油菜纸钵苗移栽机气动取苗机构设计与轨迹分析

针对传统机械式取苗机构结构复杂、控制不稳定等问题,设计了一种油菜纸钵苗移栽机嵌入式气动取苗机构。分析了嵌入式气动取苗机构的结构组成、工作原理及运动学模型,设计了取苗机构的驱动控制系统,基于ADAMS软件开展了机构参数变化对取苗轨迹和取苗臂姿态影响的研究,确定了取苗机构的优化参数。优化结果表明,当摇杆长度为220 mm,支撑臂长度为170 mm,旋转臂长度为160 mm,气缸Ⅰ原始长度为313 mm时,取苗阶段取苗轨迹高度可达130 mm。当取苗轨迹高度为80 mm时,取苗轨迹直线度偏差小于2 mm,取苗阶段取苗针偏角变化小于4°;投苗阶段取苗针偏角变化小于1°,满足油菜纸钵苗移栽机取苗投苗要求。试验结果表明,该取苗机构高速摄像呈现的取苗轨迹与理论分析基本吻合,台架试验取苗成功率达93.0%,投苗成功率达89.5%,满足机械自动化取苗的要求,验证了取苗机构设计的可行性。     

蔬菜移栽机曲柄摇杆-导轨组合式取投苗装置研究

为了实现蔬菜移栽机取投苗的稳定性和高效性,针对夹钵取投苗方式,设计了一种全自动曲柄摇杆-导轨组合式取投苗装置。取投苗装置与送盘装置、导苗装置及分苗装置配合完成自主送盘、取苗、投苗与分苗。用解析法对取投苗装置中的摆杆-导轨及曲柄摇杆进行了结构参数设计,用矢量方程法和ADAMS仿真对取投苗装置的运动过程进行计算分析,并利用高速摄像机拍摄取投苗装置的实际运动轨迹,与仿真结果进行对比,验证了设计的正确性和可行性。以辣椒钵苗为试验对象,选取取投苗速度、苗株高度及基质含水率为试验因素,以取苗成功率、伤苗率、投苗成功率及取栽成功率为评价指标进行正交试验。试验结果表明：在给定因素水平下,整机单行取投苗速度90株/min、苗株高度110mm、基质含水率50%时,取投苗效果最佳,取苗成功率为95.14%,伤苗率为1.39%,投苗成功率93.05%,取栽成功率91.67%。     

油菜基质块苗移栽机双向递进式送苗装置设计与试验

针对油菜移栽机以半自动化为主,缺乏与基质块苗取苗机构相匹配送苗装置的问题,设计了一种油菜基质块苗移栽机双向递进式送苗装置.阐述了送苗装置工作过程,测定了油菜载苗基质块力学特性,确定了送苗过程中载苗基质块稳定输送的工作参数,构建了送苗过程中横向递进送苗阶段和纵向连续送苗阶段运动学模型.以苗框底高、上导杆高度、纵向送苗速度...     

基于DEM-MFBD的辣椒移栽机取投苗装置设计与试验

针对现有辣椒移栽机取苗成功率低、损伤率高、稳定性差的问题,设计了一种插夹联动式末端执行器,基于整排取苗、间隔投苗的取投苗作业形式设计了气动控制系统,分析了取投苗装置结构及工作原理,建立了末端执行器运动学、动力学模型,以薄皮椒钵苗为研究对象开展力学特性试验,结合取苗过程边界条件确定了末端执行器主要参数范围;通过ADAMS运动轨迹仿真与FluidSIM-P 3.6气动系统仿真分析,验证了取投苗装置结构设计与气动时序的合理性;通过DEM-MFBD联合仿真对取苗情况进行了可视化分析,为末端执行器关键参数优化提供依据。通过单因素试验明确了各关键因素对取苗成功率与基质损失率的作用规律;设计正交试验,通过方差分析、响应面分析与多目标寻优得出最优参数组合为：取苗针间距12.25 mm、取苗针入土角50.37°、取苗针行程14.21 mm。台架验证试验得出：取苗成功率为97.92%、基质损失率为2.21%,与回归模型预测值误差分别为0.49%、3.8%,无茎秆损伤现象,取投苗效果良好。     

基质块苗移栽机送取苗装置的设计与试验

针对蔬菜基质块苗研究设计一种移栽机送取苗装置,该装置由基质块苗输送和取苗定植两部分配合作业,可实现蔬菜基质块苗的成排输送、自动取苗、单株定植等功能。为此,阐述了送取苗装置的结构组成、工作原理与关键部件的设计及参数确定,并对送取苗装置的工作性能进行分析。试验表明,当机器前进速度为1～1.2 km/h、取苗爪工作频率为55株/min时栽植效果最佳:漏栽率为1.3%,倒伏率为3.4%,栽植合格率为95.3%,满足蔬菜移栽机相关行业标准要求。该装置结构紧凑,送取苗稳定可靠,可为基质块苗移栽机的研究提供参考。     

