青岛近海物理-生物地球化学过程及其生态响应

近些年来,夏季黄海浒苔大规模暴发,并在青岛近岸海域大面积聚集,引起了广泛的关注。本文基于在夏季和冬季所获得的多学科调查资料,重点研究了青岛近海的水文-生物地球化学过程及其生态影响,阐明了该海域物理-化学-生物等多参数之间的耦合响应。研究显示,夏季黄海冷水团的边界可扩展至青岛近岸海域,并在局部涌升至上层水体,形成沿岸上升流;该上升流可对上层营养盐产生一定的补充,进而促进浮游植物的繁殖,并于底层海域对应形成溶解氧（DO）和pH的低值。夏季青岛近海的上升流可能还有利于随南风漂移至此的浒苔的生长,并在一定程度上引起浒苔的局地旺发;同时,夏季该海域特定的锋面系统对浒苔聚集的影响也不容忽视。冬季黄海暖流在苏北浅滩外侧向山东半岛南部海域延伸,扩展至青岛近海的暖水舌与近岸低温水之间的锋面特征明显,而且在向岸暖水与近岸冷水间还对应形成了明显的营养盐和叶绿素（Chl-a）锋面。该项研究从多学科交叉的视角,增进了对青岛近海物理、化学和生物过程之间耦合关系的认识。     

南黄海溶解有机碳的生物地球化学特征分析

依据1997-2003年每年1次的南黄海调查得到的溶解有机碳(DOC)数据,重点分析了2002年秋末冬初季节南黄海DOC的分布特征及其生物地球化学控制机制。结果表明,2002年秋末冬初南黄海表层海水DOC质量浓度为1.62~2.42 mg/L,平均值为2.02 mg/L,高于大洋的平均值,具有典型近海特征;南黄海DOC分布呈现北部高,南部低,在量值上,A断面>B断面>C断面,且有显著近岸高、远离海岸中部海区低的特点。近岸高值区主要受陆源输入影响,包括径流输入和人类活动两个方面,陆源输入相对生物生产过程更为重要;中部低值区主要受控于来自东海低DOC海流的冲淡作用。垂直方向上DOC质量浓度变化不大,这明显与南黄海海水混合较好有关。7 a中南黄海DOC质量浓度总体上呈略微下降趋势,北部海域表现尤为明显,南黄海生物生产量的下降及近年来南黄海整体环境质量的提高是引起DOC下降的主要原因。     

南黄海前新生代油气地球物理勘探方法

南黄海前新生代地层为中-古生代大套碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩,具有较好的油气前景。由于该领域地质、地球物理的复杂性,勘探难度较大。论述了南黄海前新生代油气地球物理勘探的难点和重点,在理论研究的基础上,提出了地球物理勘探的技术方法及实践效果。     

南黄海地区二叠系孤峰组硅质烃源岩的地球化学特征及上升流成因

前人对南黄海地区中二叠统孤峰组层状硅质岩的生烃潜力和成因研究较少,本文利用下扬子-南黄海地区的5口钻井资料,对二叠系孤峰组硅质烃源岩进行了详细的矿物学和地球化学研究,并通过与现代秘鲁上升流区的沉积物进行元素含量对比,分析了南黄海地区孤峰组硅质烃源岩的生烃潜力和成因机制。结果显示,下扬子-南黄海地区孤峰组具有硅质岩和硅质泥岩不等厚互层的特征,是一套呈SWW-NEE向展布的过成熟偏腐殖型优质烃源岩。在地球化学特征方面,南黄海地区孤峰组硅质烃源岩和秘鲁上升洋流沉积物均表现出还原性敏感元素和生产力敏感元素相对富集,K、 Ti、 Mn相对亏损,具有Co×Mn<0.4、Cd/Mo>0.1的特征,显示为大陆边缘的上升流成因。研究显示,南黄海地区孤峰组硅质烃源岩的有机质富集主要受高生产力控制,形成于中等滞留的缺氧-硫化环境。与硅质泥岩相比,孤峰组硅质岩的陆源碎屑输入和Co×Mn值较低,Zr/Rb值较高,这意味着硅质岩沉积时期的上升流活动强度大于硅质泥岩。此外,部分探井中的孤峰组硅质泥岩相对于硅质岩具有较高的化学蚀变指数,说明古气候变暖是造成上升流活动减弱和硅质沉积含量减少的主要原因。     

