严重事故下反应堆压力容器下封头耦合烧蚀传热分析

核电站严重事故发生后,反应堆压力容器（RPV）固壁在熔池作用下会发生烧蚀、减薄。开展RPV下封头耦合烧蚀传热分析对堆坑注水有效性论证和RPV剩余壁厚确认有重要的理论指导意义。本文以CPR1000反应堆压力容器为研究对象,在FLUENT 17.2平台下,基于动态网格方法和UDF二次开发,构建了综合考虑RPV固壁瞬态烧蚀与导热、RPV内壁热流密度再分布及RPV外壁过冷沸腾的全耦合计算模型,获取了9 000 s内的堆坑两相流场分布和RPV固壁烧蚀温度场,分析确定了最小剩余壁厚和发生位置。结果表明：使用动态网格捕捉壁面烧蚀的方法可行,本文全耦合计算模型在分析RPV固壁瞬态烧蚀过程方面有一定优势。     

基于耦合CFD-FEM方法的严重事故下RPV蠕变失效风险评估

核电站严重事故发生后,反应堆压力容器（RPV）的剩余固壁在高温差、内压、熔池重量等的作用下可能发生蠕变失效。本文以CPR1000 RPV为研究对象,基于FLUENT软件二次开发求解反应堆压力容器下封头烧蚀温度场,然后基于ANSYS Workbench开展耦合CFD-FEM力学分析,求解严重事故下RPV烧蚀温度场稳定后72 h内的等效应力、等效塑性应变和等效蠕变应变,并评估了RPV的蠕变失效风险。结果表明：当堆坑注水等措施投运后,RPV剩余固壁在72 h内不会发生蠕变失效和塑性变形失效,有效卸压可明显提升RPV结构完整性的安全裕度。     

Risk Assessment of Creep Failure for RPV under Severe Accident Condition Based on Coupled CFD-FEM Method

After a reactor core melt accident, creep failure may occur in the residual solid wall of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) under the influence of high temperature difference, internal pressure and the weight of the molten pool. In this work, the CPR1000 RPV was used as a research object. The ablation temperature field of the lower head of RPV was solved through the secondary development of the FLUENT software. And then, a CFD-FEM coupling analysis was carried out based on ANSYS Workbench software. The equivalent stress, the equivalent plastic strain and the equivalent creep strain of the RPV within 72 h under severe accident after the wall ablation and temperature field distribution formed stably were calculated. The risk of creep failure of the RPV was evaluated. The results show that when the reactor pit water injection measure puts into operation, the residual solid wall of the RPV will not experience creep failure and plastic deformation failure within 72 h, and besides, the pressure relief can significantly increase the safety margin of the structural integrity of the RPV.     

IVR-ERVC下压水堆压力容器下封头传热及应力/应变分析

以某1000?MW压水堆为例,利用二维极坐标热模型分析RPV壁面与双层堆芯熔池和外部冷却水堆腔之间的传热,计算下封头壁面瞬态二维温度场分布和烧蚀情况,同时通过有限元分析程序计算下封头壁面的各瞬态温度场和烧蚀引起的热应力/应变情况,分析压水堆RPV下封头在压力容器内熔融物滞留-压力容器外冷却（IVR-ERVC）下的结构完整性。计算结果表明:①芯熔融坍塌后200?s下封头壁面开始熔融,最薄厚度直线下降;3000?s后熔融区沿下封头内壁呈一片柳叶形状分布;②下封头内表面的吸热热流大于外表面的散热热流,在两层熔池界面处内外表面热流密度达到最大值;③RPV下封头热应力在0~400?s时集中于下封头内壁面;在400 s后,下封头内壁面热应力逐渐减小,形变量逐渐增大,下封头完整性可以得到保证;④2000?s以后,RPV下封头烧蚀损伤处内外壁面均产生应力集中,下封头烧蚀处内外壁应力值均大于许用应力,在2000?s后有可能发生断裂,在烧蚀损伤边缘处可能出现破口。      

严重事故IVR下反应堆压力容器耦合传热数值模拟分析

堆芯熔化严重事故下保证反应堆压力容器（RPV）完整性非常重要,高温蠕变失效是堆芯熔化严重事故下反应堆压力容器的主要失效模式。在进行严重事故堆芯熔化物堆内包容（IVR）下RPV结构完整性分析中,RPV内外壁和沿高度方向的温度分布以及剩余壁厚是结构分析的重要输入。本文采用CFD分析方法对RPV堆内熔融物、RPV壁以及外部气液两相流动换热进行热-固-流耦合分析,获得耦合情况下的温度场、流场、各相份额分布以及RPV的剩余壁厚,为RPV在严重事故IVR下的结构完整性分析提供依据。     

