一种基于协方差矩阵重构的波束形成算法

针对Capon波束形成在误差条件下敏感性问题,提出一种基于协方差矩阵重构的鲁棒波束形成算法。算法将信号集中出现的空域划分为干扰区域和信号区域,接着将两个区域划分为若干相互独立不重叠的部分,对干扰区域积分,构造出干扰协方差矩阵;再利用采样协方差矩阵特征分解后的最小特征值重构出噪声协方差矩阵;最后对期望信号导向矢量误差进行环不确定集建模,并在期望信号导向矢量环不确定集上进行Capon谱积分来估计期望信号协方差矩阵,根据其主特征矢量获取期望信号导向矢量。仿真表明,与传统鲁棒波束形成算法相比,此方法在不同快拍数以及输入信噪比条件下,性能更加优异且稳定,同时计算量较小。     

基于导向矢量双层估计和协方差矩阵重构的稳健波束形成算法

针对干扰加噪声协方差矩阵(INCM)重构过程中Capon功率谱(CPS)估计分辨率低的问题,该文提出两种稳健自适应波束形成（RAB）算法。该算法首先通过搜索CPS的峰值确定积分区间,然后对各区间积分所得的协方差矩阵进行特征值分解。通过合理设置判定门限确定区间内所含的入射信源数量,并将较大特征值所对应的特征向量作为信源导向矢量(SV)的初步估计。而后通过最大化估计功率的方法,在初步估计SV的正交空间内搜索其与真实SV之间的误差。该算法1利用最小特征值所对应的特征向量,向初步估计的SV中添加正交比例梯度,得到双层估计的SV。与算法1不同,算法2通过求解2次优化(QP)问题得到修正的SV。最后通过重构INCM获得阵列最优权值矢量。通过计算机仿真实验,验证了所提算法有效解决了CPS估计分辨率低的问题,较其他算法综合性能更优,具备更高的稳健性。     

基于协方差矩阵重构和导向矢量估计的稳健自适应波束形成

实际应用中, 当假定的与真实的期望信号导向矢量之间存在一定误差时, 波束形成器的性能会急剧下降, 特别是当期望信号功率很强的时候.为解决这个问题, 提出了一种新的算法.当信源数小于阵元数时, 干扰加噪声协方差矩阵具有稀疏性.新方法首先利用该特性重构干扰加噪声协方差矩阵并由此得到与干扰导向矢量正交的子空间, 使接收的数据通过该子空间得到只含有期望信号和噪声的混合信号, 然后,对该混合信号基于最大化输出功率原理估计期望信号导向矢量, 最后,把得到的导向矢量和正交子空间来构造阵列加权值.仿真结果表明:该算法分别在假定的期望信号导向矢量存在误差、期望信号很强和低快拍数时仍然具有良好的性能.     

四元数域干扰加噪声协方差矩阵重构鲁棒自适应波束形成

基于电磁矢量传感器阵列的四元数Capon波束形成器较传统的复数域Capon波束形成器有更好的性能。但是该方法在存在指向误差和极化失配的情况下性能急剧下降,甚至会出现信号相消现象。本文将协方差矩阵重构方法推广于四元数Capon波束形成中,通过利用Q-Capon的极化-角度谱估计得到干扰和噪声的功率来对干扰加噪声协方差矩阵进行重构,避免了对角加载方法中对对角加载因子的求解,而且能够有效克服指向误差与极化失配带来的性能下降。计算机仿真表明,该方法相较于其他四元数域的方法有着更好的性能。      

模式空间矩阵重构波束形成算法研究

该文提出了一种均匀圆阵相干波束形成方法,这里称为模式空间矩阵重构(MODE-TOEP)波束形成算法。该算法在对均匀圆形阵列(UCA)的输出信号进行模式空间转换的此基础上,重新构一个特殊的Toeplitz矩阵,然后进行基于特征空间的波束形成,可以有效地抑制相干干扰。与模式空间平滑ESB算法相比,MODE-TOEP波束形成算法运算量小而且干扰抑制性能更好。计算机仿真表明MODE-TOEP波束形成算法的有效性和优越性。     

