冷气孔流量对叶尖泄漏流动影响的研究

为研究冷气孔流量对涡轮叶尖泄漏流动的作用,采用数值模拟方法对比分析冷气流量比在0.05%～3%之间的三维流场和总压损失情况。结果表明：叶尖冷气可以有效地减小泄漏量和叶尖泄漏流动带来的总压损失,泄漏量下降达80%,总压损失峰值下降达38.2%;随着流量比的增加,叶尖冷气对叶尖主流泄漏流动的抑制效果不断增强,由主流带来的泄漏量不断减小;叶尖冷气也带来了新的总压损失,整体总压损失随着流量比的增加不断增大。叶尖冷气对叶尖泄漏的抑制模式分为3种：流量比在0.05%～0.1%之间,以降低主流泄漏流的能量减弱泄漏流动;流量比在1.25%～3%之间,以在叶尖区域形成完整的气膜屏障抑制主流泄漏流动,流量比在0.1%～1.25%之间,上述两种模式同时存在;流量比为1.25%时,冷气在叶尖区域形成一道完整的气膜屏障,阻碍主流流体形成泄漏流。     

涡轮叶尖间隙流动的数值模拟

采用基于雷诺平均N-S方程的三维CFD计算程序,并结合Spalart-Allmaras-方程或κ-epsilon双方程湍流模型加壁面函数的方法,对涡轮平面叶栅和涡轮级转子的叶尖间隙流场进行了数值计算,详细研究了不同叶尖间隙高度、不同叶尖间隙形式和叶尖间隙有冷气入射时其对涡轮叶尖间隙流场和性能的影响.计算结果表明:叶尖间隙对从大约70%叶高到叶尖位置的叶片损失具有明显的影响;在同样间隙大小情况下,余高间隙叶片等熵效率比平间隙叶片等熵效率约提高了一个百分点;而叶尖间隙有冷气入射时涡轮的等熵效率要比无冷气入射时的等熵效率约提高两个百分点.     

冷气掺混对涡轮叶栅气动性能影响试验研究

为分析冷气掺混对涡轮叶栅气动性能的影响,对某船用燃气轮机高压涡轮导叶开展了带冷气条件下的扇形叶栅吹风试验,结果表明:冷气掺混对叶片型面压力分布有较大影响,且在吸力面表现尤为突出;在冷气流量比小于7%工况下,叶栅能量损失较无冷气喷射时增加(9%),甚至在Ma=1.05时能量损失较无冷气喷射时还小;当冷气流量比大于7%时,叶栅能量损失随冷气流量比的增大而迅速增加(最大可达26%);平均出口气流角随着出口马赫数的增加而增大,变化范围为17.7°～18.1°,且在同一工况下冷气喷射会使平均出口气流角增大。     

冷气掺混对涡轮叶栅气动性能影响试验研究

为分析冷气掺混对涡轮叶栅气动性能的影响,对某船用燃气轮机高压涡轮导叶开展了带冷气条件下的扇形叶栅吹风试验,结果表明：冷气掺混对叶片型面压力分布有较大影响,且在吸力面表现尤为突出;在冷气流量比小于7%工况下,叶栅能量损失较无冷气喷射时增加（< 9%）,甚至在Ma=1.05时能量损失较无冷气喷射时还小;当冷气流量比大于7%时,叶栅能量损失随冷气流量比的增大而迅速增加（最大可达26%）;平均出口气流角随着出口马赫数的增加而增大,变化范围为17.7°~18.1°,且在同一工况下冷气喷射会使平均出口气流角增大。     

气膜冷却对高压涡轮叶栅损失特性的影响研究

为获得全气膜气冷涡轮叶栅的损失特性,采用试验及数值仿真方法,研究了不同冷气流量、不同叶栅出口马赫数条件下冷气射流对叶栅损失的影响。通过叶栅槽道静压云图及叶片表面压力分布等试验及数值仿真结果对比,验证了通冷气叶栅性能仿真分析方法的准确性。结果表明：同一冷气流量比下,通冷气叶栅能量损失系数随着马赫数的增大先减小后增大,在设计马赫数附近损失最低;通冷气叶栅能量损失系数随着冷气流量的增大而增大,且前后腔均通冷气时能量损失系数最大,前腔单独通冷气时能量损失系数最小;通冷气叶栅能量损失系数随着冷气与主流温比增大而增大。     