Simulation of the small modular reactor severe accident scenario response to SBO using MELCOR code

Advanced small modular reactors (SMRs) use different design in the systems, structures, components from large reactors for achieving a high level of safety and reliability. In present work, the SMRs severe accident caused by the station blackout (SBO) was modeled and analyzed using MELCOR code, and the simulation of the accident scenario response to SBO was conducted. Based on the steady state calculation, which agrees well with designed values, we introduced the SBO accident for transient calculation. First, the case of the SBO accident without the passive core cooling system (PXS) was calculated. The progression and scenario in the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and the containment were simulated and analyzed, including the transient response, cooling capacity and thermal-hydraulic characteristics and so on. The station black-out transient in the SMR can be simulated accurately, and the main failure model in the accident process can be concluded. Then three other cases of the SBO accident with different passive safety systems (core makeup tank (CMT), accumulator (ACC), passive residual heat removal system heat exchanger (PRHR HX), automatic depressurization system (ADS)) of the PXS were calculated respectively, and the results for different passive safety systems were compared. The passive core cooling system can not only provide water to the primary coolant system, but also take away the reactor decay residual heat. So in a station black-out transient, we can get more time for restoring AC power, and effectively prevent the accidents such as Fukushima.     

RPV侧边破口条件下堆外蒸汽爆炸计算分析

针对实际过程中更有可能发生的压力容器（RPV）侧边破口条件开展蒸汽爆炸计算分析。根据经济合作与发展组织（OECD）发布的现象识别与重要度排序表（PIRT）,选取堆外蒸汽爆炸敏感性分析参数,使用MC3D软件建立三维局部破口和二维环状破口几何模型,对影响计算结果的重要参数（破口尺寸、堆坑水位、破口位置、触发条件、液柱碎化和液滴碎化模型）开展RPV侧边破口条件下敏感性分析,获得最恶劣计算工况条件。敏感性分析结果表明,在大破口失水事故（LBLOCA）工况下,当堆坑处于满水位、RPV发生二维侧边环状破口、接触堆坑侧壁面时触发蒸汽爆炸、采用CONST模型和Classical模型时,堆坑侧壁面的压力载荷计算结果最为保守,对堆坑和安全壳完整性威胁最大。      

大功率先进压水堆IVR有效性评价中熔池换热研究

熔融物堆内滞留-压力容器外部冷却（IVR-ERVC）是一种重要的核电厂严重事故缓解措施。当前针对IVR有效性评价的方法主要是基于集总参数模型对下封头熔池换热进行分析。在大功率先进压水堆熔池集总参数法计算中,堆芯重量变大、压力容器尺寸增加会导致熔池自然对流换热中的瑞利数Ra ′增大。通过使用集总参数分析程序,对比研究熔池氧化层各换热模型的适用范围,计算大功率先进压水堆高瑞利数条件下稳态熔池的自然对流换热,模拟两层稳态熔池模型中压力容器外壁面的热流密度分布,对其进行选定严重事故序列下的IVR-ERVC有效性评价,并对堆内构件设计提出建议。     

三维MORN试验能量分配比和安全裕量研究

MORN试验对三维氧化物层的熔池传热进行了试验研究,试验工质为水和硝酸盐。结果表明,不同下冷却边界会影响熔池温度和能量分配比。水冷条件下,熔池壁面热流密度分布差异很大,最大值为最小值的6.5～7.9倍。当熔池上下冷却边界相同时,向上/向下的能量分配比近似为100%。能量分配比不仅取决于上下冷却边界的种类,可能还取决于上下冷却边界是否进行了充分冷却,即能量分配比并不一定总为100%。将MORN-Nitrate的壁面热流密度分布经验关系式运用到AP1000压力容器下封头壁面热流密度计算中,结果表明,AP1000在出现堆芯融毁事故时,下封头不会失效,IVR有效。     

A simple method for estimating the structure temperatures and the cesium revaporization inside the reactor pressure vessel – I: Basic concepts and model descriptions for the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

This paper presents a simple approach for estimating the structure temperatures including the uncovered reactor core inside the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and the release rates of fission products deposited in the RPV to the reactor building (R/B) at a certain time after the occurrence of a severe accident at a nuclear power plant (NPP). First, basic concepts are presented and then, a simplified steady-state heat balance model is proposed for estimating the temperatures of the uncovered reactor core and the upper structure in the RPV as well as the temperature of the RPV wall. In addition, models for estimating the revaporization rate of cesium hydroxide (CsOH) in the RPV and the leak rate of CsOH to the R/B via the drywell are also presented. The proposed approach is anticipated to be applicable to the damaged Units 1–3 of the Fukushima Daiichi NPP.     

