Optical path technologies: a comparison among differentcross-connect architectures

The introduction of optical technology in the path layer of the transport network is expected to allow scalable and modular networks to be realized. In this paper, different optical cross-connect architectures, based either on space division or wavelength division switching, are analyzed. A comparative investigation is accomplished considering three issues of primary importance: cross-connect modularity, complexity, and transmission performance. In particular, the transmission performance of a generic path through the network is evaluated by upgrading a previously published analytical model, so to more accurately take into account the in-band crosstalk arising in the cross-connect     

Photonic transport networks based on optical paths

This paper explores the technologies that will enable a further leap forward in transport network evolution. First, requirements of the future transport network are elucidated. Existing network cost is evaluated and the viable means to reduce transport network cost are identified. It is demonstrated that optical path technologies such as WP (wavelength path) and VWP (virtual wavelength path) will play a key role in this. They enhance not only transmission capacity but also cross-connect node throughput cost-effectively by capitalizing on the wavelength routeing scheme. Optical path realization technologies focusing on optical path cross-connect systems are examined. Requirements for the optical path cross-connect system are then elucidated, and a new cross-connect system architecture is evaluated. The architecture exploits PLC (planar lightwave circuit) and other commercially available technologies suitable for large-scale production. The evaluations include cross-connect node upgradability, modular growth capability, total node cost, optical loss and switching power consumption. It is proved that the architecture has significant advantages over existing switch architectures. The optical path technologies provided in this paper will pave the way for a new transport network paradigm, a ubiquitous, bandwidth-abundant and affordable broadband ISDN.     

Design of transmission and multiplexing systems for broadbandpacket networks

Dynamic time-division multiplexing (DTDM) is a flexible network transport technique capable of handling both continuous and bursty traffic effectively. By using three different multiplexing architectures in the network, DTDM permits graceful evolution of the existing circuit switching network into a flexible broadband packet communications network supporting integrated voice, data, and video traffic. The first multiplexing stage uses a packet assembler to multiplex different broadband services into a common DTDM-format serial bit stream. The second multiplexing stage uses a statistical packet multiplexer to concentrate network traffic for more efficient use of transmission facilities. The third multiplexing stage uses a synchronous time-division multiplexer for high-speed point-to-point transparent transmission. The multiplexer uses a simple tributary synchronization scheme based on positive and negative block justification, which combines the concept of controlled-slip and bit-stuffing techniques while maintaining information integrity. A generic CMOS LSI chip has been designed for use in the three-stage multiplexing system     

The DCS as a Universal Digital Cross-Connect System

Existing DCS (digital cross-connect system) technology performs a subset of the digital cross-connect functions required in telecommunications networks. It must be used in tandem with other cross-connection systems such as DSX's (digital signal cross-connect systems) and DF's (distributing frames). It is these two technologies which provide most of the interconnection functions for digital facilities and equipment from the interoffice, subscriber loop, and central office parts of a network. Hence, if the DCS is to serve as a more universal digital cross-connect system, it must be enhanced to provide functions now performed by DSX's and DF's. This paper proposes expansion of DCS functions to incorporate some (or all) of the capabilities of the DSX and DF at discrete bit rates of the digital transmission hierarchy. Functional requirements, technology alternatives, planning/engineering issues, and operations/maintenance considerations are discussed.     

P比特光交换节点研究

光网络中引入全光交换技术可以无需进行光电光转换和电信号处理,使网络具备透明性,大大降低节点的复杂性和节点成本。多粒度交换节点减小了交换矩阵的规模,降低了交换矩阵的复杂性,是波分复用（WDM）网络节点发展的一个方向。随着正交频分复用（OFDM）技术的引入,带宽可变的节点技术得到了越来越广泛的关注。文章介绍了传统的基于波长的光交叉连接器（OXC）交换结构、多粒度交换结构,以及基于正交频分复用/单载波频分复用（OFDM/SCFDM）的节点交换结构,并通过实验对基于带宽可变的可重构的光分插复用器（ROADM）、OXC节点技术进行了验证。在实验中提出的基于子波带的交换结构中,节点容量达到了P比特量级。     

IP over optical cross-connect architectures [Topics in Optical Communications]