黄海西部沿岸冷水在夏季南黄海西部底层冷水形成和季节演变过程中作用的化学水文学分析

以金枪鱼碎肉为原料, 采用双酶分步水解法制备高F值酶解液, 通过Box-Behnken试验设计, 分别确定两步酶解的最佳条件, 酶解液经活性炭静态吸附去除游离芳香族氨基酸, 对脱芳后的酶解液进行氨基酸组成分析并测定F值。结果表明, 胃蛋白酶为第一步水解用酶, 酶解的最佳工艺条件为酶用量650U/g, 料水比1∶7(g/mL), 温度35.9℃; 风味蛋白酶为第二步水解用酶, 酶解的最佳工艺条件为酶用量50700U/g, pH 6.51, 温度51℃, 最终水解度达到36.87%±0.54%; 酶解液在pH 3.0, 温度35℃条件下, 经5%(质量体积分数)的活性炭吸附时间3h后, 脱芳率达到63.18%, F值为30.33, 符合高F值肽的要求。     

南黄海沉积物中氮、磷的生物地球化学行为

于2004年10月采集南黄海4个站位的柱状沉积物和29个站位的表层沉积物,用氧化浸取分光光度法研究了自然粒度下沉积物中的氮、磷分布特征以及控制其分布的生物地球化学机制。结果表明,多数站位随着沉积深度的增加,沉积物中氮、磷浓度趋于稳定。4个站稳定时氮浓度平均约为289μg/g,磷约为329μg/g,平均稳定浓度出现的沉积层次分别为氮>30cm,磷>22cm。氮、磷垂直分布形状的规则性与沉积速率密切相关,沉积速率越小的站位,其氮、磷垂直分布愈规则;海洋沉积物中的氮主要来源自海洋生物的代谢,而磷与陆源碎屑输入密切相关。氮与沉积物粘土含量、浮游动物生物量干重有明显的正相关关系。海水中浮游动物干重每增加1mg/m3,则沉积物中氮浓度增加5.64μmol/g,磷不存在这样的关系。沉积物中氮的早期成岩速率远高于磷,在沉积物海水界面附近氮约为磷的7.4倍。海水浮游生物生物量与沉积物中氮的早期成岩类型密切相关,在所研究的2004年秋季海水中,浮游动物生物量干重19mg/m3是沉积物中氮早期成岩类型转变的界限值,小于这一界限值,水体中的氮趋向于向沉积物中凝聚;大于19mg/m3,则沉积物中的氮趋向于向水体释放。     

南黄海和东海北部沉积物的地球化学 Ⅱ、微量元素的地球化学特征

本文对黄海中南部10个沉积物样品和东海北部24个沉积物样品用等离子光谱做了Ba、Be、Co、Cr、Ga、Li、Mn、Nb、Ni、P、Pb、Sr、V、Zn、Y和Yb的分析,并对该区沉积物中元素的丰度和不同类型沉积物中微量元素的分布规律做了研究。通过对区内微量元素与主要元素的相关图解分析表明,大多数微量元素与主要元素Al、Mg、K呈正相关,其高值区与粘土沉积物相一致,低值区与粉砂质沉积物相吻合;Be、Sr、Mn的高含量与粘土沉积物无关     