成核密度模型对弧形表面CHF的影响

反应堆发生严重事故时,必须及时对反应堆压力容器（RPV）下封头进行外部冷却以降低下封头损毁可能性,事故期间下封头具有很高的热流分布,在实施外部冷却时可能出现由于过冷沸腾导致的气泡聚集而产生换热恶化从而烧毁。本研究利用ANSYS Fluent软件进行RPV外部冷却的临界热流密度（CHF）数值计算,并通过实验对比发现Basu Warrier和Dhir研究的成核密度模型可以很好地应用于球形表面CHF计算。通过对比球形和椭球形下封头CHF,认为椭球形下封头的CHF特性与球形结构完全不同,并不能用球形结构的实验和计算结果去推测椭球形结构的数值和变化规律。      

全厂断电事故工况下小型铅铋快堆余热排出能力评价

小型铅铋快堆的非能动余热排出系统（PRHRS）主要是为应对全厂断电（SBO）事故,但目前并不确定该PRHRS能否有效带走堆芯衰变热以保证堆芯安全,因此开展了数值分析研究评价PRHRS的余热排出能力。本文使用RELAP5 4.0程序开展了小型铅铋快堆SBO事故热工水力分析,首先进行稳态计算,之后将稳态结果作为初值进行瞬态计算。研究结果表明：在整个SBO事故中,包壳峰值温度最高为820 K,主容器与保护容器壁面最高温度分别为792 K和769 K,均未超过安全限值,表明此PRHRS可有效应对小型铅铋快堆SBO事故。本文研究可为小型铅铋快堆PRHRS的工程设计奠定技术基础。     

Global rupture of a nuclear reactor lower head with elevated temperature due to severe accidents

This paper is concerned with the global rupture of a reactor pressure vessel (RPV) with elevated temperature due to severe accidents in order to check if the RPV wall can retain the high-elevated pressure. The global rupture of an RPV is simulated by finite element limit analysis for the collapse load and mode to secure the safety criteria of a nuclear reactor under severe accident conditions. Finite element limit analysis is a systematic tool dealing with upper bounding and minimization technique to calculate the collapse load and mode. The finite element code (CALF, computer analysis of lower head failure) developed provides the temperature elevation in the lower head of a nuclear reactor under severe accident conditions as well as the collapse load and mode. The thermal analysis has to deal with heat transfer from the debris pool to the RPV wall and the top of the pool. The temperature distribution in such a system depends sensitively on the initial temperature of the debris pool and the thermal properties of a gap between the debris crust and the RPV wall. For accurate calculation, the thermal properties of a gap have to be determined in consideration of the gap size and conditions.     

Development of drift–flux correlation for predicting void fraction in downcomer regions

Accurate prediction of interfacial drag in the downcomer annulus is crucial for the assessment of downcomer void fraction for the loss of coolant accident analysis. The downcomer annulus is the gap between reactor pressure vessel (RPV) exterior and the inner wall of pressure containment vessel (PCV). Based on the previous research, occurrence of the nonuniform two-phase flow in downcomer section is reported, which is partly due to the large wall temperature difference between RPV exterior and the inner wall of PCV. In RELAP5, interfacial drag term in downcomer section is calculated using Kataoka–Ishii and churn-turbulent drift–flux correlations. It has been pointed out that this traditional calculation approach for calculating downcomer void fraction needs modification. The purpose of the current study is to assess the behaviors of drift–flux parameters in downcomer section and to propose an improved distribution parameter model that is suitable for donwcomer boiling analysis.     

堆内捕集器对压力容器中子辐照影响分析

严重事故下为实现堆内熔融物滞留,可采用堆内捕集器(IVCC)的策略。捕集器属压力容器的一部分,属不可更换设备,需长期在堆内受中子辐照。本文通过对典型压水堆压力容器模型和带IVCC的压力容器模型的比较,发现IVCC不会改变压力容器内快中子通量,不会对压力容器的辐照造成影响。且IVCC使得压力容器的热中子通量明显减小,降低了压力容器的整体辐照水平。这说明IVCC对压力容器的辐照性能不会产生不利影响,反而有助于防止压力容器的老化。     

