-slice spiral computed tomography,MSCT)灌注成像与肿瘤血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)表达的相关性以评估兔VX2乳腺种植瘤抗血管生成治疗的疗效。将69只乳腺VX2瘤兔于肿瘤生长2周后随机分为对照组(生理盐水)、恩度组(Endostar)、CEF组[环磷酰胺(Cyclophosphamide C)、表阿霉素(Epirubicin E)和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fluorouracil F)]、联合治疗组(Endostar和CEF)。治疗2周后对瘤兔进行MSCT灌注扫描,获得血流量(blood fl ow,BF)、血容量(blood volume,BV)、平均通过时间(mean transit time,MTT)及表面通透性(permeability surface,PS)等灌注参数均值;随后取瘤组织进行免疫组化及Western blot检测VEGF蛋白表达情况。结果显示,对照组、CEF组、恩度组、联合治疗组BF、BV和PS均与VEGF表达结果呈正相关(R对照组=0.896、0.680、0.765,RCEF组=0.877、0.876、0.852,R恩度组=0.804、0.924、0.888,R联合治疗组=0.780、0.735、0.744;P0.05),MTT均与VEGF表达结果呈负相关(R对照组=–0.591,RCEF组=–0.678,R恩度组=–0.793,R联合治疗组=–0.687;P0.05)。MSCT灌注参数与VEGF蛋白表达具有相关性,MSCT灌注参数可以反映肿瘤治疗后免疫组化与分子水平VEGF表达的变化,MSCT可以在体无创评价兔VX2乳腺种植瘤抗血管生成治疗的疗效。     

正常肾脏的磁共振扩散峰度成像研究

目的:验证肾脏扩散峰度成像(DKI)的可行性,并明确年龄因素对肾脏水分子扩散特性是否存在影响。方法:用3.0T磁共振扫描仪对年龄范围在20-60岁之间的41名健康志愿者进行磁共振DKI扫描。按年龄因素分四组(20-29岁)、(30-39岁)、(40-49岁)、(50-59岁),行t-test及方差分析及比较不同年龄因素对肾皮质和髓质的分数各向异性(FA)值、平均扩散(MD)值、峰度各向异性(FAK)值、平均峰度(MK)值的影响并进行统计学分析。结果:正常肾皮质的FA值、FAK值、MK值(0.327±0.047,0.325±0.088,0.688±0.087)显著低于髓质(0.389±0.062,0.396±0.091,0.802±0.124);而正常肾皮质MD值(1.633±0.157)显著高于髓质(1.588±0.162)。不同年龄段之间的FA、MD、FAK、MK值均无统计学差异(P0.05);左、右肾之间的比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:正常肾脏DKI良好的揭示了肾皮质与髓质的水分子扩散特性;年龄因素对肾脏水分子扩散特性没有影响。     

MSCT评价兔VX2乳腺种植瘤抗血管生成治疗的研究

探讨多层螺旋CT（multi—slice spiral computed tomography,MSCT）灌注成像与肿瘤血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF）表达的相关性以评估兔VX2乳腺种植瘤抗血管生成治疗的疗效。将69R乳腺VX：瘤兔于肿瘤生长2周后随机分为对照组（生理盐水1、恩度组（Endostar）、cEF组[环磷酰胺（Cyclophosphamide C）、表阿霉素（EpirubicinE）和5-氟尿嘧啶（5．FluorouracilF）]、联合治疗CR（Endostar和CEF）。治疗2周后对瘤兔进行MSCT灌注扫描,获得血流量（bloodflow,BF）、血容量（bloodvolume,BV）、平均通过时间（meantransittime,MTT）及表面通透性（permeabilitysurface,PS）等灌注参数均值：随后取瘤组织进行免疫组化及Westernblot检测 VEGF蛋白表达情况。结果显示,对照组、CEF组、恩度组、联合治疗组BF、BV和Ps均与VEGF表达结果呈正相关（R对照组=0．896、0．680、0．765,RCEF组=0．877、0．876、0．852,R恩度组=0．804、0．924、0．888,R联合治疗组=0．780、0．735、0．744;P〈0．05）,MTT均与VEGF表达结果呈负相关（R对照组＝-0．591,RCEF组=0．678,R恩度组=0．793,R联合治疗组=-0．687;P〈0．05）。MSCT灌注参数与VEGF蛋白表达具有相关性,MSCT灌注参数可以反映肿瘤治疗后免疫组化与分子水平VEGF表达的变化,MSCT可以在体无创评价兔VX2乳腺种植瘤抗血管生成治疗的疗效。     

