中国季降水量的气候噪声和潜在可预报性估计

利用中国130个测站1961—2004年的日降水量资料,使用低频白噪声延伸法和方差分析法估计了中国季降水量的气候噪声方差和潜在可预报性。结果表明：中国季降水量的气候噪声方差由南向北、由沿海向内陆逐渐减小,且有明显的季节变化,夏季最高,其次是春秋季,冬季最小,而且内陆的季节变化比东南沿海的季节变化显著。季降水量的潜在可预报性有较大的季节和区域差异,但总体来说,全国大部分地区的季降水量是潜在可预报的。以绝对误差小于均方差0.68倍作为预测正确标准,全国大部分地区季降水量的预报正确率上限为50%-60%。     

广西夏季降水量潜在可预报性估计

研究和评价短期气候预测方法必须了解月或季平均量的年际变率有多少是可以被预报出来的。通常认为, 总的年际变率能够被划分为主要来源于大气下边界条件持续性强迫的可预报成分和来源于“天气噪声”的不可预报成分, 这两个成分的方差之比给出潜在预报性的测度。文章用低频白噪声延伸法及日降水量独立和相关假设下的方差分析方法估计了广西夏季降水量潜在可预报的气候信号方差和天气噪声方差。结果表明:全区都存在潜在可预报信号, 在中部和东部气候信号最强, 南部最弱。以绝对误差小于均方差0.68倍作为预报正确的标准, 则预报正确率上限在自治区中部和东部约为72 %, 南部约为59 %, 北部和西部约为62 %。     

大气再分析资料中潜在可预报性的特征及其差异

利用1957年9月—2002年8月ECMWF和NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,分别讨论了冬季和夏季SLP(sea level pressure,海平面气压)、500hPa高度、200hPa纬向风和850hPa经向风年际变率的潜在可预报性特征。结果表明:热带地区的潜在可预报性较高,尤其是赤道中东太平洋地区,而中高纬地区的潜在可预报性则较低。比较两套资料潜在可预报性的异同后发现:南半球的差异均明显大于北半球,特别是南极地区;低层变量的差异均大于中高层变量;东亚大陆在冬、夏季均具有一定的潜在可预报性;冬季各变量均表现出东亚冬季风具有较高的年际变率潜在可预报性,且两套资料的差异较小;500hPa位势高度表现的东亚夏季风潜在可预报性在两套资料中较一致,而低层变量(SLP和850hPa经向风)表现的东亚夏季风年际变率潜在可预报性在两套资料中存在较大差异。     

我国的降水资源及其稳定性与潜在可预报性（Ⅱ）潜在可预报性

本文探讨了年降水量气候噪声估计的方法，并利用我国分布较均匀的１６２个测站１９６０－１９９１年降水资料，讨论了年降水量的潜在可预报性，以便进一步研究月，季降水量的可预报性。结果得出；黄河以南和长江流域的广大地区，特别是四川东部和江淮地区，是我国降水量气候噪声最大的地区；华北，西北以及华南地区降水量的潜在可预报性较大黄河以南和长江流域中下游地区降水量的潜在可预报性较小。     

新疆气温长期变化可预报性的初步研究(一)──气候噪音、潜在可预报性分析

利用新疆50个站的30年逐日气温资料分析了新疆气温的气候噪音、替在可预报性、信噪比的时空分布特征，研究了新疆气温长期变化的预报精度问题。结果表明新疆气温的气候噪音、信噪比、潜在可预报性具有较强的地域性和季节性。     

吉林省夏季降水量潜在可预报性估计

短期气候预测的主要对象是气温和降水的月、季平均量和总量,需要做预报是因为它们有年际变率,但是年际变率究竟有多少是可以被预报出来的呢？通常情况下将总的年际变率划分为主要来源于大气下边界条件持续性外源强迫引起的可预报成分和由于大气内部不稳定性产生的日际天气振荡引起的不可预报成分,前者称气候信号,后者称气候噪声,我们用两个成分的方差之比给出潜在可预报性的测度。本文用低频白噪声延伸法估计了吉林省夏季（6～8月）降水量潜在可预报的气候信号方差和天气噪声方差。结果表明,我省各地均存在潜在可预报性信号。以绝对误差小于均方差0．68倍做为预报正确的标准,我省70%的站预报正确率上限达60％以上。     

季风的模拟和可预报性

季风的模拟和可预报性Ｊ．ＳｈｕｋｌａＭ．Ｆｅｎｎｅｓｓｙ（海洋－陆地－大气研究中心，马里兰州，美国）１前言本文给出了亚洲夏季风的模拟和可预报性的三个结果：亚）在亚洲夏季风环流的建立和印度及邻近区域的降水方面，ＳＳＴ年变程与太阳强迫的年变程同样重要。２...     

