实时三维超声心动图测量老年慢性心力衰竭患者左心室血流动力学的价值

目的探讨实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)在评定老年慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者左心室功能的疗效。方法行RT-3DE检查的老年CHF患者64例临床资料为观察组,同期老年健康体检者30例为对照组。观察组根据生化B型脑钠肽(BNP)水平分为:BNP≤400 pg/ml和BNP400 pg/ml组。观察并比较各组左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左心室收缩末期容积(LVESV)、左心室每搏输出量(LVSV)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、射血-充盈血流速转间期(FRI)、射血-充盈血流速转率(FRR)和左心室射血期峰值流率(FRPE)组间差异。结果观察组LVEDV、LVESV、FRI参数均显著高于对照组,FRR、FRPE和心指数(CI)均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。随着心力衰竭程度增高RT-3DE测量CHF患者左心室功能及血流动力学参数LVEF、CI、FRR、FRPE显著减低,LVEDV、LVESV、FRI显著增高(P0.05)。结论 RT-3DE在测量老年CHF患者左心室血流动力学的准确度较高,且可为诊断老年CHF程度提供可靠的依据。     

The prevention of congestive heart failure: left ventricular dilation and its management

Left ventricular dilation and remodelling occur in 35-40% of anterior transmural myocardial infarcts and these events are important antecedents to the development of late congestive heart failure. This process commences within the first 24 hours following myocardial infarction and may be steadily progressive over months to years. Both the infarcted and the uninfarcted regions of myocardium are equally involved in the process. Thinning of the left ventricular wall occurs mainly as a result of cell slippage. In addition, compensatory hypertrophy occurs in the uninfarcted segment of the myocardium. While this hypertrophy may initially be physiological, it ultimately appears to become a pathological process and thereby contributes to pump dysfunction. At the present time there are encouraging data to suggest that nitroglycerin, administered in the setting of the acute infarction, or the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril, may ameliorate this process. Whether a patent infarct related artery further limits dilation is uncertain and is currently under investigation.     

Effects of nebivolol on left ventricular function in elderly patients with chronic heart failure: results of the ENECA study

AIM: To examine the effect of the beta(1)-selective beta-blocker nebivolol, administered as add-on therapy, on left ventricular function in 260 elderly patients (>65 years) with chronic heart failure (CHF). METHODS: The principal inclusion criteria were (1) NYHA class II-IV CHF and (2) a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <= 35%. The primary end-point was the change in LVEF in response to nebivolol treatment for 8 months. RESULTS: Baseline LVEF values in the two groups were as follows: nebivolol 25.41+/-7.09% and control 26.41+/-5.55%. LVEF improved significantly (p=0.027) more in the nebivolol group (6.51+/-9.15%) than in the control group (3.97+/-9.20%), the relative improvement (percentage increase in the initial value) being 35.70+/-57.62% in the nebivolol group and 19.19+/-40.96% (p=0.008) in the placebo group. Examination of different subgroups did not reveal any heterogeneity in the effects of nebivolol treatment vs. placebo treatment. There were no significant differences between the nebivolol and placebo groups as concerns the changes in clinical status, quality of life, or safety parameters. CONCLUSION: The findings of the ENECA study confirmed that nebivolol significantly improved cardiac function and proved to be safe and well tolerated in elderly patients with signs of CHF and an impaired LVEF.     

High prevalence of previously unknown heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes

Aims/hypothesis  

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of (unknown) heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction in older patients with type 2 diabetes.     

铁缺乏对老年慢性心力衰竭患者左心结构的影响

目的探讨铁缺乏对老年慢性心力衰竭患者左心结构的影响。方法入选306例慢性心力衰竭患者,根据铁蛋白及转铁蛋白饱和度水平,将患者分为铁缺乏组201例和非缺铁组105例。检测患者铁代谢指标(血清铁、总铁结合力、铁蛋白、转铁蛋白),并计算转铁蛋白饱和度。通过超声心动图测量患者左心结构,探讨铁缺乏对左心结构的影响。结果 2组左心房内径、左心室舒张末期内径、左心室收缩末期内径、左心室舒张末期容积、左心室收缩末期容积、室间隔厚度、左心室后壁厚度、左心室质量及左心室质量指数比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。控制年龄、心率、血压、体质量指数、空腹血糖等影响因素,铁蛋白与左心房内径(r=-0.502,P=0.002)、室间隔厚度(r=-0.318,P=0.040)、左心室后壁厚度(r=-0.534,P=0.001)、左心室质量指数(r=-0.365,P=0.044)呈显著负相关,血清铁与左心房内经(r=-0.538,P=0.000)、左心室质量指数(r=-0.422,P=0.033)、左心室舒张末期容积(r=-0.336,P=0.042)、左心室收缩末期容积(r=-0.321,P=0.048)呈显著负相关。多元线性回归显示,左心室质量指数与铁代谢水平显著相关,纳入铁代谢指标构建的回归模型具有统计学意义(F=2699.382,P=0.000)。结论铁缺乏有促进慢性心力衰竭患者左心重构的不利作用。有必要对慢性心力衰竭患者进行铁缺乏情况的检测及早期治疗。     