摆杆式取苗机构的设计与试验

针对全自动移栽机取苗易伤苗、转移钵苗时机构冲击大等问题,结合新疆育苗农艺要求,设计了一种摆杆式取苗机构;根据取苗作业要求,规划了钵苗转移路径和各运动副的运动姿态,并构建直角坐标系;利用位姿方程,求解出末端执行器参数方程;通过软件仿真计算出机构取苗轨迹,表明轨迹满足预期轨迹设计要求。样机试验表明:平均取苗成功率为97.1%,基质损伤苗率为2.9%,茎杆损伤率为1.3%,机构可靠性较高,对钵苗的损伤较小,可为开展移栽装备的全自动化研究提供参考。     

探出取推钵式蔬菜钵苗取苗机构优化设计与试验

为了提高蔬菜钵苗取苗机械化程度和取苗效率,设计了一种探出取推钵式蔬菜钵苗取苗机构,可实现快速取推钵动作。以大果哈椒钵苗作为取苗对象,分析了取苗机构的工作原理,建立了机构运动学模型,确立其优化目标,运用Visual Basic 6. 0开发可视化辅助分析软件,优化得出满足要求的最佳参数,形成相应的理论轨迹。建立三维模型,对模型进行虚拟仿真设计,得出仿真轨迹。采用3D打印技术进行试验样机制造,运用高速摄影技术提取试验样机实际工作轨迹,验证了实际轨迹与理论轨迹、仿真轨迹的一致性。试验测得实际取苗针最大入钵力,运用相似理论原理,推算出试验样机最大入钵力,并得到钵土最佳基质比为0. 4,进行试验样机取苗试验,取苗成功率为96. 87%,满足蔬菜钵苗取苗要求,验证了机构设计的正确性与可行性。     

穴盘苗整排取苗机械臂设计与试验

针对现有的取苗装置难以满足新疆辣椒、番茄穴盘苗高速、自动化移栽需求的现状，设计了一种整排取苗机械臂。介绍了自动取投苗系统和整排取苗机械臂的结构和工作原理，分析了取苗作业过程。由整排取苗机械臂工作空间包容目标工作空间得到整排取苗机械臂关节尺寸参数优化的约束条件，以结构尺寸和工作所占空间最小为优化目标，使用遗传算法求出最优关节参数为大臂关节长321mm、中臂关节长678mm、小臂关节长403mm。使用Adams软件建立了整排取苗机械臂虚拟样机模型，对其取苗作业进行运动仿真，结果表明：该装置运动平顺，具有良好的运动特性，能够达到取苗极限位置。搭建样机试验平台，分析样机取苗性能，结果表明：对72孔穴盘的取苗速率为60株/min,取苗成功率为93.06%;对128孔穴盘的取苗速率为90株/min,取苗成功率为88.02%。装置具有较好的适用性，可为自动化取苗装备的研制提供参考。     

三臂回转式蔬菜钵苗取苗机构设计与试验

当前我国蔬菜的移栽机械主要为半自动移栽机,其移栽效率取决于人工取苗速度,生产力已不能满足实际需求,两臂回转式自动取苗机构的效率还有提高潜力。为实现高速取苗作业,研究了保持取苗机构回转速度不变情况下,增加取苗臂数量的实现方式。在满足特定取苗动作姿态的前提下,设计了一种三臂回转式蔬菜钵苗取苗机构。以机械取苗代替人工取苗,模拟出了合理的取苗轨迹;基于Visual Basic 6. 0开发辅助分析软件,通过人机交互方式得出一组满足取苗工作要求的机构参数,然后建立该机构的三维模型,完成实体样机装配;取苗机构在35 r/min的回转速度下,取苗速度为105株/(min·行),摄像分析得知,该机构样机运行轨迹与仿真轨迹非常接近,对彩叶草钵苗进行取苗试验,取苗成功率达到91. 2%,证明三臂回转式蔬菜钵苗取苗机构设计的可行性。     

油菜钵苗开沟槽水平推苗栽植机构设计与试验

为了提高油菜钵苗移栽效率与质量,设计了一种适合厢面开沟槽水平推苗移栽的栽植机构。为了分析和优化该机构的结构参数,建立了数学模型和运动学方程,并编写了基于Matlab的人机交互式程序。结合油菜钵苗水平推苗移栽的农艺要求,探讨了栽植机构运动轨迹与幼苗移栽直立度合格率的关系。研究了水平推苗移栽的运动机理,优选了栽植机构杆件长度、安装位置和初始角度等参数,并根据该参数设计了油菜钵苗幼苗移栽试验装置。进行了栽植机构运动静、动轨迹验证试验和栽苗试验,轨迹验证试验表明,样机实际运动规律符合仿真设计要求,栽苗试验表明,在行驶速度0. 4～0. 6 m/s、栽植机构循环频率在1～1. 5 Hz之间,移栽株距0. 2～0. 3 m,移栽深度0. 04～0. 06 m时,水平推苗栽植合格率不低于90%,说明水平推苗移栽满足油菜钵苗移栽要求。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。