青海省月平均气温潜在长期可预报性的估计

讨论了气候信号与气候噪声的相互关系和月平均气温预报正确率的上限问题。用青海省２５个站逐日气温的多年资料，按３种方法估计了气候信号和气候噪声的方差。结果得出，如果以绝对误差小于均方差的０．６８倍作为预报正确的标准，则青海省月平均气温预报正确率的上限约为６６％￣７２％，冬季与夏季差别不大。     

中国月平均温度的气候噪声和潜在可预报性

利用中国74个测站1960～1991年日平均温度研究了中国月平均温度的气候噪声和潜在可预报性。气候噪声是在Yamamoto等人的思想基础上设计的方法估计的,而潜在可预报性则是用月平均温度的年际变化与自然变化（气候噪声）之比表示的。一般情况下中国月平均温度的气候噪声随纬度和高度增加而增加,并随季节变化而变化。来自西伯利亚和蒙古的变性大陆干冷气团对气候噪声有很大的影响,一般而言,海洋对气候噪声起着调节和减弱作用（除了热带海洋在春秋过渡季节外）。月平均温度的潜在可预报性有较大的季节和区域差异。但总的来说中国月平均温度在α＝0．10的统计显著性水平上是潜在可预报的。这些结果表明由于气候噪声和潜在可预报性有季节和区域的差异,所以不能要求用一个气候模式在任何时候对每一地区都得到满意的结果。要对各月的气候进行预报,需根据不同月份至少不同季节建立区域气候模式可能更有发展前景。     

使用ECMWF集合预报数据集估计全球季节平均气候异常的潜在可预报性

利用ECMWF PROVOST项目产生的在给定海表温度强迫下的150(1979～1993)季节集合预报数据集，分析揭示了季节平均气候异常潜在可预报性的全球分布。首先，利用可再现的强迫模态重建集合资料场，在Kolmogorov-Smirnov(K-S)检验的基础上定义潜在可预报性指数PU^k，然后，将重建场的PU^k与重建场贡献于集合平均的方差比结合，提出了定量估计局地潜在可预报性的指数PI。以全球850hPa温度季节平均异常场为例，对PI进行定量计算表明：不仅大部分热带地区，而且热带外一些地区的季节平均气候异常具有潜在可预报性，主要分布在北美、南非和亚洲部分季风区；全球大部分潜在可预报地区主要受ENSO型强迫控制，而部分温带地区如中国华北、中亚、北美南部主要受非ENSO型强迫控制；局地潜在可预报性具有季节性，夏季可预报性较强，冬季较弱。通过与其他几种估计季节潜在可预报性的方法进行比较表明，本文提出的PI方法能更好地把热带外地区受外强迫控制的可预报信号提取出来。     

SMIP2试验对亚洲夏季风的模拟能力及其可预报性的分析

利用参加第二次季节预测模式比较计划（Phase 2 of the Seasonal Prediction Model Intercomparison Project,简称SMIP2）的五个大气环流模式的输出结果,比较了这些模式对亚洲夏季降水的模拟能力,并讨论了大气环流模式在季节尺度上对亚洲夏季风的可预报性。结果表明,各模式能够较好地模拟亚洲夏季降水的大尺度分布特征。除了模拟的东亚夏季降水异常经验正交函数分解第一模态（EOF1）的时间系数与观测之间的相关系数较低之外,多数模式可以大致再现东亚、南亚和西太平洋夏季降水异常EOF1及其对应的时间系数。分析表明,热带地区有很好的可预报性,北半球副热带地区的可预报性尽管也较好,但比热带地区要低,南半球热带以外地区的可预报性较差,陆地上的可预报性比海洋上低。在热带和北半球副热带地区,由海温强迫所产生的较大外部方差对此地高可预报性有很大的贡献。与正常年份相比,模式在强El Ni?o年和强La Ni?a年表现出较高的可预报性,在南亚和印度洋地区大多数模式在El Ni?o年比La Ni?a年产生了更好的可预报性,在中西太平洋区域El Ni?o年可预报性的高值中心较La Ni?a年位置偏西。     