正常大鼠脑血流动力学的CT灌注成像研究

目的:采用多层螺旋CT灌注成像探讨正常大鼠脑血流动力学特征.方法:对15只健康Wistar大鼠进行CT灌注扫描,定量测定全脑不同区域的血流动力学参数,分析正常Wistar大鼠脑血流动力学特征.结果:正常Wistar大鼠脑部不同区域的血流动力学参数存在较大差异(P＜0.05或0.01),Wistar大鼠的CBF和CBV值以小脑最高,其次是基底节区和延髓,大脑皮质的CBF和CBV值较低:而MTT值在Wistar大鼠脑部各区域比较接近,均值比较无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:多层螺旋CT可用于定量评价Wistar大鼠脑组织的血液动力学特征,完全适用于小型动物模型脑部血流动力学的研究.     

两种碘浓度对比剂对肾脏CT增强扫描的对比研究

目的：对比300 mgI.ml-1对比剂与400 mgI.ml-1对比剂对肾脏多层面CT（multislice CT,MSCT）多期增强扫描的强化作用及不良反应。材料与方法：68例腹部CT受检者随机分成两组各34例,分别给予肾脏平扫和典比乐300（300 mgI.ml-1）与碘迈伦400（400 mgI.ml-1）的多期增强MSCT扫描（在对比剂开始注射后18s、30 s、80 s、3 min~5 min）,测量各期增强扫描腹主动脉、双肾动脉、双肾静脉、双肾皮质、双肾髓质、双肾盂的CT强化值。观察对比剂的不良反应。结果：使用400 mgI.ml-1对比剂在18s与30s采集,所检测的血管与肾各结构强化均值有意义高于300 mgI.ml-1对比剂（p〈0.01）,80 s采集,肾动脉、肾静脉、肾髓质强化均值有意义高于300 mgI.ml-1对比剂（p〈0.01）,3 min~5 min采集,肾静脉与肾盂强化均值有意义高于300 mgI.ml-1对比剂（p〈0.01）。结论：高碘浓度对比剂对肾脏各解剖结构的显示优于标准碘浓度对比剂,并可降低对比剂用量,而不良反应并无增加。     

多层螺旋CT动态增强扫描对不同类型小肾癌的诊断价值研究

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT动态增强扫描对不同类型小肾癌的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析2013年4月至2016年4月间我院收治的经病理证实的小肾癌患者62例的CT平扫及三期动态增强扫描征象进行分析与比较。结果:肾透明细胞癌患者、肾乳头状细胞癌患者及肾嫌色细胞癌患者一般资料无统计学差异(P0.05)。62例患者共检出低密度14例,等密度38例以及高密度10例。透明细胞癌以等密度居多(60.00%),乳头状细胞癌以等密度居多(70.43%),嫌色细胞癌以低密度居多(66.67%)。不同类型小肾癌患者CT平扫结果之间差异显著(P0.05)。透明细胞癌以明显强化居多(77.14%),乳头状细胞癌以轻度强化居多(90.48%),嫌色细胞癌以中等强化居多(66.67%),不同类型间强化程度比较有统计学差异(P0.05)。不同类型间强化模式以均匀强化及典型强化居多,三组差异不显著(P0.05)。透明细胞癌三期CT值均显著高于乳头状细胞癌及嫌色细胞癌,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而乳头状细胞癌及嫌色细胞癌各期差异不显著(P0.05)。三种类型小肾癌实质期CT值均显著高于其他两期,三期比较差异显著(P0.05)。结论:多层螺旋CT动态增强扫描对于不同类型小肾癌的鉴别诊断具有积极的意义。     

正常大鼠脑CT灌注成像的可重复性研究

目的:评价多层螺旋CT灌注成像对正常大鼠脑血流动力学观测结果的可重复性.方法:分别对10只健康Wistar大鼠间隔2d进行CT灌注扫描,两组原始灌注数据由2名放射科医师分别进行5次后处理得出CBF、CBV和MTT值.分析观察者内和观察者间观测结果的可重复性,以及对同一组研究对象间隔2d两次检查结果的一致性.结果:多层螺旋CT对Wistar大鼠脑所采集的灌注原始数据在观察者内和观察者间观测结果均无统计学差别(P＞0.05),并具有很好的线性(CBF和CBV值)或等级(MTT值)正相关(P＜0.01).对同一组研究对象间隔2d的两次CT灌注成像结果也存在同样好的重复性.结论:多层螺旋CT灌注成像对于Wistar大鼠脑部血流动力学观测具有很高的精密度和准确性,完全适于小型动物模型脑部血流动力学的研究.     