IP over optical network architectures have been extensively discussed within the research literature over the past few years. However, although signaling protocols between IP routers and optical cross-connect networks have been standardized, large IP backbones are not typically deployed over optical cross-connect networks with automatic reconfigurability features, such as automatic restoration or dynamic establishment of new IP links. One of the most important criteria in determining whether an IP backbone should be carried over such an optical cross-connect network is economic viability. In this article we analyze and explore four architectures for a typical large ISP backbone. In contrast with some other published claims, our results suggest it is more economically attractive to bypass an intermediate cross-connect network, given current equipment and IP backbone network design requirements. However, for ISPs who also provide a large volume of private line services, we propose an integrated architecture for IP over optical cross-connect networks that may provide an attractive alternative for providing rapid and cost-effective restoration from network failures     

Les paquets de bande élargie: une nouvelle technique de transmission

The purpose of this article is to describe the principles and applications of a new transmission technology for multimedia traffic based on wideband packets. This integration allows a more efficient utilization of the network and reduces the operation and maintenance costs. Next, we present AT&T’s integrated access and cross-connect system (IACS,) as an example of an implementation of this technology.     

一体化OADM/OXC节点降低串扰结构研究

提出并分析了一体化光分插复用 /光交叉连接 (OADM/OXC)的降低串扰节点结构。在波分复用 (WDM )光传送网络中 ,一体化节点可以同时完成对光通道的上下路与交叉连接功能。与传统结构节点相比 ,该结构中使用一组 1× 2和 2× 1光开关与小规模的光交叉连接阵列实现光通道的上下路与交叉连接。仿真结果证明 ,该结构中由于同频串扰造成的功率代价显著下降。     

256/spl times/256 port optical cross-connect subsystem

This paper describes the subsystem design and performance of a 256/spl times/256-port micromechanical beam-steering optical cross-connect with 1.33-dB average loss, which can provide 238/spl times/238-port cross-connect with a maximum loss of less than 2dB. This paper describes the design chosen and analyzes the tolerance ranges required to produce low loss and simulate the expected loss distribution of the fabric. The method of establishing and testing the connections is also described. The simulation is compared with the measured system, and the expected and measured static and dynamic crosstalk are compared.     

ROADM全光交换网络关键技术发展与应用展望

介绍了可重构光分插复用器（reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer，ROADM）网络的发展历程、ROADM技术方案以及国内ROADM网络的部署情况。全面阐述了ROADM关键技术的发展方向，包括光交叉连接（optical cross-connect，OXC）设备、高维度波长选择开关（wavelength selected switch，WSS）、波长无关/方向无关/竞争无关ROADM （colorless/directionless/contentionless ROADM，CDC-ROADM）、400 Gbit/s FlexGrid ROADM、下一代波长交换光网络（next-generation wavelength switched optical network，WSON2.0）智能控制平面技术。分析了现有ROADM网络应用场景与技术发展趋势，展望了ROADM全光交换网络未来发展前景。     

CMOS工艺复接器模块中选择器的设计

在光纤传输系统中,为了提高信道的利用率,需要用复接器将多路低速信号合成一路高速信号。选择器就是高速复接器模块中的关键部分,选择器的逻辑功能和性能直接影响复接器的工作。由于源极耦合场效应管逻辑(SCFL)电路工作速率高,因此选择器的设计就采用了SCFL电路结构。设计采用全定制的设计方法,在参数调整过程中,采用一种观察分组的新方法,并用SmartSpice进行了仿真,其结果达到了预期的目标。     

Intelligent and Reliable Photonic Cross-Connect System Based on Overlay Model

We developed a carrier-based photonic cross-connect (PXC) system based on an optical switch, which provides wavelength-division-multiplexing transmission, generalized multiprotocol label switching, and optical-transport-network management. This system uses an overlay model in which the administrative authority between the client-network-element (NE) layer and the carrier's PXC layer is completely separated. The PXC system provides user-network interface signaling between the client NEs and the PXCs, which enables automatic optical path setting between the two client NEs through a PXC network. We considered new protection schemes for the PXC system and successfully carried out an experiment in a testbed network using one of the discussed schemes. The new concept of policy control in the control-plane management is introduced, and the feasibility of our PXC system is demonstrated. This system is promising as a prototype for a next-generation optical transport system. Furthermore, the PXC system will enable the creation of a new type of optical transport layer service, accommodate increased Internet traffic demand, and reduce network operation loads and costs for Internet service providers and carriers in the near future.     