补充维生素D对老年慢性心力衰竭病人RAAS及IL-18的影响

目的观察补充维生素D对老年慢性心力衰竭(CHF)病人肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)及炎症因子的影响,为高龄CHF病人的治疗提供新的思路及方法。方法选取2018年3月至2019年3月就诊于我院老年病科的老年(≥80岁)CHF合并维生素D缺乏病人68例,根据随机数字表法分为对照组34例,观察组34例。对照组根据心衰指南用药,观察组在对照组基础上加用骨化三醇(0.25μg,2次/d),连续治疗24周。治疗前后测定2组血清25-羟维生素D₃[25(OH)D₃],血浆肾素活性(PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、卧位醛固酮(ALD)、N端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)、IL-18、CRP、TNF-α以及LVEF等指标并比较。结果观察组治疗后血清25(OH)D₃、LVEF较治疗前及对照组升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),NT-proBNP、PRA、AngⅡ、ALD、IL-18、CRP、TNF-α较治疗前及对照组降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论常规抗心衰治疗基础上补充维生素D能够改善老年CHF病人的心功能,其机制可能与维生素D抑制RAAS活性、减轻机体炎症反应有关。     

左室射血分数与老年慢性心力衰竭患者认知功能的关系

目的 探索左室射血分数与老年慢性心力衰竭患者认知功能的关系。方法 人选左室射血分数小于45%且年龄大于或等于60岁的住院慢性心衰患者共222例。使用简易智能量表(Mini-Mental State Examination,MMSE) 进行认知功能评估。收集相关临床资料。采用logistic回归分析校正混杂因素的影响。结果 以 MMSE评分<24分作为认知功能障碍的界值,46.4%(103/222)的患者存在认知功能障碍。多因素分析结果显示,在以年龄、受教育情况、长期饮酒史、伴发糖尿病史校正后,左心室射血分数减低可以增加心衰患者认知功能障碍的风险(OR=0.92,95%CI：0.87~0.97)。结论 慢性心衰患者认知障碍发生率较高,左室射血分数减低是慢性心衰患者发生认知功能障碍的独立危险因素。     

Assessment of right ventricular function by echocardiography in patients with chronic heart failure

Background

The main focus of most of the studies in heart failure (HF) is the assessment of the left ventricular functions, while the right ventricle was much less studied. Much of this neglect is due to the complexity of anatomy and physiology of the right ventricle which are considered challenges during assessment of RV.

High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Japanese female patients with Graves' disease

We reported previously that vitamin D deficiency is a causal mechanism of postoperative tetany in patients with Graves' disease. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency by reviewing serum 25(OH)D levels in 208 patients with Graves' disease (146 women, 62 men) during a 1 year period. Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower (p < 0.001) in female Graves' patients (31.8 +/- 13.3 nmol/l) than in male patients (41.3 +/- 15.0 nmol/l). Vitamin D deficiency (defined as a serum 25(OH)D value below 25 nmol/l) was found in 40% of female patients and in 18% of male patients (p < 0.005). There was a significant seasonal variation in the 25(OH)D concentrations in female patients [amplitude 6.38 (95% CI, 5.42-7.56)], with values below 25 nmol/l found in 58% of female patients during the winter months. There were significant (p < 0.001) differences in serum 25(OH)D levels between age groups in the female patients. The concentrations were lowest in patients in their twenties (25.1 +/- 8.2 nmol/l) and highest in patients in their fifties and sixties (43.2 +/- 13.7 nmol/l). Serum 25(OH)D concentrations might be monitored in patients with Graves' disease during antithyroid drug therapy, and vitamin D and/or calcium supplements are recommended for patients with vitamin D deficiency.     

慢性心力衰竭的左心室舒张功能检测

目的探讨舒张性心力衰竭(心衰)与收缩性心衰的超声特点。方法选择舒张性心衰患者40例为舒张性心衰组,并选择基本情况与之匹配的收缩性心衰患者40例为收缩性心衰组。应用多普勒技术进行舒张功能的检测,进而评价2组在心房、心室容积,二尖瓣口血流舒张早期流速(E)与二尖瓣口血流舒张晚期流速(A)及其比值(E/A)和E峰减速时间,二尖瓣环舒张早期峰值速度(e)和二尖瓣环舒张晚期峰值速度(a)及其比值(e/a),左心房反流入肺静脉血流速度,P波终末电势等方面的差异。结果舒张性心衰组与收缩性心衰组比较,E/A、e/a倒置。舒张性心衰组E峰减速时间延长,左心房反流入肺静脉血流速度增宽。舒张性心衰组左心房增大,左心室舒张末径正常。P波终末电势负值增大。结论肺静脉血流频谱和二尖瓣环组织多普勒可作为二尖瓣血流频谱重要补充。     

High prevalence of left ventricular systolic and diastolic asynchrony in patients with congestive heart failure and normal QRS duration

Objective: To study the possible occurrence of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic asynchrony in patients with systolic heart failure (HF) and narrow QRS complexes.     