海洋油气目标地球化学探测及其在南黄海海域的应用

海洋油气的目标地球化学探测是直接为局部构造排序和钻探井位优选而采取的一种综合性的油气勘探技术。首先是进行目标区海底油气渗漏的地球物理识别,具体包括：利用合成孔径雷达对海水表面油膜的识别,利用侧扫声纳、多波速和浅地层剖面测量对海底表面特征的识别,以及利用二维、三维地震对海底深层特征的识别等;然后是开展目标区油气地球化学探测,包括取样站位布设,样品采集和处理,地球化学指标分析测试,地球化学异常提取和综合评价等。通过对南黄海目标区侧扫声纳、浅地层剖面,以及二维地震资料的综合分析,确定了可能油气渗漏区,开展了油气地球化学探测,识别出了单指标异常和多指标综合异常,划分了4个地球化学区。地球化学区与目标区内的局部构造和断裂构造关系密切。综合评价结果表明,4个地球化学区含油气性优劣的排序是Ⅰ区〉Ⅲ区〉Ⅱ区〉Ⅳ区。据此建议钻探井位布设在Ⅰ区即ZC7-1构造或Ⅲ区即ZC133构造上。     

南黄海北部表层沉积物中生物标志物的组成特征及其地球化学意义

通过对南黄海北部14个站位的19个表层沉积物样品进行了粒度、有机碳、GC-FID和GC-MS-MS测定,探讨沉积物有机质中生物标志物组成特征及地球化学意义。研究区表明,沉积物有机碳含量较高,正构烷烃呈双峰分布,具有明显奇偶优势、平均L/H为0.36,说明沉积物中陆源高等植物贡献占优,分析对比表明其沉积物可能主要来自古黄河输入。类异戊二烯烃Pr/Ph均值0.46,表明有机质沉积于强还原环境;Pr/C₁₇和Ph/C₁₈值均小于1,并且随深度有减小的趋势,反映了研究区微生物的降解作用。甾类化合物C₂₉豆甾烷>C_（?）胆甾烷>C₂₈麦角甾烷,说明萜类化合物和甾类化合物主要为陆相输入。较高OEP值、高丰度的藿烯和莫烷及甾烷S构型含量均反映了现代沉积物中有机质未熟-低熟特征,但由于原始母质影响和微生物发育,Ts/Tm和C₃₁αβS/（S+R）、C₃₂αβS/（S+R）、C₃₃αβS/（S+R）和C₂₉αββ/（ααα+αββ）值较高。     

硅的生物地球化学过程的研究动态

陆地物质不断地随河流等载体输入海洋 ,经过海洋几千万种的生物吸收后 ,一起随海洋生物沉降到海底 ,展现了物质从陆地到海底的迁移过程。为了研究这个动态过程 ,本文通过海洋中硅藻的特性和迁移 ,阐述了硅的生物地球化学过程。并与氮、磷进行比较分析 ,讨论了海洋中营养盐的限制和水华产生的原因 ,并认为海洋在生态系统中保持着营养盐和浮游植物的动态平衡。１海洋中硅藻是浮游植物的优势种浮游植物是水生环境中从无机到有机物质转换的主要承担者 ,即主要的初级生产者。它们的变化直接影响着食物链中其他各环节的变化。因此 ,研究浮游植物的…     

黄海冷水团上升流对叶绿素垂向分布的影响

利用黄海冷水团物理-生态耦合模式，对冷水团水域叶绿素垂向分布的季节变化进行了数值模拟研究。物理模式为冷水团热动力模型，生态模式主要考虑叶绿素，营养盐和食植浮游动物基本状态变量的耦合方程。研究结果表明，黄海冷水团上升流对叶绿素垂向分布的夏季上层结构具有显著影响。整个夏季，受上升流的影响，叶绿素垂向分布最大值的位置向海面抬升，量值增大，混合层叶绿素的平均浓度增加，与实测资料比较表明，考虑冷水团上升流的影响比不考虑上升流与实测结果符合要好。     

The temporal and spatial variability of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass in the southeastern Yellow Sea, 2009-2011