带小翼肋条的涡轮叶尖泄漏流场的数值模拟

对叶尖吸力面带小翼肋条的某一轴流转子叶尖间隙泄漏流场进行了数值研究,分析了在不同肋条宽度下泄漏流场细节,并对涡轮效率进行了计算.结果表明:涡轮叶尖单吸力边小翼肋条总体上减小叶尖表面压差,使得吸力面后半部分泄漏流速度减小,从而减小泄漏流动损失,但会增大通道内流动损失,使涡轮转子效率下降;小翼肋条宽度有一个最佳值,小间隙下增大肋条宽度使得涡轮转子效率降低,大间隙下增大肋条宽度却使得涡轮转子效率提高;吸力边小翼肋条改变了叶尖吸力边附近的流场,对压力边附近泄漏流动结构影响不大.     

间冷循环燃气轮机低压工作线及影响因素分析

为详细掌握间冷循环燃气轮机的工作特性及实际运行过程中低压工作线的变动,考虑空气系统引 气、压气机出口漏气对流量连续的影响,引人压气机与涡轮及相邻涡轮间的流量比例系数,理论推导间冷循 环燃气轮机低压工作线方程,得到影响低压工作线的典型因素。开展间冷循环燃气轮机低压工作线在典型 影响因素下的变动机理分析,不同于高压工作线变动分析采用等换算转速条件,低压工作线变动分析采用等 高压转子增压比条件更为合理。依据间冷循环燃气轮机长期运行后典型影响因素的变化,获得间冷循环燃 气轮机低压工作线的具体变动结果,即高压压气机效率降低、高压涡轮效率降低、高压涡轮导向器面积增加、 间冷器性能衰减及二次水温度升高等会导致低压工作线升高,低压压气机效率降低、低压涡轮效率降低、低 压涡轮导向器面积增加、低压出口漏气量增加及大气温度增加等会导致低压工作线降低。     

进口参数变化对高压压气机性能影响研究

以某型高压九级轴流压气机为研究对象,利用NUMECA软件在不同进口条件下进行变工况性能模拟计算。研究了变转速下由于进口总温、总压的改变引起的雷诺数变化对压气机性能影响。结果表明:试验条件与设计条件下的试验结果相比,进口雷诺数由1.348×10~6下降到4.318×10~5,压气机设计点折合流量比减小0.008,效率下降0.72%,喘振裕度降低了8.11%,压气机性能曲线整体向左下方移动;在一定范围内升高进口总压或降低进口总温,将改善压气机的压比、效率以及折合流量比;当雷诺数高于一定临界值后,同一转速下的压气机的效率以及折合流量比基本保持不变;当转速降低至设计转速以下时,临界雷诺数将进一步增大,雷诺数效应影响增强;雷诺数降低会导致泄漏流损失增大,径向涡损失增强,加剧叶尖区域的流动分离,此时叶尖区域的流动阻塞成为引起流动失稳与整机性能恶化的主要原因。     

燃气轮机带冠涡轮动叶故障分析及改进

采用静力学、动力学计算方法对某型工业燃气轮机低压涡轮带冠动叶掉角故障进行了分析,得出了叶冠产生掉角的主要原因是:原设计叶冠的预扭角过大、叶冠凹口处的转接R小及装配工艺不良所致.计算分析的结果对叶片的结构及装配工艺进行了设计改进,将叶冠预扭角由1°调整为0.5°,叶冠凹口转接R由R0.8 mm增大到R2 mm,叶盆侧叶片前缘与叶冠的过渡R由R3 mm增大到R4.5 mm.其后的实际运行,证实了改进措施的有效性.     