改进的双约束稳健Capon波束形成算法

传统双约束稳健Capon波束形成算法采用牛顿迭代法求解最优加载量,存在计算精度低且运算量大的问题。该文提出一种改进的双约束稳健Capon波束形成(DCRCB)算法,该算法对信号协方差矩阵进行重构,基于期望信号导向矢量在噪声子空间的投影最优,将重构后的干扰加噪声协方差矩阵投影到噪声子空间,得到基于噪声子空间的双约束算法模型。该算法中通过模约束的辅助约束作用,将改进的双约束算法模型转化为单约束问题,最终解得最优对角加载量的解析表达式。仿真结果表明改进算法能通过调整主瓣宽度优化波束旁瓣,有效提高了抗矢量偏差的鲁棒性,同时降低了运算量。     

几种自适应波束形成方法的对比

波束形成在无线通信、雷达、声呐等阵列系统中具有广泛应用。数字波束形成通常是基于接收信号的阵列响应和协方差矩阵的估计设计。由于天线增益、相位、波达方向(Direction-of-Arrival,DOA)和协方差矩阵估计的误差会导致导向矢量(Steering Vector,SV)产生模型失配,而这种模型失配会导致波束形成性能的下降。针对以上问题,给出了基于精度矩阵收缩估计的方法,采用了线性脊估计结构且用数据驱动和留一交叉验证来选择参数。通过Matlab仿真,研究了当存在模型不确定性时,基于精度矩阵收缩估计的方法以及基于协方差矩阵收缩估计和干扰加噪声协方差矩阵重构等方法的鲁棒性。结果显示,当存在模型失配时,基于精度矩阵收缩的波束形成方法在低信噪比时具有更优的鲁棒性。     

一种改进的稳健自适应波束形成算法

当快拍数较小时,自适应波束形成算法的性能将会降低,而对角加载算法是提高这类自适应波束形成算法稳健性的简单而有效的方法,但是至今没有一种比较有效的方法来确定对角加载值。本文提出了一种确定加载值的方法,这种方法在加载值和协方差矩阵的估计误差之间建立联系,它能够根据阵列的输出数据动态的调整加载值。计算机仿真证实了该算法的有效性。     

一种稳健自适应多波束形成算法

在快拍数较少且多个输入期望信号功率差异较大的情况下,针对多数自适应多波束形成算法难以同时保持强弱期望信号波束稳健性的问题,文中联合子空间变换技术以及对角加载技术对协方差矩阵进行重构,提出了一种基于协方差矩阵重构的稳健自适应多波束形成算法。该算法不仅能够在快拍数较少且多个期望信号功率差异较大情况下同时保持各波束主波束无畸变,而且能够保持各波束零陷的稳健性。最后,通过波束图对比仿真实验分析验证了重构协方差矩阵对强弱期望信号波束主瓣与零陷稳健性的提升,并且通过输出信干噪比对比实验证明了文中提出的自适应多波束形成算法抗干扰性能更优。      

导向矢量和协方差矩阵联合迭代估计的稳健波束形成算法

针对自适应波束形成器在目标导向矢量存在约束偏差时性能急剧下降的问题,该文提出一种目标导向矢量和干扰噪声协方差矩阵联合迭代估计的稳健波束形成算法。该算法首先采用稀疏重构的方法得到目标导向矢量的初始值,并通过从采样协方差矩阵中剔除目标信号估计值完成干扰加噪声协方差矩阵的初始化;然后在建立导向矢量误差优化模型的基础上,采用凸优化方法对目标导向矢量和干扰加噪声协方差矩阵联合迭代求解。最后利用目标导向矢量和干扰加噪声协方差矩阵的稳态估计值获得自适应权矢量。仿真结果表明该算法提高了波束形成器在目标导向矢量约束偏差时的输出信干噪比。     

修正的干扰噪声自相关矩阵重构波束形成算法

为改善采样自相关矩阵求逆(SMI)算法中期望信号存在于接收信号所引起的性能下降,提出一种修正干扰噪声自相关矩阵重构(CMR)算法。该算法首先选取采样自相关矩阵特征分解的最小特征值对应的特征向量构造空间分布系数,再对其在非期望信号波达方向上进行累加实现矩阵的重构。当存在相干信号时,可采取先利用特征向量元素对协方差矩阵进行托普利兹化处理实现解相干,再进行矩阵重构的托普利兹矩阵重构(TCMR)算法。计算机仿真与实验结果证明适用于非相干信号条件下的CMR算法与适用于相干信号条件下的TCMR算法具有更好的输出性能。     