The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) is one of the important water mass in the Yellow Sea(YS).It is distributed in the lower layer in the Yellow Sea central trough with the temperature less than 10 C and the salinity lower than 33.0.To understand the variability of the YSCWM,the hydrographic data obtained in April and August during 2009–2011 are analyzed in the southeastern Yellow Sea.In August 2011,relatively warm and saline water compared with that in 2009 and 2010 was detected in the lower layer in the Yellow Sea central area.Although the typhoon passed before the cruise,the salinity in the Yellow Sea central trough is much higher than the previous season.It means that the saline event cannot be explained by the typhoon but only by the intrusion of saline water during the previous winter.In April 2011,actually,warm and saline water(T >10 C,S >34) was observed in the deepest water depth of the southeastern area of the Yellow Sea.The wind data show that the northerly wind in 2011 winter is stronger than in 2009 and 2010 winter season.The strong northerly wind can trigger the intrusion of warm and saline Yellow Sea Warm Current.Therefore,it is proposed that the strong northerly wind in winter season leads to the intrusion of the Yellow Sea Warm Current into the Yellow Sea central trough and influenced a variability of the YSCWM in summer.     

北黄海冷水团温度年际变化研究

本文基于1976—2006年国家标准断面(大连—成山头)调查资料,结合ECMWF气温、风速以及辐射等再分析资料,研究了北黄海冷水团的低温中心以及北部锋面的年际变化规律,并对其与气候年际变化信号的关系做了相关性分析以及EOF分析,研究了影响北黄海冷水团的诸多因素。研究结果表明,北黄海冷水团及其北部锋面强度存在明显的年际变化特征,北黄海冷水团中心最低温度具有升温趋势,北部锋面强度具有减弱趋势。分析发现,前冬海温,当地气温,经向风场以及辐射通量都对来年北黄海冷水团的强度存在影响,东亚冬季风的年际变异是影响北黄海冷水团温度年际变化的主要机制,El Nio、La Nia事件成熟期滞后于北黄海冷水团最低温度的相对低值、高值出现,ENSO通过与东亚冬季风的相互作用与北黄海冷水团相联系。     

中全新世以来南黄海中部沉积过程——基于岩心粒度和有机质指标

海陆交互作用下的南黄海沉积环境复杂,其沉积机制一直是古海洋研究的重点和难点。本文以取自南黄海中部泥质区的Z1岩心为载体,对196个样品的粒度和整体有机质指标(TOC、TN、TOC/TN和δ13Corg)进行了详细分析,并对5个层位进行AMS14C年龄测定,分辨率高达11 a/cm。研究结果显示,6.1 ka BP以来南黄海中部沉积过程可分为3个阶段:(1) 6.1～5.2 ka BP,沉积物粒度较粗,以残留砂和陆源粗粒物质为主,有机质含量较低且主要为陆源输入,本阶段多受东亚季风强盛的影响,动荡海洋环境下有机质保存效率低,大量陆源输入冲淡作用显著;(2) 5.2～3.9 ka BP,沉积物粒度变细且波动较大,有机质呈增加趋势且以海源为主,主要受东亚冬季风减弱的影响,海源有机质含量增加,与黄海暖流影响增强有关;(3) 3.9～0 ka BP,沉积物粒度最细且相对稳定,有机质含量继续增加,直至1.9 ka BP趋于稳定,主要受现代环流系统和东亚冬季风影响。结果表明,南黄海粒度和整体有机质指标变化过程复杂,显示中全新世以来南黄海中部泥质区沉积环境演化的复杂性。本研究获得了南黄海高分辨率的沉积环境演化记录,不仅为沉积机制研究提供更多数据支撑,还可为区域古气候和古海洋演化提供关键的指示证据。     