Study of 320-Slice Dynamic Volume CT Perfusion in Different Pathologic Types of Kidney Tumor: Preliminary Results

Objective

To investigate microcirculatory differences between pathologic types of kidney tumor using 320-slice dynamic volume CT perfusion.

Methods

Perfusion imaging with 320-slice dynamic volume CT was prospectively performed in 85 patients with pathologically proven clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (n = 66), papillary RCC (n = 7), chromophobe RCC (n = 5), angiomyolipoma (AML) with minimal fat (n = 7), or RCC (n = 78). Equivalent blood volume (Equiv BV), permeability surface-area product (PS; clearance/unit volume = permeability), and blood flow (BF) of tumor and normal renal cortex were measured and analyzed. Effective radiation dose was calculated.

Results

There was a significant difference in all three parameters between tumor and normal renal cortex (P<0.001). Equiv BV was significantly different between RCC and AML with minimal fat (P = 0.038) and between clear cell RCC and AML with minimal fat (P<0.001). Mean Equiv BV and BF were significantly higher in clear cell RCC than in papillary RCC (P<0.001 for both) and mean Equiv BV was higher in clear cell RCC than in chromophobe RCC (P<0.001). The effective radiation dose of the CT perfusion protocol was 18.5 mSv.

Conclusion

Perfusion imaging using 320-slice dynamic volume CT can be used to evaluate hemodynamic features of the whole kidney and kidney tumors, which may be useful in the differential diagnosis of these four pathologic types of kidney tumor.     

Assessment of Renal Function in Patients with Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction Using Whole-Organ Perfusion Imaging with 320-Detector Row Computed Tomography

Background

Obstructed nephropathy is a common complication of several disease processes. Accurate evaluation of the functional status of the obstructed kidney is important to achieve a good outcome. The purpose of this study was to investigate renal cortical and medullary perfusion changes associated with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) using whole-organ perfusion imaging with 320-detector row computed tomography (CT).

Methodology/Principle Findings

Sixty-four patients with UUO underwent whole-organ CT perfusion imaging. Patients were divided into 3 groups, mild, moderate, and severe, based on hydronephrosis severity. Twenty sex- and age-matched patients without renal disease, who referred to abdominal CT, were chosen as control subjects. Mean cortical and medullary perfusion parameters of obstructed and contralateral kidneys were compared, and mean perfusion ratios between obstructed and contralateral kidneys were calculated and compared. Mean cortical or medullary blood flow (BF) and blood volume (BV) of the obstructed kidneys in the moderate UUO and BF, BV, and clearance (CL) in the severe UUO were significantly lower than those of the contralateral kidneys (p < 0.05). The mean cortical or medullary BF of the obstructed kidney in the moderate UUO, and BF, BV, and CL in the severe UUO were significantly lower than those of the kidneys in control subjects (p < 0.05). Mean cortical or medullary BF of the non-obstructed kidneys in the severe UUO were statistically greater than that of normal kidneys in control subjects (p < 0.05). An inverse correlation was observed between cortical and medullary perfusion ratios and grades of hydronephosis (p < 0.01).

Conclusions/Significance

Perfusion measurements of the whole kidney can be obtained with 320-detector row CT, and estimated perfusion ratios have potential for quantitatively evaluating UUO renal injury grades.     

Correlation between CT Perfusion Parameters and Microvessel Density and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Adrenal Tumors

We evaluated the correlation between computed tomography (CT) perfusion parameters and markers of angiogenesis in adrenal adenomas and non-adenomas to determine if perfusion CT can be used to distinguish between them. Thirty-four patients with pathologically-confirmed adrenal tumors (17 adenomas, 17 non-adenomas) received CT perfusion imaging before surgery. CT perfusion parameters (blood flow [BF], blood volume [BV], mean transit time [MTT], and permeability surface area product [PS]) were calculated. Tumor tissue sections were examined with immunohistochemical methods for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and microvessel density (MVD). The mean age of the 34 patients was 43 years. The median BV was significantly higher in adenomas than in non-adenomas [12.3 ml/100 g, inter-quartile range (IQR): 10.4 to 16.5 ml/100 g vs. 8.8 ml/100 g, IQR: 3.3 to 9.4 ml/100 g, p = 0.001]. Differences in BF, MTT, and PS parameter values between adenomas and non-adenomas were not significant (p>0.05). The mean MVD was significantly higher in adenomas compared to non-adenomas (98.5±28.5 vs. 53.5±27.0, p<0.0001). Adenomas also expressed significantly higher median VEGF than non-adenomas (65%, IQR: 50 to 79% vs. 45%, IQR: 35 to 67%, p = 0.02). A moderately strong correlation between BF and VEGF (r = 0.53, p = 0.03) and between BV and MVD among adenomas (r = 0.57, p = 0.02) exist. Morphology, MVD, and VEGF expression in adenomas differ significantly from non-adenomas. Of the CT perfusion parameters examined, both BF and BV correlate with MVD, but only BF correlates with VEGF, and only in adenomas. The significant difference in BV suggests that BV may be used to differentiate adenomas from non-adenomas. However, the small difference in BV shows that it may only be possible to use BV to identify adenomas vs. non-adenomas at extreme BV values.     

