福建省近岸海域环境因子分布特征及富营养化评价

本研究于2019年春、夏、秋季对福建省闽西南近岸海域海水营养盐和叶绿素a等环境因子进行调查采样,分析其时空分布特征,同时应用有机污染指数法和富营养化指数法2种评价方法对该海域海水富营养化水平进行评价对比,采用主成分分析法探讨环境因子对该海域富营养化状态的影响.结果显示,有机污染指数和富营养化指数的时空分布特征基本一致,季节上表现为春季>秋季>夏季;空间上呈各河入海口向远岸海域逐渐降低的趋势,内湾附近海域污染最严重;调查海域海水富营养化的主要影响因子是总氮和无机氮,且与盐度、pH和溶解氧呈显著的负相关,说明陆源径流对该海域海水的富营养化水平起着重要的调控作用.     

荣成湾水产种质资源保护区生态环境质量综合评价

2015—2018年每年8月,对荣成湾国家级水产种质资源保护区表层海水中重金属、营养盐等环境因子连续监测调查,运用单因子指数法、综合质量指数法、有机污染指数法、富营养化指数法从不同方面分析了保护区的水质情况。结果表明,荣成湾保护区主要污染物质为Cd、Pb,水质总体符合二类海水水质标准;综合质量指数范围为0.202～0.615,评价等级为尚清洁状态;有机污染指数和富营养化指数变化范围分别为-0.853～1.133,0.002 28～0.376,保护区未受到有机污染并处于贫营养状态;保护区DIN含量低于山东省近岸海域的平均值,57%的调查站位存在DIP限制,营养盐含量匮乏。     

盐城近岸海域水质分布特征及富营养化研究

文章于2018年春、夏、秋季对盐城近岸海域海水营养盐和化学需氧量等环境因子进行调查采样,并分析其时空分布特征;应用有机污染指数法和富营养化指数法2种评价方法,对该海域的海水富营养化水平进行评价。结果显示,研究海域环境因子季节变化显著,有机污染指数和富营养化指数的时空分布特征基本一致,指数由高到低的季节依次为春季、秋季、夏季,空间上呈各河入海口向远岸海域逐渐降低的趋势;聚类分析将江苏近岸海域分为废黄河三角洲区域和辐射沙洲区域2个大类;盐城入海河流输入对污染物的分布有强烈影响,同时水动力情况影响环境因子分布;陆源污染和淡水输入是引起海水环境因子变化的关键因素。     

夏季北戴河赤潮监控区海水水质状况评价与趋势分析

文章根据2008—2012年夏季北戴河赤潮监控区海水调查结果,应用单因子法、有机污染指数法和富营养化指数法,对该海域海水的质量状况进行了评价与分析,采用秩相关系数法对该海域5年的水质状况进行趋势分析。结果表明,北戴河近岸海域主要污染物含量均存在不同程度的超标,其中无机氮污染程度明显加重;该海域水质由良好和较好转变为开始受到有机污染,有机污染程度整体呈加重趋势;该海域富营养化水平由贫营养升至高富营养,富营养化水平呈逐年显著上升趋势,上升幅度逐渐加大。     

岚山港海洋临时倾倒区水质评价及变化趋势分析

根据2009年9月岚山港海洋临时倾倒区海域水质监测数据,采用单因子质量指数法对该倾倒区的水质进行了评价;采用多项水质参数综合评价法、营养状态质量指数法及有机污染指数法对该倾倒区2000-2009年水质状况的变化趋势进行了分析.结果表明:2009年9月影响该海域表、底层水质的主要因素为无机氮、铜、铅和锌;海水水质综合评价指数Q表明2000年至2009年该倾倒区海水水质优劣顺序为:2000年＞2006年＞2004年＞2009年＞2008年,2000年至2009年该倾倒区海水营养状态质量指数NQI、有机污染指数A呈上升趋势,但海水水质为贫营养水平,无富营养化现象,水体质量状况良好.     

渤海湾天津近岸海域水质特征及评价

根据2004-2012年对渤海湾生态监控区进行的水质监测得到的数据,对该海域的无机氮(DIN)、磷酸盐(P0_4-P)以及N/P值的水季变化特征展开了分析。结果表明,渤海湾近岸海水中DIN、PO_4-P年均浓度整体呈上升趋势,超过国家一类海水水质标准,DIN、PO_4-P已成为影响近岸海域水质的主要污染物。运用有机污染评价指数法、潜在性富营养化评价法、营养指数法分别对渤海湾近岸海域营养状况进行评价得出的富营养化评价结果基本相同,均表明渤海湾天津近岸海域正处于富营养化状态。     

2014年山东近岸海域海水氮磷营养盐含量特征及富营养化评价

本文依据2014年山东近岸海域海水春夏秋三个航次的营养盐监测数据,采用单因子指数、富营养化指数和潜在性富营养化评价等3种方法分析和评价了山东近岸海域的海水营养盐含量特征和富营养化时空变化特征。结果表明,调查海域的DIN和PO_4-P含量劣于第四类海水水质标准的站次比例分别为7.1%和0.5%,各营养盐空间分布离散程度较大,总体趋势为山东北部海域的含量高于南部。NO_3-N是DIN的主要存在形式,春夏秋三个季节DIN、PO_4-P和SiO_3-Si的含量变化基本呈春季至夏季降低、而后秋季再升高的趋势。调查海域呈富营养化(E≥1)的站次占总监测站次的14%,83.3%的站次的N/P30,氮磷营养盐结构失衡,磷限制为山东近岸海域营养盐结构的主要特征。应加强富营养化海域监测,特别关注营养盐严重失衡区域。     

夏季三亚湾近岸海域海水水质状况分析与评价

根据2004—2008年三亚湾近岸海域的水质监测结果,采用水质单因子质量指数评价法、有机污染指数法和富营养化水平法对三亚湾近岸海域水质污染状况进行分析评价,并采用秩相关系数法对该海域近5a水质状况进行趋势分析。结果表明:三亚湾近岸海域主要污染物浓度较低,单因子指数值较小;该海域近5a有机污染指数值较小,水质良好;该海域近5a中均处于贫营养化水平,富营养化程度较低;趋势分析显示该海域水质呈逐年上升趋势,但不显著。     

定海西蟹峙海洋倾倒区周边海域环境质量综合评价

文章根据2012年9月定海西蟹峙海洋倾倒区及周边海域的水质监测结果,采用水质单因子指数评价法、有机污染指数法和富营养化指数法对水质污染状况进行分析评价,并对其潜在性富营养化进行了评价。结果表明:西蟹峙海洋倾倒区及周边海域水质重金属、化学需氧量、溶解氧含量符合《海水水质标准》第二类,无机氮和活性磷酸盐含量超标严重;该海域水质有机污染指数值较大,水质污染严重;该海域处于富营养化水平,富营养化较严重;潜在性富营养化评价结果为磷中等限制潜在性营养。     

滦河口-北戴河海域水环境质量状况评价

为加强对重点海域水环境质量的掌握以及保护海洋生态环境,文章基于24个站位的监测结果,综合单因子污染指数法、富营养指数法和有机污染评价指数法的评价方法,评价2015-2019年滦河口-北戴河海域水环境质量状况。研究结果表明：研究区域整体水质较好;无机氮、活性磷酸盐和化学需氧量存在不同程度的超标现象,但大部分站位符合第一类海水水质标准;2015年和2018年位于河口的站位处于富营养状态,其他年份和站位均处于贫营养状态;除近岸和河口的个别站位外,海水未受到有机污染,水质处于较好或良好状态,且有继续向好发展的趋势。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.