光纤光栅和环行器构成的多路光分插复用器

讨论由光纤光栅和光环行器构成的光分插复用器的结构,性能和特点,提出采用一段刻有多个光纤布拉格光栅的光纤,两个光环行器,WDM复用器和解复用器等器件,构造能够对WDM的多个信道实施分插操作的光分插复用器,该光分插复用器的插入损耗要比简单地把多个单路的光分插复用器进行级联时小得多,波分复用全光网络中的光分插复用技术,是实现波分复用网络的关键技术之一。     

空间光通信视音频同步无线传输技术研究

设计并演示一个可实现视音频信号同步无线传输的自由空间光通信系统。该系统包括信号发生、调制和接收模块。对由信号发生模块输出的视音频信号进行时分复用(TDM),复用信号以电信号形式作用于声光调制器(AOM)并将其加载于入射到AOM的激光束上,AOM输出调制光信号,最后接收模块还原出视音频信号。整个通信系统带宽为6.7 MHz,通过电-光-电转换过程,将时分复用和声光调制相结合实现了视音频信号同步无线传输。本系统针对具体工作环境,自建核心电路:时分复用/解复用电路和输出光端机电路,采用单片机调控输出信号质量。实验证明该系统具备成本低廉、实用性强和灵活性高等优点,为监控系统、应急通信等应用场合提供一种简易有效的视音频信号同步无线传输方案。     

A passive protected self-healing mesh network architecture andapplications

The self-healing mesh network architecture using digital cross-connect systems (DCSs) is a crucial part of an integrated network restoration system. The conventional DCS self-healing networks using logical channel protection may require a large amount of spare capacity for network components (such as DCSs) and may not restore services fast enough (e.g., within 2 s). The authors propose a passive protected DCS self-healing network (PPDSHN) architecture using a passive protection cross-connect network for network protection. For the PPDSHN architecture, network restoration is performed in the optical domain and is controlled by electronic working DCS systems. Some case studies have suggested that the proposed PPDSHN architecture may restore services within a two-second objective with less equipment cost than the conventional DCS self-healing network architecture in high-demand metropolitan areas for local exchange carrier networks. The proposed PPDSHN architecture may apply to not only the centralized and distributed control DCS network architectures, but also asynchronous, SONET and ATM DCS networks. Transparency of line rates and transmission formats makes the PPDSHN network even more attractive when network evolution is a key concern of network planning     

Photonic transport network OAM technologies

The optical path concept was proposed to realize ubiquitous B-ISDN. It can make quantum leaps in both transmission capacity and cross-connect throughput simultaneously by exploiting WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) transmission and the wavelength routing capabilities of paths. Since the optical path is a new concept, new operation and management (OAM) systems and related technologies need to be developed before it can be fully utilized. This article discusses some of the key OAM-related issues and identifies the technical points necessary for future developments. The issues include optical path realization technologies, optical path accommodation design problems, a newly proposed optical transport network layer architecture, and the optical transport module for the network node interface     

Evolution of the Italian Telecommunication Network towards SDH

The digitalization of both transmission and switching facilities as the basis for both a high standard quality of service and the introduction of advanced network features (like intelligent network and integrated services digital network, or ISDN) is described. The development of synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) systems is discussed, with particular attention given to the add-drop multiplexer and to management issues. The impact of the new SDH transmission equipment on the present plesiochronous network is assessed. The currently envisaged strategy for introducing SDH systems into the Italian transmission network is examined. Deploying SDH systems within large metropolitan areas, both at loop plant and urban junction levels, is discussed     

新一代城域网解决方案

新一代SDH／SONET多业务传送技术和以DWDM和光交叉连接为主的光技术为运营商建设新一代城域网提供了良好的解决方案。本主要介绍了城域网的光传送技术的特点和富士通公司提供的最新全面解决方案。     

广播电视传输中光纤通信技术的设计及应用

在新的时代背景下,广播电视领域的高速发展对广播电视传输提出了更高的要求。为确保光纤通信技术在广播电视传输中的有效应用,文中从光纤通信技术的概述出发,分析了其高速、高带宽、低延迟、抗干扰等基本特征,并通过使用单模光纤构建SDH环形网络结构,结合数字交叉连接技术,构建了广播电视通信系统闭环,以确保信号传输的高效性、安全性、稳定性,以期能推动广播电视的进一步发展。     

Wavelength add-drop node using silica waveguide integration

We integrated a wavelength-selective cross-connect, de-interleaver, interleaver, power combiner, and variable attenuators on one silica waveguide chip and a band demultiplexer, band multiplexer, and optical monitor on another. These two chips are used to create an eight-channel add-drop node that is expandable up to 80 channels with minimal traffic interruption by adding more of these chips.