中国南海、东海及黄海海域海气二氧化碳通量与生产力的物理生物地球化学模拟研究

Marginal seas play important roles in regulating the global carbon budget, but there are great uncertainties in estimating carbon sources and sinks in the continental margins. A Pacific basin-wide physical-biogeochemical model is used to estimate primary productivity and air-sea CO_2 flux in the South China Sea(SCS), the East China Sea(ECS), and the Yellow Sea(YS). The model is forced with daily air-sea fluxes which are derived from the NCEP2 reanalysis from 1982 to 2005. During the period of time, the modeled monthly-mean air-sea CO_2 fluxes in these three marginal seas altered from an atmospheric carbon sink in winter to a source in summer. On annualmean basis, the SCS acts as a source of carbon to the atmosphere(16 Tg/a, calculated by carbon, released to the atmosphere), and the ECS and the YS are sinks for atmospheric carbon(–6.73 Tg/a and –5.23 Tg/a, respectively,absorbed by the ocean). The model results suggest that the sea surface temperature(SST) controls the spatial and temporal variations of the oceanic pCO_2 in the SCS and ECS, and biological removal of carbon plays a compensating role in modulating the variability of the oceanic pCO_2 and determining its strength in each sea,especially in the ECS and the SCS. However, the biological activity is the dominating factor for controlling the oceanic pCO_2 in the YS. The modeled depth-integrated primary production(IPP) over the euphotic zone shows seasonal variation features with annual-mean values of 293, 297, and 315 mg/(m~2·d) in the SCS, the ECS, and the YS, respectively. The model-integrated annual-mean new production(uptake of nitrate) values, as in carbon units, are 103, 109, and 139 mg/(m~2·d), which yield the f-ratios of 0.35, 0.37, and 0.45 for the SCS, the ECS, and the YS, respectively. Compared to the productivity in the ECS and the YS, the seasonal variation of biological productivity in the SCS is rather weak. The atmospheric pCO_2 increases from 1982 to 2005, which is consistent with the anthropogenic CO_2 input to the atmosphere. The oceanic pCO_2 increases in responses to the atmospheric pCO_2 that drives air-sea CO_2 flux in the model. The modeled increase rate of oceanic pCO_2 is0.91 μatm/a in the YS, 1.04 μatm/a in the ECS, and 1.66 μatm/a in the SCS, respectively.     

黄海冷水团海域浮游植物磷胁迫的季节变动

The Yellow Sea is located between the China Mainland and the Korean Peninsula, representing a typical shallow epicontinental sea. The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass（YSCWM） is one of the most important physical features in the Yellow Sea. The characteristics of vertical profiles and seasonal variations of biogenic elements in the YSCWM may lead the variations of nutrient availability（e.g., phosphorus） and phosphorus stress of phytoplankton. In this study, the authors surveyed the seasonal variations of phytoplankton phosphorus stress with emphasis on the effect of the YSCWM during the four cruises in April and October 2006, March and August 2007. Using both bulk and single-cell alkaline phosphatase activity（APA） assays, this study evaluated phosphorus status of phytoplankton community, succession of phytoplankton community and ecophysiological responses of phytoplankton to phosphorus in the typical region of the YSCWM. With the occurrence of the YSCWM, especially the variations of concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphorus（DIP）, the results of bulk APA appeared corresponding seasonal variations. Along Transects A and B, the mean APA in August was the highest, and that in March was the lowest. According to the ELF-labeled assay＇s results, seasonal variations of the ELF-labeled percentages within dominant species indicated that diatoms were dominant in March, April and October, while dinoflagellates were dominant in August. During the four cruises, the ELF-labeled percentages of diatoms except Paralia sulcata showed that diatoms were not phosphorus deficient in April 2006 at all, but suffered from severe phosphorus stress in August 2007. In comparison, the ELF-labeled percentages of dinoflagellates were all above 50% during the four time series, which meant dinoflagellates such as Alexandrium and Scrippsiella, sustained perennial phosphorus stress.     