射流角度对叶尖间隙泄漏流动换热特性的影响

采用数值方法模拟了某涡轮叶尖间隙流动换热特性,分析了射流孔角度和吹风比对间隙泄漏流量、气动效率和气膜冷效的影响。研究结果表明:在叶尖表面注入冷却射流对间隙泄漏流有阻塞作用,且随着射流角度的增加而增大;因此间隙泄漏流量随着射流角度的增加而减小,气动效率随着射流角度增加而增大;同时,叶尖表面气膜冷效随着射流角度的增加而减小。此外,冷却射流的阻塞作用随着吹风比的增加而增大,因此间隙泄漏流量随着吹风比的增加而减小;涡轮气动效率随着吹风比的增加而增大;同时,气膜冷效随着吹风比的增大而增大。     

机匣喷气量对涡轮间隙流动控制的影响

采用数值模拟方法研究机匣喷气量大小对涡轮间隙流动控制的影响。结果显示,在10％轴向弦长位位置喷气时,增大喷气量,喷气在间隙内轴向上影响范围增大,对间隙流阻塞作用增加,间隙涡出现位置推迟。同时减小了间隙涡、上通道涡区熵增,尤其是上通道涡区损失大幅减小,并减弱机匣喷气引起的气流偏转不足／过偏现象。叶顶压力面附近由间隙流动引起的低压区减小,并向叶片尾缘移动。但由于喷气量增大使得动叶输出功率下降,使得涡轮效率降低。     

Computational study of the effects of shroud geometric variation on turbine performance in a 1.5-stage high-loaded turbine

Generally speaking,main flow path of gas turbine is assumed to be perfect for standard 3D computation.But in real engine,the turbine annulus geometry is not completely smooth for the presence of the shroud and associated cavity near the end wall.Besides,shroud leakage flow is one of the dominant sources of secondary flow in turbomachinery,which not only causes a deterioration of useful work but also a penalty on turbine efficiency.It has been found that neglect shroud leakage flow makes the computed velocity profiles and loss distribution significantly different to those measured.Even so,the influence of shroud leakage flow is seldom taken into consideration during the routine of turbine design due to insufficient understanding of its impact on end wall flows and turbine performance.In order to evaluate the impact of tip shroud geometry on turbine performance,a 3D computational investigation for 1.5-stage turbine with shrouded blades was performed in this paper.The following geometry parameters were varied respectively:-Inlet cavity length and exit cavity length,-Shroud overhang upstream of the rotor leading edge and downstream of the trailing edge,-Shroud radial tip clearance,The aim of this paper is to isolate the influence of shroud and cavity geometry modifications on turbine aerodynamic performance and to obtain clear trends of efficiency changes caused by different tip shroud geometry.Moreover,interaction between leakage flow and mainstream for different shroud configuration is also highlighted in order to penetrate into the physical mechanisms producing them.Due to the limitations of the model selected in this paper,the aim of research is not to put forward the design rules of turbine shroud.However,the results obtained from this work will be useful to the integrated design and optimization of turbine with shrouded blades.     

透平叶片弯、扭、掠联合造型规律及其气动性能研究

为研究静叶弯、扭、掠联合造型对流场结构的影响,以某高压透平首级叶片为研究对象,借助计算流体力学与正交优化方法,基于动静叶最佳匹配原则（即对于每种静叶构型,动叶都进行了相应的扭转规律变化,使得动静叶气动性能处于最佳匹配状态）,研究了静叶不同复合构型方式对流场结构的影响。结果表明：在合理的静叶弯曲规律下,静叶扭转改型对透平性能有较大影响,掠改型对透平性能影响有限;在一定的扭转规律下,对静叶进行掠改型对轮周效率的影响较小,仅后掠改型会提高透平的轮周效率;对弯扭掠静叶匹配扭动叶进行联合优化,得到的最佳透平的轮周效率为87.12%,与原始透平相比,轮周效率提高了2.09%。     

Thermal design and CFD analysis of the radial inflow turbine for a CO2-based mixture transcritical Rankine cycle