External cooling of a reactor vessel under severe accident conditions

The TMI-2 accident demonstrated that a significant quantity of molten core debris could drain into the lower plenum during a severe accident. For such conditions, the Individual Plant Examinations (IPEs) and severe accident management evaluations, consider the possibility that water could not be injected to the RCS. However, depending on the plant specific configuration and the accident sequence, water may be accumulated within the containment sufficient to submerge the lower head and part of the reactor vessel cylinder. This could provide external cooling of the RPV to prevent failure of the lower head and discharge of core debris into the containment.This paper evaluates the heat removal capabilities for external cooling of an insulated RPV in terms of (a) the water inflow through the insulation, (b) the two-phase heat removal in the gap between the insulation and the vessel and (c) the flow of steam through the insulation. These results show no significant limitation to heat removal from the bottom of the reactor vessel other than thermal conduction through the reactor vessel wall. Hence, external cooling is a possible means of preventing core debris from failing the reactor, which if successful, would eliminate the considerations of ex-vessel steam explosions, debris coolability, etc. and their uncertainties. Therefore, external cooling should be a major consideration in accident management evaluations and decision-making for current plants, as well as a possible design consideration for future plants.     

熔融物堆芯冷却滞留特性研究

以模块式小型堆ACP100为分析对象,建立MELCOR程序严重事故分析模型,分析了堆芯衰变热依次经过吊篮、压力容器壁面然后进入堆腔注水系统（CIS）的传热行为。采用燃料棒失效模型评价燃料组件坍塌行为,并通过ANSYS程序蠕变断裂模型评价堆芯下板失效行为。分析结果表明,严重事故后堆芯中心燃料组件坍塌形成堆芯熔融池,堆芯周围燃料组件保持完整结构状态,堆芯下板支撑堆芯熔融池和未坍塌的燃料组件且未发生蠕变断裂失效;CIS冷却压力容器外壁面并导出堆芯衰变热,最终实现熔融物堆芯滞留,避免下封头内形成熔融池。      

熔融物堆芯冷却滞留特性研究

The severe accident analysis model of the small modular reactor ACP100 is built using MELCOR code, and the core heat removed process through the barrel and wall of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) is analyzed by the cavity injection system (CIS). The collapse behavior of the fuel assemblies is estimated by the fuel rod degradation model, and the failure behavior of the lower core plate is estimated by ANSYS program. The results show that the fuel assemblies in the core center melt and collapse to form the core melting pool, while the structure of the fuel assemblies surrounding the core melting pool remains intact, and the core lower plate supports the core melting pool and un-collapsed fuel assemblies all the time, and no creep rupture phenomenon occurs; the core heat can be removed by CIS and the debris in-vessel retention successfully avoids the formation of molten pool in the lower head.     

椭球形与球形下封头压力容器内熔融物滞留传热特性分析

严重事故下堆芯熔融物再分布于压力容器下封头,在衰变热作用下高温堆芯熔融物对压力容器壁面施加较大的热负荷,可能导致压力容器失效。针对压力容器内熔融物滞留下的传热过程,基于Fortran90语言开发了椭球形下封头压力容器内熔融物堆内滞留（IVR）分析程序IVRASA-ELLIP,计算具有椭球形下封头的压力容器在严重事故下稳态熔池的传热过程及IVR特性。利用IVRASA-ELLIP程序计算了VVER-1000压力容器内熔池的传热,分析具有椭球形下封头的压力容器各处的壁面热流密度、氧化物硬壳厚度和压力容器壁厚,并与运用IVRASA程序计算的AP1000稳态熔池传热结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明,在相同初始参数下椭球形下封头内的壁面热流密度较球形下封头内的小,与热流密度的变化趋势相对应,椭球形下封头内压力容器壁的消融量较球形下封头内的小,椭球形下封头内形成的氧化物硬壳厚度较球形下封头内的厚。     

基于蒙特卡罗-离散纵标双向耦合方法的堆坑粒子注量率计算

为有效解决大型复杂核设施屏蔽计算问题,研究了三维蒙特卡罗(MC)-离散纵标（S_N）双向耦合方法,通过自主开发接口程序实现MC粒子概率分布与S_N角通量密度之间的相互转换,实现MC-S_N双向耦合计算。将基于MC-S_N双向耦合方法的程序用于某反应堆堆坑底部粒子注量率计算。利用MC程序建立堆芯及堆坑处的精细模型进行计算,三维S_N程序用于堆芯下表面与压力容器底面之间区域的计算。通过MC-S_N-MC两步耦合计算,给出堆坑通道及小室内的中子和光子注量率。三维MC-S_N双向耦合方法计算结果与单一MCNP程序结果吻合较好,初步验证了该方法是解决大型复杂核装置屏蔽问题的有效工具。