Marco Polo Did Come to China─A Reply to Did Marco Polo Go to China?

Thepublicationin1995ofDidMarcoPoloGotoChina?byDr.FrancesWood(herChinesenameisWuFangsi)fromtheBritishLibrary,attractedtheattentionofbothChineseandoverseasscholars.EvenbeforeFrancesWood,afewscholarshadraiseddoubtsaboutwhetherornotMarcoPoloevercametoChina,butthisqucstionwasdiscussedonlyinshortarticlesormentionedinpassing.Dr.Woodhasnowapproachedthisprobleminawholemonograph,inwhichshecites97works,includingpapersinMakeBOluojieShaoyUpenjiu(IntroductiontoandStudiesonMarcoPolo)editedbytheCh…     

How to read efficiently

At present, the university graduates have mountains of books to read. For this phenomenon, this paper first indicates why the students must read extensively and then tentatively suggests three measures establish new concept in reading, practise reading pragmatically, review and exchange.     

China Social Science Digest to Change from Bimonthly to Monthly from 2008

To meet the requirements of the rapid development of the social sciences in China, reflect the latest research results in this field and provide more and better academic articles, the China Social Science Digest will change from bimonthly to monthly publication from 2008, with 160 pages per issue. We hope that in this new incarnation we will continue to gain the support and assistance of our readers in academia and the publishing world and all those who engage in or follow the social sciences.     

China Social Science Digest to Change from Bimonthly to Monthly from 2008

To meet the requirements of the rapid development of the social sciences in China, reflect the latestresearch results in this field and provide more and better academic articles, the China Social Science Digestwill change from bimonthly to monthly publication from 2008, with 160 pages per issue. We hope that in thisnew incarnation we will continue to gain the support and assistance of our readers in academia and thepublishing world and all those who engage in or follow the social sciences.     

Willingness to Pay for Health Protection: Inadequate Sensitivity to Probability?

Efficient investments in health protection require valid estimates of the public's willingness to forgo consumption for diminished probabilities of death, injury, and disease. Stated valuations of risk reduction are not valid measures of economic preference if the valuations are insensitive to probability variation. This article reviews the existing literature on CV studies of reductions in health risk and finds that most studies are poorly designed to assess the sensitivity of stated valuations to changes in risk magnitude. Replication of a recent study published in this journal by Johannesson et al. (1997) demonstrates how serious the problem of insensitivity can be, even for a study that reports plausible results. New empirical results are presented from telephone surveys designed to provide internal and external tests of how WTP responds to size of risk reduction. The effect of variations in instrument design on estimated sensitivity to magnitude is examined. Overall, estimated WTP for risk reduction is inadequately sensitive to the difference in probability, that is, the magnitude of the difference in WTP for different reductions in risk is typically smaller than suggested by standard economic theory. Additional research to improve methods for communicating changes in risk is needed, and future studies of stated WTP to reduce risk should include rigorous validity checks.     

Who Is to Blame?

We present the results of a content analysis of communications related to the act of terrorism at Domodedovo airport. They show that mass media plays a significant role as a source of factual, undigested information. The theoretical value of the results is that they show a significant number of cases where an actor is accused with no reference to his actions or nonactions. The range of types of complicity in terrorist activity was substantial.     

从“Yes to Peace—No to Violence”一文看英语平行结构

英语平行结构是一种十分常见而又极富表现力的修辞手法,其形式有句法上的平行和语义上的平行,使用得当可以使文字流畅、语气贯通、音调和谐,句子铿锵有力,可以使话语更具感染力和说服力,因而常被运用于各式各样的文本,尤其是演讲中。以色列总理伊扎克?拉宾的最后一次演讲中就运用了大量的平行结构。因此,本文将以其演讲中使用的平行结构为主,说明平行结构的形式及其修辞作用。     

Attitude to Dialogue in Chinese Philosophy

本文从对一般哲学对话的形式与作用的概述入手,讨论中国哲学在当前中西马哲学对话中应当采取的办式。文章认为,传统的哲学“对话”,既包括日常生活中苏格拉底式的辩论及孔子式的劝喻,也体现为比较哲学的研究工作,还可以进入共同思想论题的学术辩论。由此而拓展对哲学对话的理解。作者提出“中国哲学史”研究与“中国哲学”创作的区别,并以经典解释的传统与作为生活方式的思想经验为题,探讨通过经典研究吸取中国哲学创作资源的可能性,强调以创作而非辩论的方式来展示中国哲学反思精神生活的能力,是作为对话者的中国哲学参与这场哲学对话较可取的姿态。     

Care Leavers in Israel: What Contributes to Better Adjustment to Life After Care?