Pharmacological left ventricular reverse remodeling in elderly patients receiving optimal therapy for chronic heart failure

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In recent years, reversal of established left ventricular (LV) dilatation has been increasingly recognized in middle-aged patients with dilated cardiomyopathy receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and/or beta-blockers. We performed this prospective study to evaluate whether optimized therapy for heart failure also induces LV reverse remodeling in older patients. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-four patients aged >70 years with LV ejection fraction <40% underwent clinical and echocardiographic evaluation at baseline and after 1 year. During the early stage of follow-up, pharmacological therapy was optimized. LV reverse remodeling was defined as a reduction in LV end-diastolic volume >25% from baseline to final evaluation. RESULTS: LV reverse remodeling was recognized in 32 patients (26%). Compared to the subjects who did not improve LV geometry, those with reverse remodeling had, at baseline, higher arterial blood pressure, lower serum creatinine levels, shorter duration of symptoms of heart failure, more frequently received beta-blocker therapy and had predominantly nonischemic aetiology. The variables associated with the development of reverse remodeling in the multivariate analysis were shorter duration of symptoms of heart failure (Odds ratio: 7.7; CI: 2.5-23.3, p=0.0001) and beta-blocker therapy (Odds ratio: 6.0; CI: 1.6-23.3, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: LV reverse remodeling takes place in elderly as well as in younger heart failure patients. A significant proportion of elderly patients undergoes this favourable process which occurs prevalently in patients receiving beta-blocker therapy with a short history of cardiac disease.     

Effect of nebivolol on left ventricular function in patients with chronic heart failure: a pilot study

BACKGROUND: Sympathetic activity is a significant predictor of a poor prognosis in heart failure. Beta-blockers have been shown to improve the prognosis of patients with heart failure. AIM: This pilot study examined the tolerability and efficacy of the new beta-blocker nebivolol on left ventricular function in patients with chronic heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twelve patients with an ejection fraction of 13-39% were included in this double blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial of nebivolol administered in addition to standard therapy. Exercise time, heart rate, left ventricular function and tolerability were examined at baseline and after 3 months of orally administered nebivolol (2.5 and 5 mg, n = 6) or placebo (n = 6). Nebivolol was well tolerated and the NYHA class improved in four patients. Heart rate decreased while the maximal exercise duration and performance remained stable. Left ventricular function increased (ejection fraction 31.5 +/- 10.11 to 42.0 +/- 10.99%, P < or = 0.01) after 12 weeks of nebivolol. The left ventricular end-systolic diameter decreased in the nebivolol-group from 56.5 +/- 9.40 to 50.2 +/- 9.43 mm (P < or = 0.02). CONCLUSION: These data indicate that nebivolol might improve cardiac function in patients with reduced left ventricular function.     

The prevalence of left ventricular diastolic filling abnormalities in patients with suspected heart failure

AIMS: It is reported that one third of patients with heart failurehave normal left ventricular systolic function, and may or maynot have left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. We sought todefine the prevalence of left ventricular diastolic fillingabnormalities in a large unselected group of patients, unlikethe diagnosis by exclusion in the small highly selected groupsof patients studied previously. METHODS AND RESULT: Patients were referred by general practitioners to an open-accessechocardiography service for assessment of possible heart failure.Echocardiography included a Doppler study of transmitral flowat the tips of the mitral leaflets and calculation of an E/Aratio. Of 534 patients referred and assessed, 371 patients hadnormal systolic function and a measurable E/A ratio. These werecompared with age-adjusted reference ranges to give 9 abovethe reference range and 19 below. This is only 10 more thanwould be expected if our patients were normal. In the same groupof patients we found 96 cases of left ventricular systolic dysfunction,or 52 amongst the 423 with a measurable E/A ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Either left ventricular diastolic filling abnormalities arevery much less common than previously supposed or the E/A ratiois almost useless for their detection.     

老年慢性心力衰竭患者血浆脑钠肽前体与左室功能研究

目的 探讨老年慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者血浆脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)水平与左室功能的关系及临床意义. 方法 102例CHF患者按美国心脏病协会(NYHA)分级方法分为心功能Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级3组,18名健康老年人纳入对照组.电化学发光双抗体免疫夹心法测定4组血浆NT-proBNP,二维超声测定左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD),Simpon双平面法测定左室射血分数(LVEF). 结果 心衰各组NT-proBNP水平、LVEDD高于对照组,LVEF低于对照组.血浆NT-proBNP水平、LVEF、LVEDD在4组间两两比较均有统计学差异(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).NT-proBNP水平与LVEDD呈正相关(r=0.76,P＜0.01),而与LVEF呈负相关(r=-0.68,P＜0.01). 结论 NT-proBNP可以用来评估老年心衰患者的左室功能,是反映心衰的客观指标.