Arterial spin labeling blood flow magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of renal injury

A multitude of evidence suggests that iodinated contrast material causes nephrotoxicity; however, there have been no previous studies that use arterial spin labeling (ASL) blood flow functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the alterations in effective renal plasma flow between normointensive and hypertensive rats following injection of contrast media. We hypothesized that FAIR-SSFSE arterial spin labeling MRI may enable noninvasive and quantitative assessment of regional renal blood flow abnormalities and correlate with disease severity as assessed by histological methods. Renal blood flow (RBF) values of the cortex and medulla of rat kidneys were obtained from ASL images postprocessed at ADW4.3 workstation 0.3, 24, 48, and 72 h before and after injection of iodinated contrast media (6 ml/kg). The H&E method for morphometric measurements was used to confirm the MRI findings. The RBF values of the outer medulla were lower than those of the cortex and the inner medulla as reported previously. Iodinated contrast media treatment resulted in decreases in RBF in the outer medulla and cortex in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), but only in the outer medulla in normotensive rats. The iodinated contrast agent significantly decreased the RBF value in the outer medulla and the cortex in SHR compared with normotensive rats after injection of the iodinated contrast media. Histological observations of kidney morphology were also consistent with ASL perfusion changes. These results demonstrate that the RBF value can reflect changes of renal perfusion in the cortex and medulla. ASL-MRI is a feasible and accurate method for evaluating nephrotoxic drugs-induced kidney damage.     

基于CT血管成像的血流储备分数对肺癌的诊断价值

目的:探讨基于CT血管成像的血流储备分数对肺癌淋巴结转移的诊断价值。方法:2018年1月到11月选择在本院进行诊治的肺癌患者60例,所有患者都给予常规CT检查与CT血管成像,记录成像特征与相关血流储备分数-血流量(blood flow,BF)、血容量(blood volume,BV)、平均通过时间(mean transit time,MTT),判断诊断价值。结果:在60例患者中,病理确诊为淋巴结转移20例,非淋巴结转移40例。转移组的毛刺征、分叶征、棘突征、空泡征等CT征象发生率显著高于非转移组(P0.05)。转移组的肺动脉BF、BV值显著低于非转移组(P0.05),MTT值显著高于非转移组(P0.05)。在60例患者中,Spearman相关分析显示淋巴结转移与MTT成显著正相关性(P0.05),与BF、BV值成显著负相关性(P0.05)。结论:CT血管成像在肺癌中的应用能反映患者的血流储备分数状况,有利于判断患者的淋巴结转移情况,有很好的应用价值。     

Correlations Between CT Perfusion Parameters and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression and Microvessel Density in Implanted VX2 Lung Tumors

To evaluate the correlation between CT perfusion parameters and tumor angiogenesis, expression of VEGF is implanted in VX2 lung tumor. VX2 tumor cells were injected in 15 healthy New Zealand rabbits. After 20 days, tumors with diameter over 7 mm were scanned with 16 row spiral CT. Using Software Perfusion 3, blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV), permeability surface area product (PS), and the maximum attenuation value (MAV) were obtained. After CT examination, rabbit was sacrificed, and slices from tumor tissue were prepared and checked with immunohistochemical staining with anti-CD34 and anti-VEGF monoclonal antibodies. Correlation of CT perfusion parameters with MVD and VEGF expression was determined by using Pearson correlation analysis. Blood supply of tumor and regions around tumor was higher than that of normal lung tissue. PS value increased sharply in tumor tissue. PS value in regions around tumor was also higher than that of normal lung tissue but lower than that of tumor tissue. Significant positive correlation was observed between CT perfusion parameters (BF, BV, PS, and MAV) and expression of VEGF and MVD in tumor tissue. CT perfusion parameters provide reliable information of the microcirculation in tumor tissue; therefore, it can be used as indexes to characterize angiogenesis of tumor.