ABSTRACT

The present study examines the adjustment of youth leaving residential treatment in Israel in three core areas: military service, accommodation, and financial status. A sample of 277 adolescents (aged 17–18 years old) in educational and welfare residential placements were interviewed a few months before leaving care, and 236 of them were interviewed 1 year after. It was hypothesized that optimism, higher perceived sense of readiness to leave care, and higher social support of family, friends, and staff are associated with better outcomes in adjustment to military service, accommodations, and economic status. Findings show that 70% of care leavers were drafted to the (compulsory) military service, a sign of good adjustment in Israel. Yet, they have significant difficulties in the areas of accommodations and financial status. Optimism and perceived readiness for independent living while still in care were positively correlated with adjustment to the military service. Mother's support was positively correlated with care leavers’ economic status and stability in accommodations. These findings highlight the importance of designing programs that include specific attention to needs and challenges while youth are in care and immediately after they leave. Follow-up and longitudinal studies are suggested.     

An Introduction to Chinese Apotropaic Culture

TaoSiyanb.1947,DoctorofArts,ViceProfessor,Director,InstituteofOrientalCulture,SoutheasternUniversity.AddresstNanjing210018,China.AtaIisman,whichexpressesanabstractconceptbymeansofaconcreteobject,helpsustodealwiththepsychologicalpressurebroughtaboutbyactua…     

Racing to Theory or Retheorizing Race? Understanding the Struggle to Build a Multiracial Identity Theory

Empirical research on the growing multiracial population in the United States has focused largely on the documentation of racial identification, analysis of psychological adjustment, and understanding the broader political consequences of mixed-race identification. Efforts toward theory construction on multiracial identity development, however, have been largely disconnected from empirical data, mired in disciplinary debates, and bound by historically specific assumptions about race and racial group membership. This study provides a critical overview of multiracial identity development theories, examines the links between theory and research, explores the challenges to multiracial identity theory construction, and proposes considerations for future directions in theorizing racial identity development among the mixed-race population.     

Chinese Courts of Law Adapting to WTO

在中国,对ＷＴＯ规则的适用问题,应当依据该规则的性质、内容,依照相关的法律由拥有独立审判权的法院来处理。法院是否适用ＷＴＯ 规则在一定程度上决定着该规则在国内的生命力。根据中国的相关法律规定,最高人民法院的司法解释是有权解释,因而它对ＷＴＯ 规则在国内的适用解释也具备法律效力。考虑到ＷＴＯ规则的公法性、复杂性和模糊性,这种司法解释权只能由最高人民法院行使;同时鉴于中国基层法院在国际法方面的专业知识尚比较缺乏,因此涉及ＷＴＯ规则适用的案件应该直接由中级以卜的人民法院审理。     

Why We Need to Embrace People-Centered Policies

中国处在发展模式转型、体制深层次转轨和全方位对外开放的关键时期。在这样一个剧烈变革的时期,不仅过去长期积累的深层次矛盾会显现出来,而且还会出现新的矛盾和不稳定因素,并与原有的矛盾相互交织在一起,这使得经济社会的系统性风险加大,或者说使得经济社会的脆弱性加剧,应对这些挑战需要以人为本的社会政策。以人为本作为科学发展观的核心,其意义在于解放思想,使人们从GDP崇拜中走出来。落实以人为本的科学发展观,则需要一个漫长的过程。     

Legal Protection for Rights to Cultural Heritage

文化遗产权利包括两种形态的权利,一种是物质形态的权利,一种是精神形态的权利。作为物质形态的文化遗产权利,主要是指对以物质形态存在的文化遗产所享有的占有、使用、处分的权益。主要包括对文化遗产的所有权、使用权和经营权。作为精神形态的文化遗产权利,它主要是指对以思想、观点、理论、风俗、习惯等精神形态存在的文化遗产所享有的权利。这种权利主要包括两类,一类是思想自由和表达自由权;另一类是知识产权。文化遗产权利由于具有精神性的特点,因此, 在给予法律保护时必然就会受到比一般权利较多的法律限制。加强对文化遗产权利的法律保护,有利于充分发挥公民个人和全社会在保护文化遗产方面的作用, 同时,也有利于提高文化遗产的保护效率。     

Can we rationally learn to coordinate?

In this paper we examine the issue whether individual rationality considerations are sufficient to guarantee that individuals will learn to coordinate. This question is central in any discussion of whether social phenomena (read: conventions) can be explained in terms of a purely individualistic approach. We argue that the positive answers to this general question that have been obtained in some recent work require assumptions which incorporate some convention. This conclusion may be seen as supporting the viewpoint of institutional individualism in contrast to psychological individualism.     

Sterilization: Whose Right to Choose?

As there is presently no safe, freely available and fully effective mode of contraception, voluntary sterilization remains a matter of importance in this sphere. The legal right to such a choice has slowly evolved and it now seems clear that there is no legal barrier to such a choice by a competent adult. Yet, at a practical level, it seems that hospitals and medical practitioners will not readily accede to a request by an individual for such an operation and usually insist on the consent of the spouse if the person is married. The disparity between the law and existing practice is examined. It is argued that an adult individual should basically have a right to determine what shall be done with his own body, and that the onus is heavily on those who exceptionally seek to justify intervention.