Transcritical carbon dioxide (CO₂) Rankine cycle has exhibited great potential in the field of low-temperature heat utilization. But its application is restricted by the condensing issue and the safety concern due to the relatively low critical temperature and high critical pressure of CO₂. Blending CO₂ with organic fluids for the transcritical Rankine cycle is regarded as an effective method to solve these problems. And the turbine performance has great influence on the performance of transcritical Rankine cycle. In this paper, the thermal design of the CO₂-based mixture turbine is firstly carried out based on the parametric optimization of the system. Then the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is performed to examine the turbine performance and validate the reliability of thermal design. Furthermore, the effects of blade tip clearance and nozzle-to-rotor clearance on the turbine performance are investigated. Results show that the turbine is well designed with an isentropic efficiency of 84.54%, and the CFD simulation results basically agree with the thermal design results. The influence of leakage flow on mainstream grows significantly as the blade tip clearance increases. When the blade tip clearance is 2 mm, the relative loss of power output could achieve as large as 7.81%. Larger nozzle-to-rotor clearance leads to more uniform distributions of Mach number and pressure, but the flow losses also increase. The effect of trailing edge disturbance on the flow field at the nozzle outlet is almost negligible if the nozzle-to-rotor clearance is 6 mm or more.     

Design and performance analysis of radial-inflow turboexpander for OTEC application

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a potential source of renewable energy. In order to design a turbine for maximizing the output power for very low working temperature application like OTEC, careful one-dimensional design followed by detailed three dimensional simulation is required. In this work a radial-inflow turbine with R-22 as working fluid is designed for a closed-cycle ocean thermal energy conversion plant of 2 kWe capacity. Design speed of the turbine is 34000 rpm. Inlet and outlet temperatures of designed turbine are 24.5 °C and 14 °C respectively. Three-dimensional fluid flow analysis inside the turbine at design and off-design conditions were carried out. Important dimensions of the turbine are: rotor tip and shroud radii of 24 mm and 19 mm respectively; blade widths at rotor inlet and outlet of 6 mm and 11 mm respectively; axial length of 17.5 mm; diffuser of 62 mm long. Volute casing designed has a circular cross section. The importance of the number of blades, blade filleting and stagger angle from the point of view of turbine performance are reported.     

多级轴流压气机模化设计中尺寸缩放对气动性能影响的数值研究

为了研究几何尺寸模化缩放及叶尖间隙对多级轴流压气机气动性能及内部流动的影响,采用Numeca程序对17级轴流压气机开展了数值计算。结果表明：在80%及100%等高转速条件下压气机效率随着模化比例增大而增大,而在50%转速下模化缩放对压气机效率的影响较小。相对于原型压气机,模化放大时,压气机前8级单级压比均有所降低,而后8级压比均提高;模化缩小时,压气机的变化规律则相反。随着压气机几何尺寸的增大,静叶叶根和叶尖区域的总压恢复系数显著提高。同时,叶片叶尖泄漏流区域的熵增减少,从而使各级效率均有所提升。缩放模化中,随着叶尖间隙的增大,泄漏流增多,恶化了动叶叶尖附近的流动分离,降低了动叶后50%弦长区域的相对马赫数,同时扩大了静叶上端壁的流动分离,使压气机效率降低。     

Numerical Investigation of the Interaction between Mainstream and Tip Shroud Leakage Flow in a 2-Stage Low Pressure Turbine