The Potential Predictability of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon in a Dynamical Seasonal Prediction System

The potential predictability of climatological mean circulation and the interannual variation of the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) were investigated using hindcast results from the Institute of Atmospheric Physics Dynamical Seasonal Prediction System (IAP DCP),along with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data from the period of 1980-2000.The large-scale characteristics of the SCSSM monthly and seasonal mean low-level circulation have been well reproduced by IAP DCP,especially for the zonal wind at 850 hPa;furthermore,the hindcast variability also agrees quite well with observations.By introducing the South China Sea summer monsoon index,the potential predictability of IAP DCP for the intensity of the SCSSM has been evaluated.IAP DCP showed skill in predicting the interannual variation of SCSSM intensity.The result is highly encouraging;the correlation between the hindcasted and observed SCSSM Index was 0.58,which passes the 95% significance test.The result for the seasonal mean June-July-August SCSSM Index was better than that for the monthly mean,suggesting that seasonal forecasts are more reliable than monthly forecasts.     

Skillful Seasonal Forecasts of Summer Surface Air Temperature in Western China by Global Seasonal Forecast System Version 5

Variations of surface air temperature(SAT) are key in affecting the hydrological cycle,ecosystems and agriculture in western China in summer.This study assesses the seasonal forecast skill and reliability of SAT in western China,using the Glo Sea5 operational forecast system from the UK Met Office.Useful predictions are demonstrated,with considerable skill over most regions of western China.The temporal correlation coefficients of SAT between model predictions and observations are larger than 0.6,in both northwestern China and the Tibetan Plateau.There are two important sources of skill for these predictions in western China:interannual variation of SST in the western Pacific and the SST trend in the tropical Pacific.The tropical SST change in the recent two decades,with a warming in the western Pacific and cooling in the eastern Pacific,which is reproduced well by the forecast system,provides a large contribution to the skill of SAT in northwestern China.Additionally,the interannual variation of SST in the western Pacific gives rise to the reliable prediction of SAT around the Tibetan Plateau.It modulates convection around the Maritime Continent and further modulates the variation of SAT on the Tibetan Plateau via the surrounding circulation.This process is evident irrespective of detrending both in observations and the model predictions,and acts as a source of skill in predictions for the Tibetan Plateau.The predictability and reliability demonstrated in this study is potentially useful for climate services providing early warning of extreme climate events and could imply useful economic benefits.     

Potential Predictability of Sea Surface Temperature in a Coupled Ocean--Atmosphere GCM

Using the Flexible Global Ocean--Atmosphere--Land System model (FGOALS) version g1.11, a group of seasonal hindcasting experiments were carried out. In order to investigate the potential predictability of sea surface temperature (SST), singular value decomposition (SVD) analyses were applied to extract dominant coupled modes between observed and predicated SST from the hindcasting experiments in this study. The fields discussed are sea surface temperature anomalies over the tropical Pacific basin (20^oS--20^oN, 120^oE--80^oW), respectively starting in four seasons from 1982 to 2005. On the basis of SVD analysis, the simulated pattern was replaced with the corresponding observed pattern to reconstruct SST anomaly fields to improve the ability of the simulation. The predictive skill, anomaly correlation coefficients (ACC), after systematic error correction using the first five modes was regarded as potential predictability. Results showed that: 1) the statistical postprocessing approach was effective for systematic error correction; 2) model error sources mainly arose from mode 2 extracted from the SVD analysis---that is, during the transition phase of ENSO, the model encountered the spring predictability barrier; and 3) potential predictability (upper limits of predictability) could be high over most of the tropical Pacific basin, including the tropical western Pacific and an extra 10-degrees region of the mid and eastern Pacific.     