北黄海冷水团对獐子岛微微型浮游生物分布的影响

Picoplankton distribution around the Zhangzi Island(northern Yellow Sea)was investigated by monthly observation from July 2009 to June 2010.Three picoplankton populations were discriminated by flow cytometry,namely Synechococcus,picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic prokaryotes.In summer(from July to September),the edge of the northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(NYSCWM)resulting from water column stratification was observed.In the NYSCWM,picoplankton(including Synechococcus,picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic prokaryotes)distributed synchronically with extremely high abundance in the thermocline(20 m)in July and August(especially in August),whereas in the bottom zone of the NYSCWM(below 30 m),picoplankton abundance was quite low.Synechococcus,picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic prokaryotes showed similar response to the NYSCWM,indicating they had similar regulating mechanism under the influence of NYSCWM.Whereas in the non-NYSCWM,Synechococcus,picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic prokaryotes exhibited different distribution patterns,suggesting they had different controlling mechanisms.Statistical analysis indicated that temperature,nutrients(NO3–and PO43–)and ciliate were important factors in regulating picoplankton distribution.The results in this study suggested that the physical event NYSCWM,had strong influence on picoplankton distribution around the Zhangzi Island in the northern Yellow Sea.     

南黄海透明度的时空分异特征及影响因素分析

水体透明度（Z_sd）是评价水质状况的重要光学参数。本文针对南黄海海域,面向MODIS传感器校正了Z_sd遥感反演模型,进而利用MODIS近20年（2002–2020年）数据分析了南黄海Z_sd的时空变化特征及其驱动力,结果显示：建立的Z_sd反演模型具有良好的精度（决定系数为0.91,均方根误差为1.69 m,平均相对误差绝对值为25.1%）;南黄海Z_sd在空间上呈现外海高近岸低的特点、在时间上呈现冬低夏高的季节变化特征,近20年来南黄海中部、南黄海南部、长江口的Z_sd均在缓慢增加,而江苏近岸的Z_sd呈现出缓慢降低趋势;Z_sd受悬浮颗粒物浓度的负向驱动,其影响最大;此外,海表温度和光照强度对Z_sd都呈正向驱动,而风速呈负向驱动。     

黄海冷水团的化学水文学特征

Based on the field data obtained during summer cruises in 2006, the overall perspective of chemical and hydrographic characteristics of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) are discussed through the crossYSCWM transect profiles and horizontal distributions of hydrological and chemical variables, with emphasis on the differences between the northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(NYSCWM) and the southern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(SYSCWM). The results show that YSCWM is characterized by low temperature(10°C) and dissolved oxygen(DO) concentration, high salinity(32.0) and nutrient concentrations. Compared to the SYSCWM, the NYSCWM possesses lower values of temperature, salinity and nutrient concentrations but higher values of DO.Also its smaller variation ranges of variables(except for temperature) demonstrate that NYSCWM is more uniform than that of SYSCWM. In addition, thermocline is more intensive in the SYSCWM than that of NYSCWM.Furthermore, DO and Chl a maxima appear at the depth of 30 m in the SYSCWM, while these phenomena are not obvious in the NYSCWM.     

黄海冷水团海域微型异养鞭毛虫与细菌的弱耦合关系

A study was carried out to investigate the grazing pressure of heterotrophic nanoflagellates(HNF) on bacteria assemblages in the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) area in October, 2006. The results show that the HNF abundance ranges from 303 to 1 388 mL-1, with a mean of 884 mL-1. The HNF biomass is equivalent to 10.6%–115.6% of that of the bacteria. The maximum abundance of the HNF generally occurred in the upper 30 m water layer, with a vertical distribution pattern of surface layer abundance greater than middle layer abundance, then bottom layer abundance. The hydrological data show that the YSCWM is located in the northeastern part of the study area, typically 40 m beneath the surface. A weak correlation is found between the abundances of HNF and bacteria in both the YSCWM and its above water layer. One-way ANOVA analysis reveals that the abundance of HNF and bacteria differs between inside the YSCWM and in the above water mass. The ingestion rates of the HNF on bacteria was 8.02±3.43 h-1 in average. The grazing rate only represented 22.75%±6.91% of bacterial biomass or 6.55%+4.24% of bacterial production, implying that the HNF grazing was not the major factor contributing to the bacterial loss in the YSCWM areas.