The pressing demand for future advanced gas turbine requires to identify the losses in a turbine and to understand the physical mechanisms producing them. In low pressure turbines with shrouded blades, a large portion of these losses is generated by tip shroud leakage flow and associated interaction. For this reason, shroud leakage losses are generally grouped into the losses of leakage flow itself and the losses caused by the interaction between leak- age flow and mainstream. In order to evaluate the influence of shroud leakage flow and related losses on turbine performance, computational investigations for a 2-stage low pressure turbine is presented and discussed in this paper. Three dimensional steady multistage calculations using mixing plane approach were performed including detailed tip shroud geometry. Results showed that turbines with shrouded blades have an obvious advantage over unshrouded ones in terms of aerodynamic performance. A loss mechanism breakdown analysis demonstrated that the leakage loss is the main contributor in the first stage while mixing loss dominates in the second stage. Due to the blade-to-blade pressure gradient, both inlet and exit cavity present non-uniform leakage injection and extrac- tion. The flow in the exit cavity is filled with cavity vortex, leakage jet attached to the cavity wall and recircula- tion zone induced by main flow ingestion. Furthermore, radial gap and exit cavity size of tip shroud have a major effect on the yaw angle near the tip region in the main flow. Therefore, a full calculation of shroud leakage flow is necessary in turbine performance analysis and the shroud geometric features need to be considered during turbine design process.     

Experimental Investigation of Aerodynamic Performance due to Blade Tip Clearance in a Gas Turbine Rotor Cascade

This study examines how the complex flow structure within a gas turbine rotor affects aerodynamic loss. An unshrouded linear turbine cascade was built, and velocity and pressure fields were measured using a 5-hole probe. In order to elucidate the effect of tip clearance, the overall aerodynamic loss was evaluated by varying the tip clearance and examining the total pressure field for each case. The tip clearance was varied from 0% to 4.2% of blade span and the chord length based Reynolds number was fixed at 2×10⁵. For the case without tip clearance, a wake downstream of the blade trailing edge is observed, along with hub and tip passage vortices. These flow structures result in profile loss at the center of the blade span, and passage vortex related losses towards the hub and tip. As the tip clearance increases, a tip leakage vortex is formed, and it becomes stronger and eventually alters the tip passage vortex. Because of the interference of the secondary tip leakage flow with the main flow, the streamwise velocity decreases while the total pressure loss increases significantly by tenfold in the last 30% blade span region towards the tip for the 4.2% tip clearance case. It was additionally observed that the overall aerodynamic loss increases linearly with tip clearance.     

Optimization of cycloidal water turbine and the performance improvement by individual blade control

This paper investigates an advanced vertical axis turbine to enhance power generation from water energy. The turbine, known as a cycloidal water turbine, is a straight-bladed type adopting a cycloidal blade system that actively controls the rotor blades for improved turbine efficiency, according to the operating conditions. These characteristics enable the turbine to self-start and produce high electric power at a low flow speed, or under complex flow conditions. A parametric study has been carried out by CFD analysis, with various characteristics including different number of blades, chord length variations, variety of tip speed ratios, various hydrofoil shapes, and changing pitch and phase angles. Optimal parameters have been determined, and the performance of the turbine has achieved approximately 70% better performance than that of a fixed pitch turbine. An experimental study has also been carried out which shows that the results correlate quite well with the theoretical predictions although the power output was reduced due to the drag forces of the mechanical devices. Another numerical optimization was carried out to improve the rotor performance by adopting an individual blade control method. Controllable pitch angles were employed to maximize the rotor performance at various operating conditions. The optimized result obtained using genetic algorithm and parallel computing, shows an improvement in performance of around 25% compared with the cycloidal motion.     

Testing basic performance of a very small wind turbine designed for multi-purposes

A very small wind turbine system for multi-purposes was developed and its performance was reported in this paper. The rotor diameter of the turbine is 500 mm. The tests of the energy output, turbine speed, power coefficient, and torque of turbine were carried out for a wide rage of free stream velocity. The flow around the wind turbine and the influence of the turbulence were investigated with a particle image velocimetry. Experimentally obtained power coefficient was 0.4 in maximum and 0.36 in the rated running condition, respectively. The tip speed ratio corresponding to the optimum driving condition was 2.7. Comparing with the other commercial turbines, the performance was excellent at a slow turbine speed. By the flow visualization and PIV measurement around the wind turbine, the approaching flow velocity and the accelerated flow field passing the blade tip was obtained. It was confirmed that the actual flow passed through the blades was about 20% slower than the ideal flow. Tip vortex shed from the blade tip was also visualized clearly.