一个海气耦合模式对东亚夏季气候预测潜力的评估

利用一个具有较高分辨率的海气耦合模式SINTEX-F(Scale Interaction Experiment-Frontier Research Center for Global Change coupled GCM)的多年回报结果,评估了该海气耦合模式对东亚区域,尤其是中国地区气候异常的预测潜力.与观测实况的比较结果表明:SINTEX-F模式对夏季降水、500 hPa高度场和地表气温都有一定的预测技巧,但是相比而言降水与高度场的回报技巧要高于地表气温;而且耦合模式对东亚地区气候异常的主要空间分布和年际变化特征也有较好的预测潜力,对500 hPa高度场效果较好;对降水异常的年际变化也有一定的预测潜力,尤其是我国中部地区效果较好,但是模式预测的降水异常的幅值较观测相对偏弱;此外对我国西部的极端气候也有一定的预测潜力.     

Assessing the Seasonal Predictability of Summer Precipitation over the Huaihe River Basin with Multiple APCC Models

Seasonal rainfall predictability over the Huaihe River basin is evaluated in this paper on the basis of 23-year(1981-2003) retrospective forecasts by 10 climate models from the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC) Climate Center(APCC) multi-model ensemble(MME) prediction system.It is found that the summer rainfall variance in this basin is largely internal,which leads to lower rainfall predictability for most individual climate models.By dividing the 10 models into three categories according to their sea surface temperature(SST) boundary conditions including observed,predicted,and persistent SSTs,the MME deterministic predictive skill of summer rainfall over Huaihe River basin is investigated.It is shown that the MME is effective for increasing the current seasonal forecast skill.Further analysis shows that the MME averaged over predicted SST models has the highest rainfall prediction skill,which is closely related to model’s capability in reproducing the observed dominant modes of the summer rainfall anomalies in Huaihe River basin.This result can be further ascribed to the fact that the predicted SST MME is the most effective model ensemble for capturing the relationship between the summer rainfall anomalies over Huaihe River basin and the SST anomalies(SSTAs) in equatorial oceans.     

Seasonal Forecast of South China Sea Summer Monsoon Onset Disturbed by Cold Tongue La Niña in the Past Decade

It has been suggested that a warm(cold)ENSO event in winter is mostly followed by a late(early)onset of the South China Sea(SCS)summer monsoon(SCSSM)in spring.Our results show this positive relationship,which is mainly determined by their phase correlation,has been broken under recent rapid global warming since 2011,due to the disturbance of cold tongue(CT)La Ni?a events.Different from its canonical counterpart,a CT La Ni?a event is characterized by surface meridional wind divergences in the central-eastern equatorial Pacific,which can delay the SCSSM onset by enhanced convections in the warming Indian Ocean and the western subtropical Pacific.Owing to the increased Indian?western Pacific warming and the prevalent CT La Ni?a events,empirical seasonal forecasting of SCSSM onset based on ENSO may be challenged in the future.     

东亚夏季风时期冷空气活动的位涡分析

通过多时间尺度分析方法, 比较了夏季风时期表征冷空气活动的多种指标, 得到表征夏季风时期冷空气活动的最优指标——位涡。分析表明, 位涡 (potential vorticity, 简称PV) 的低频振荡 (20～80天和40～80天振荡) 在表征冷空气活动中效果最好。利用该指标对东亚夏季风中冷空气的来源和作用进行了研究, 重点分析了梅雨时期中高纬和中高层系统与夏季风系统相互作用的过程和机制。得出几点重要的结论: 中高纬平流层下部和对流层顶的高位涡库以及60°N附近的亚洲大陆东部低层的高位涡库是东亚夏季风系统中冷空气的主要来源。冷空气的侵入路径对不同的雨季表现出不同的特征: 华南前汛期, 有两次冷空气的侵入, 第一次来自东北方向低层, 第二次来自对流层高层的高位涡库; 梅雨期, 爆发时主要来自高层的高位涡库, 中后期鄂霍次克海附近850 hPa的高位涡库是冷空气加强和维持的主要来源; 华北雨季, 冷空气主要来自对流层高层。倾斜等熵面是垂直涡度最易发展的区域, 它也是高层冷空气侵入的路径。特定的位涡分布对应特定的降水类型, 位涡和降水的季节内振荡 (尤其是低频部分) 蕴含了中高纬系统与夏季风系统相互作用的关键信息。