基于协方差矩阵双层重构的稳健自适应单脉冲测角

常规自适应单脉冲方法在主瓣干扰下会引起自适应波束形成性能恶化并导致其单脉冲比曲线严重失真,影响被动雷达的测角精度与跟踪性能。针对此问题,提出了一种适用于平面阵的基于协方差矩阵双层重构的稳健自适应单脉冲测角方法。首先,利用Capon功率谱通过稀疏重构法初步估计出干扰加噪声协方差矩阵,通过干扰导向矢量估计完成对协方差矩阵的优化校正以提高自适应波束形成性能;然后,基于线性约束最小方差(Linearly Constrained Minimum Variance, LCMV)准则对方位角和俯仰角进行联合线性约束以避免单脉冲比曲线在主瓣干扰下严重失真;最后,根据自适应单脉冲比值求出目标与波束指向之间的偏转角以实现目标测角。与常规方法相比,所提方法在干扰抑制能力与测角精度上都有显著提升。     

Theory and application of covariance matrix tapers for robustadaptive beamforming

We unify several seemingly disparate approaches to robust adaptive beamforming through the introduction of the concept of a “covariance matrix taper (CMT)”. This is accomplished by recognizing that an important class of adapted pattern modification techniques are realized by the application of a conformal matrix “taper” to the original sample covariance matrix. From the Schur product theorem for positive (semi) definite matrices and Kolmogorov's existence theorem, we further establish that CMTs are, in fact, the solution to a minimum variance optimum beamformer associated with an auxiliary stochastic process that is related to the original by a Hadamard (Schur) product. This allows us to gain deeper insight into the design of both existing pattern modification techniques and new CMTs that can, for example, simultaneously address several different design constraints such as pattern distortion due to insufficient sample support and weights mismatch due to nonstationary interference. A new two-dimensional (2-D) CMT for space-time adaptive radar applications designed to provide more robust clutter cancellation is also introduced. Since the CMT approach only involves a single matrix Haddamard product, it is also inherently low complexity. The practical utility of the CMT approach is illustrated through its application to both spatial and spatio-temporal adaptive beamforming examples     

一种基于分数低阶协方差矩阵的波束形成新方法

利用稳定分布对具有脉冲特性的噪声进行建模，提出了一种新的分数低阶协方差概念，推导了一种基于分数低阶协方差矩阵的波束形成方法，并分析了其旁瓣特性。模拟表明新方法具有更高的信号干扰噪声比及更强的波束形成与旁瓣抑制能力。新算法在高斯和分数低阶稳定分布环境下比传统的算法具有更好的韧性。     

Sparse spectrum fitting algorithm using signal covariance matrix reconstruction and weighted sparse constraint

Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing - Although sparse spectrum fitting algorithm has good multi-target resolution, the performance is decreased under the influence of strong...     

Robust cyclic adaptive beamforming using a compensation method

This paper deals with the problem of robust adaptive array beamforming using signal cyclostationarity. The constrained cyclic adaptive beamforming (C-CAB) algorithm presented by Wu and Wong (1996) [6] has been shown to be effective in performing adaptive beamforming without requiring the direction vector or the waveform of the desired signal. However, this algorithm suffers from severe performance degradation even if there is a small mismatch in the cycle frequency of the desired signal. In this paper, we first evaluate the performance degradation of the C-CAB algorithm in the presence of cycle frequency error (CFE). A novel compensation method in conjunction with the subspace projection is then proposed to tackle the problem due to CFE. We reconstruct the required cyclic conjugate correlation matrix by using a compensation matrix to cope with the deterioration of its dominant singular value when CFE exists. Finally, several simulation examples are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

Robust adaptive beamforming using multi-snapshot direct data domain approach

For the realistic case where there is no secondary snapshot that does not contain the desired signal and exhibits the statistical characteristics similar to the snapshot under test, direct data domain (D³) beamforming approaches have been proposed to estimate a desired signal in the presence of interference. However, the basic idea of the D³ methods is realized by making significant sacrifices with respect to the number of degrees of freedom (DoFs). In this paper, we present a multi-snapshot approach for D³ beamforming. Using the least-squares method with multiple snapshots, we can eliminate the interference without causing a severe reduction in the number of DoFs. In addition, to consider a mismatch between nominal and actual target steering vectors, we propose a D³ approach combined with a probability constraint to prevent the self-nulling effect, and the relationship between the probability constraint and norm constraint is discovered. The simulations verify that the proposed method provides better performance and robustness than the conventional D³ approaches.